Source Model of the October 9, 1995 Jalisco-Colima Tsunami as constrained by field survey reports, and on the numerical simulation of the tsunami

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Numbers on the cylinders’ top and bottom show the correlative order of the samples. In the text is given the description of each stratigraphic level which is numbered with roman numbers on the right of each section. At QC, level III and V were not numbered." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Hugo G. Nami" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hugo G." "apellidos" => "Nami" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0016716915000100?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00167169/0000005400000002/v2_201509120115/S0016716915000100/v2_201509120115/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Source Model of the October 9, 1995 Jalisco-Colima Tsunami as constrained by field survey reports, and on the numerical simulation of the tsunami" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "149" "paginaFinal" => "159" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Elizabeth Trejo-Gómez, Modesto Ortiz, Francisco Javier Núñez-Cornú" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Elizabeth" "apellidos" => "Trejo-Gómez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "elyt@cuc.udg.mx" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Modesto" "apellidos" => "Ortiz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Francisco Javier" "apellidos" => "Núñez-Cornú" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente Centro Universitario de la Costa Universidad de Guadalajara Avenida Universidad 203, C.P. 48200 Ixtapa, Puerto Vallarta Jalisco, México" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oceanografía Física Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1719 "Ancho" => 2966 "Tamanyo" => 304467 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Observed hc versus synthetic hm run-up values obtained for the coast of Jalisco and Colima: a) by considering the rupture area proposed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>; b) by shifting the rupture area 30km onshore; c) by shifting the rupture area 30km NW; d) by shifting the rupture area 30km SE. The origin of the distance axis corresponds to the NW edge of the fault plane illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "BackgroundTectonic frameIn this region, the North-American, Pacific, and Rivera lithospheric plates are interacting and several models of triple junctions have been proposed, but the seismotectonic setting is still poorly understood. A tectonic unit known as the Jalisco block has been proposed in this region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Luhr et al., 1985</a>). The Jalisco block extends northward from the Colima graben, along the Pacific coast, and connects at its northern end with two other major extensional structures: the Tepic-Zacoalco rif zone (trending roughly northwest-southeast), which is defined as the northern boundary of the Jalisco block; and the Chapala rift zone (trending roughly east-west). The connection between the northwest border of the Jalisco block (the Tamayo Fault Zone (Tamayo FZ) and the continent is not well defined. Previous studies have related this border to the San Blas fault as a continuation of the Tamayo FZ or to the Tres Marías escarpment (west of Marias Islands) and the Río Ameca graben which crosses the Bahía de Banderas and continues along the Vallarta graben to join the Tepic-Zacoalco rif zone (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>). Another possible connection is to the Tres Marías escarpment. The last two possibilities suggest the existence of an additional small block, the Tres Marías block, which may be experiencing strong crustal stresses as a result of the convergence direction of the Rivera plate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Kostoglodov and Bandy, 1995</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Regional seismicityThe seismicity in the coast of Jalisco is associated with the subduction of the Rivera plate beneath the Jalisco block. Macroseismic data of seismicity in the region date back to 1544 and are described by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Núñez-Cornú (2011)</a>. It is believed that both the 1932 earthquakes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>) ruptured the entire seismogenic contact between the Rivera plate and the Jalisco block (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Singh et al., 1985</a>): The June 3, 1932 earthquake (M8.2) with an estimated rupture area of L = 220km and W = 80km; and the June 18, 1932 earthquake (M7.8) with an estimated rupture area of L = 60km, and W = 80km. Moreover, the complexity of this tectonic region reflects the existence of unknown or unstudied structures which may generate medium size earthquakes (M7.0-7.6), as the one occurred near Marias Islands, where the M7.0 earthquake turned down masonry buildings of the presidio in María Madre island on December 3, 1948.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Shallow thrust earthquakes have also occurred resulting from intraplate activity, such as the M7.4 January 22, 2003 earthquake, located on the coast near of the city of Armería, Colima (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">Núñez-Cornú et al., 2004, 2010</a>).The last large earthquake (M8.0) and tsunami in the southern part of the Jalisco Blok occurred on October 9, 1995. The rupture area was estimated to be L = 160 ± 20km, W = 60km (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Ortiz et al., 1998</a>; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Ortiz et al., 2000</a>), with a dislocation of less than 5 m. This rupture zone represents only the southern half of the area proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Singh et al. (1985)</a> for the earthquakes of 1932, therefore the northern coast of Jalisco and Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit, remains to break.Tsunamis in MexicoThe Mexican tide gauge network began in 1952, since then, until 1985 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Sanchez and Farreras, 1993</a>), non-destructive transoceanic or distant generated tsunamis have been recorded with maximum heights in the range of 0.1 ≤ h ≤ 2.5 m. These distant tsunamis were caused by major earthquakes in areas of high seismicity, such as Alaska, Chile, Colombia, Kuril Islands, Japan, Kermadec, Kamchatka, and Perú.While recent (Sumatra 2004; Chile 2010; Japan 2011) and historical (Chile 1960; Alaska 1964; Aleutians 1957) distant tsunamis have not generated damage on the west coast of Mexico, historical destructive tsunamis were originated by local earthquakes with seismic moment magnitude Mw≥7, along the interplate contact area located between the coast and the Middle America Trench, such as the one occurred off the coast of Oaxaca in 1787 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Núñez-Cornú et al., 2008</a>).Local tsunamis in JaliscoIn the case of Jalisco, to the twentieth century, there are records of locally generated destructive tsunamis, three of them in June 1932 and one in October 1995. Historical reports mixed different tsunami damage in the month of June 1932, since the three of them occurred in a very short period of time in a sparsely populated and poorly communicated region. There is little information of these tsunamis and no published studies about its source mechanism. It is estimated that two of them were generated after the first two large earthquakes and the other probably by a submarine slump of sediments provided by the Armería River.The June 3, 1932 tsunami, associated to the M8.2 earthquake, was observed to flood Barra de Navidad and partially flooded the port of San Blas, Nayarit. In Manzanillo Bay, the coast guard ship was in danger of running aground and capsizing due to the rapid sea level change. In Santiago Bay, the sea level rose about 3 m. In Cuyutlán, the coast seemed to rise and the sea flooded the resort, sweeping away several houses (Sanchez and Farreras, 1993).After the June 18, 1932 earthquake (M7.8), the sea level in Manzanillo Bay decreased and then rose about 1 m. Sea waters flooded part of the port, and large part of the rocky coast lost its previous shape. Some of the shoals indicated in nautical charts disappeared.The tsunami produced on the June 22, 1932 earthquake (M7.7) was the most destructive of all those produced in this region. It destroyed the resort of Cuyutlán. The estimated maximum height was h ≤ 15 m and the average extent of flooding was 1km along 20km of coast. This tsunami was generated probably by a submarine slump of sediments provided by the Armería River and accumulated on the continental shelf, to one of the creeks of the Middle America Trench (Ortiz, cited by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Pacheco et al., 1997</a>). Cuyutlán was invaded by two tsunami waves of less intensity: one during the night of 22 June, and the other in the morning of the next day (Sanchez and Farreras, 1993).The most recent and well documented tsunami in Jalisco is the one that occurred on the morning of October 9, 1995. “Historical” testimonies of the inhabitants describing the manner in which the waves invaded the coast were carefully collected, and the extent and height of the flooding or tsunami run-up along the Jalisco and Colima coasts were documented during the tsunami field survey conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz et al., (1995)</a>, where the observed run- up heights were corrected or reduced to the height (hc) above the tide level at the time of flooding. The highest tsunami run-up (hc ∼ 5m) was observed in Tenacatita Bay in the towns of La Manzanilla and Boca de Iguanas. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>, illustrates the tsunami flooding marks inside and outside the temple of La Manzanilla, Jalisco. The extents of flooding and run-up heights are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>In spite of the very well documented seismic source of the October 9, 1995 Jalisco-Colima tsunami by inverting seismic and GPS data (see e.g., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Courboulex et al., 1997</a>; and Pacheco et al.,1997), inversion of this “historical” tsunami run-up records to model the 1995 Jalisco tsunami source is still important in order to provide some degree of certainty for the tsunami source of those historical tsunamis for which no seismic nor tide records are available, and only testimonies and vague relates of its effects are documented.MethodThis paper follows the methodology used by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Núñez-Cornú et al. (2008)</a> to model the mechanism of the 1787 Tsunami source from historical data of the effects of flooding waves.The rupture length of the October 9, 1995 Jalisco-Colima earthquake is estimated here as the length along the coast where tsunami flooding was observed (150-160km, from Chalacatepec to Cuyutlán; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz et al. (1995)</a>. In turn, to delineate the extent of the flooding of the tsunami we used the observed tsunami run-up data (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz et al., 1995</a>). The run-up height (hc) facilitates the delineation of the extent of flooding on the regional digital terrain elevation model by interpolating hc along the coast.The rupture area proposed here (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>), is a buried fault plane of L = 150km, W = 60km, dipping 11° towards the coast at the depth of 10km in the interplate region, corresponding to an earthquake of Mw∼8.0, according to the relation:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>where A is the area in km2 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115">Utsu and Seki, 1954; Wyss, 1979</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Singh et al., 1980</a>). To this case, we are using an upper limit of Mw∼8.0 obtained by seismic information (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Pacheco et al., 1997</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>The total area is composed by ten segments with individual subareas Ai = 30×30km. The seismic moment Moi of each one of the segments may be varied by varying the coseismic dislocation (di) according to the relationship Moi = μ Ai di, to fit the moment magnitude of the earthquake (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Hanks and Kanamori, 1979</a>). Moment estimates assume a rigidity modulus μ = 5x1011 dyne/cm2):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The coseismic vertical deformation of the seafloor as produced by the buried fault plane is computed by using the dislocation model of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Mansinha and Smylie, (1971)</a>, by prescribing a reverse fault mechanism on each one of the segments. For the tsunami initial condition, the sea-level change was taken to be the same as the sea floor uplift calculated from the dislocation model. The propagation of the tsunami was simulated by the vertically integrated long- wave equations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Pedlosky, 1979</a>):<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>In these equations, t is time, η is the vertical displacement of the water surface above the equipotential level, h is the depth of the water column, g is the gravity acceleration, and M is the vector of the discharge fluxes in longitudinal and latitudinal directions. These equations are solved in a spherical coordinate system by the method of finite differences with Leap-Frog scheme (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Goto et al., 1997</a>). In the computation, the time step was set to 1sec, and a grid spacing of 27sec was used for the whole region, whereas a grid spacing of 3sec was used to describe the shallow areas.For near shore bathymetry, from 1000 m depth to the coast, we used data from local navigational charts, while for depths greater than 1000 m we used data from the ETOPO-2 data set (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Smith and Sandwell, 1997</a>).A digital terrain model (cells of 10 × 10 m2) for mapping the observed tsunami run-up values, as well as the synthetic ones resulting from the tsunami model, was interpolated from the digital topographic data set (GEMA), obtained by photogrammetry in a grid spacing of 3sec in the years 1980-1990 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">INEGI, 1994</a>).ResultsModel results or synthetic tsunamis are heights and times of arrival of wave trains within the first ten hours after the quake at locations defined here as virtual tide gauges (VTG), distributed along the coasts of Jalisco and Colima as illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>. Synthetic run-up values are defined here as the maximum height (hm) of the synthetic tsunami above the sea level at the tsunami arrival time, at each one of the VTG locations.Rupture area and dislocationThe initial hypothesis considered the offshore rupture area L = 150km and W = 60km with a maximum coseismic dislocation of 4 m (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Pacheco et al., 1997</a>). However, by setting di= 4 m for the ten segments, all of the resulting synthetic run-up values (hm) overestimate the corresponding observed ones (hc). Guided by our prejudice that causal faults slipped with simple geometry, and that seafloor deformation field should be homogeneous and “smooth”we varied di smoothly as to obtain our best fit between hm and hc by setting up to 1 m the dislocation of the fault plane for the first 60km along the fault plane starting from its NW edge (offshore Chalacatepec and Chamela), and to 3 m the dislocation of the next 90km (offshore Tenacatita, Navidad and Manzanillo). For 19 of the 23 surveyed sites, the resulting synthetic run-up values are within 20% of the observed ones. Larger differences (less than 30%) are observed at the Bays of Chamela, Tenacatita, and Melaque, probably by the effects of local bathymetry. Observed and synthetic run-up values are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The moment magnitude for this heterogeneous fault model is Mw7.93..A series of plots (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>) illustrate the sensitivity of the results (hm) by shifting the location of the fault plane 30km onshore; 30km NW, and 30km SW, respectively from our preferred location illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>As expected, by shifting the fault plane 30km onshore, most of the synthetic run- up values are 40% smaller that the observed ones; by shifting the fault 30km NW, some of the synthetics are 50% larger than the ones observed in Chamela, and 40% smaller in Manzanillo; while by shifting the fault 30 SE, most of the synthetics underestimate the observed ones, with exception of the ones in Manzanillo.Arrival timesSynthetic tsunami waveforms at VTG's are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>; the synthetic tsunami arrival time in Jalisco is 9 ≤ t ≤ 12minutes after the quake, while the time of the maximum wave height is 39 ≤ t ≤ 46minutes, with exception at El Tecuán where the maximum occurs at t = 72minutes.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Extent of floodingBy mapping observed run-up values as well as synthetic ones along the coast, we delineated the extent of flooding by the tsunami (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 7</a>). In general, the flooding is extending in a strip of 50 m wide from the shoreline. Larger flooding areas are observed in Chalacatepec, the northern part of Chamela Bay, and in the Bays of Tenacatita and Navidad along rivers beds and wetland areas, where eyewitnesses reported that the tsunami penetrated up to400 m inland. These maps can be used for urban planning and preparedness for large local tsunamis as the one occurred in 1995.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia>ConclusionsWe model the source mechanism of the October 9, 1995 Jalisco-Colima earthquake as constrained by field survey reports of tsunami run-up and extent of flooding, and on the numerical simulation of the tsunami by considering an earthquake (Mw∼8.0) with rupture area A = 9000 km2, L = 150km, W = 60km, with two different coseismic dislocation patches: 1 m the dislocation of the first 60km along the fault plane starting from its NW edge (offshore Chalacatepec and Chamela), and 3 m the dislocation of the next 90km (offshore Tenacatita, Navidad and Manzanillo).As expected, the source mechanism of the earthquake obtained in this study is a simplified model in comparison of the seismic source obtained by inverting seismic and GPS data. However, the fact that this simplified model reproduces adequately the location of the rupture area and its coseismic dislocation, is still important in order to provide some degree of certainty for the tsunami source of those historical tsunamis for which no seismic nor tide records are available, and only testimonies and vague relates of its effects are documented." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres551845" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569242" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres551844" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569241" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Background" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Tectonic frame" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Regional seismicity" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Tsunamis in Mexico" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Local tsunamis in Jalisco" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Method" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Rupture area and dislocation" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Arrival times" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Extent of flooding" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack186090" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Further reading" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-11" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-06-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569242" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Tsunami Local" 1 => "Bloque Jalisco" 2 => "Costa sur de Jalisco." ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569241" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Local Tsunami" 1 => "Jalisco Block" 2 => "Southern Coast of Jalisco." ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "En este trabajo se modela la fuente sísmica del tsunami de Jalisco-Colima del 9 de octubre de 1995 ajustando los resultados del modelo numérico del tsunami para reproducir adecuadamente las alturas de inundación del tsunami documentadas in situ durante los trabajos de reconocimiento del área afectada por el tsunami. La fuente sísmica corresponde a un sismo de magnitud Mw∼8.0 con un área de ruptura A = 9000 km2, L = 150km, W = 60km, con dislocación cosísmica heterogénea: dislocación de 1 m en los primeros 60km a lo largo del plano de falla iniciando en el extremo NW, mar adentro frente a Chalacatepec y Chamela, y dislocación de 3 m en los restantes 90km, mar adentro frente a Tenacatita, Navidad y Manzanillo. Como se esperaba, la fuente sísmica obtenida en este estudio es un modelo simplificado en comparación con la obtenida invirtiendo datos sísmicos y de GPS. Sin embargo, el hecho de que este modelo simplificado reproduzca aproximadamente la dislocación cosísmica y el área de ruptura y su localización, es importante para validar la fuente sísmica de aquellos tsunamis históricos de los que únicamente se cuenta con algunos testimonios y relatos vagos de sus efectos y de los cuales no existen registros sísmicos ni del nivel del mar." ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "A model of the seismic source of the October 9, 1995 Jalisco-Colima tsunami is obtained using the numerical modeling of the tsunami as constrained by field survey reports of tsunami run-up and the extent of flooding, by considering an earthquake (Mw∼8.0) with rupture area A = 9000 km2, L = 150km, W = 60km, with two different coseismic dislocation patches: 1 m the dislocation of the first 60km along the fault plane starting from its NW edge, offshore Chalacatepec and Chamela, and 3 m the dislocation of the next 90km; offshore Tenacatita, Navidad and Manzanillo. As expected, the seismic source obtained in this study is a simplified model in comparison of the seismic source obtained by inverting seismic and GPS data. However, the fact that this simplified model reproduces adequately the location of the rupture area and its coseismic dislocation is still important in order to provide some degree of certainty for the tsunami source of those historical tsunamis for which no seismic nor tide records are available, and only testimonies and vague relates of its effects are documented." ] ] "multimedia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2766 "Ancho" => 2665 "Tamanyo" => 548213 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Tectonic frame of Jalisco Block region, modified from Núñez-Cornú et al. (2011)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2367 "Ancho" => 2562 "Tamanyo" => 624074 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Seismotectonic features of the Jalisco region, modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Rutz López et al. (2013)</a>. RFZ: Rivera Fracture Zone; R1: Armería River; R2: Cohuayana River; MIA: Maximum Intensity Areas for earthquakes in 1932 (dates and magnitudes indicated); AA: Aftershocks Areas; Cities; H 2003 Epicenter of the Armería earthquake (after <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Núñez-Cornú et al., 2004</a>) and H 2010 Marias Islands earthquake." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1752 "Ancho" => 2312 "Tamanyo" => 367253 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "To illustrate the tsunami flooding marks inside and outside the temple of La Manzanilla, Jalisco, modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz et al. (1995)</a>." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2505 "Ancho" => 2730 "Tamanyo" => 653026 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Map of the region and location of rupture area and subareas (rectangles) assumed in the numerical modeling of tsunami. Black dots indicate locations where tsunami run-up heights (hc) were surveyed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz et al., (1995)</a>. Black triangles indicate VTG locations where model results or synthetic run-up values (hm) were obtained." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1719 "Ancho" => 2966 "Tamanyo" => 304467 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Observed hc versus synthetic hm run-up values obtained for the coast of Jalisco and Colima: a) by considering the rupture area proposed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>; b) by shifting the rupture area 30km onshore; c) by shifting the rupture area 30km NW; d) by shifting the rupture area 30km SE. The origin of the distance axis corresponds to the NW edge of the fault plane illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 4264 "Ancho" => 3054 "Tamanyo" => 1226903 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Synthetic tsunami waveforms at ob tained the V TG locations illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 2636 "Ancho" => 3136 "Tamanyo" => 793724 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Extent of flooding by the October 9, 1995 Jalisco-Colima tsunami by mapping observed run-up values as well as synthetic ones along the coast of Jalisco and Colima: a) synthetic run-up values (hm) along the coast of Jalisco and Colima; b, c, and d) enlarged view of the extent of flooding in Chalacatepec, Chamela, and Tena- catita, respectively." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "+ Distance along the fault plane illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>, starting from its NW edge.⊙ hc = Obseved tsunami run up height (Ortiz et al.,1995) hm = Synthetic run-up heightΔ(%) = 100 (hm-hc)/hc; relative difference" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Field survey, 1995</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model results</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+Distance km \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Long \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Extent of flooding (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Run up height ⊙hc (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Run up height hm (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Δ (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time minutes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VTG/zone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">County \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1/Chalacatepec \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Tomatlán \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2/Chamela \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">115 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3/Careyes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4/El Tecuán \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5/Tenacatita \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">172 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">141 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6/San Patricio \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cihuatlán \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">(Melaque) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7/Marabasco \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cihuatlán \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">114 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8/Playa de Oro \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Manzanillo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9/Majagua \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Manzanillo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">127 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10/Manzanillo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Manzanillo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">129 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">136 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">- 11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab890677.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Synthetic and observed tsunami run-up heights." ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Mw=log10(A)+4.0," "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1396 "Alto" => 15 "Ancho" => 150 ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Mw=23log10∑i=110Mo−10.7." 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"vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/00167169/0000005400000002/v2_201509120115/S0016716915000112/v2_201509120115/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "40021" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/00167169/0000005400000002/v2_201509120115/S0016716915000112/v2_201509120115/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0016716915000112?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Elizabeth Trejo-Gómeza,

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elyt@cuc.udg.mx

Corresponding author.

, Modesto Ortizb, Francisco Javier Núñez-Cornúa

a Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente Centro Universitario de la Costa Universidad de Guadalajara Avenida Universidad 203, C.P. 48200 Ixtapa, Puerto Vallarta Jalisco, México

b Departamento de Oceanografía Física Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observed hc versus synthetic hm run-up values obtained for the coast of Jalisco and Colima&#58; a&#41; by considering the rupture area proposed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#59; b&#41; by shifting the rupture area 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km onshore&#59; c&#41; by shifting the rupture area 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km NW&#59; d&#41; by shifting the rupture area 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km SE&#46; The origin of the distance axis corresponds to the NW edge of the fault plane illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Background</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Tectonic frame</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this region&#44; the North-American&#44; Pacific&#44; and Rivera lithospheric plates are interacting and several models of triple junctions have been proposed&#44; but the seismotectonic setting is still poorly understood&#46; A tectonic unit known as the Jalisco block has been proposed in this region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Luhr <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1985</a>&#41;&#46; The Jalisco block extends northward from the Colima graben&#44; along the Pacific coast&#44; and connects at its northern end with two other major extensional structures&#58; the Tepic-Zacoalco rif zone &#40;trending roughly northwest-southeast&#41;&#44; which is defined as the northern boundary of the Jalisco block&#59; and the Chapala rift zone &#40;trending roughly east-west&#41;&#46; The connection between the northwest border of the Jalisco block &#40;the Tamayo Fault Zone &#40;Tamayo FZ&#41; and the continent is not well defined&#46; Previous studies have related this border to the San Blas fault as a continuation of the Tamayo FZ or to the Tres Mar&#237;as escarpment &#40;west of Marias Islands&#41; and the R&#237;o Ameca graben which crosses the Bah&#237;a de Banderas and continues along the Vallarta graben to join the Tepic-Zacoalco rif zone &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>&#41;&#46; Another possible connection is to the Tres Mar&#237;as escarpment&#46; The last two possibilities suggest the existence of an additional small block&#44; the Tres Mar&#237;as block&#44; which may be experiencing strong crustal stresses as a result of the convergence direction of the Rivera plate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Kostoglodov and Bandy&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Regional seismicity</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The seismicity in the coast of Jalisco is associated with the subduction of the Rivera plate beneath the Jalisco block&#46; Macroseismic data of seismicity in the region date back to 1544 and are described by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">N&#250;&#241;ez-Corn&#250; &#40;2011&#41;</a>&#46; It is believed that both the 1932 earthquakes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>&#41; ruptured the entire seismogenic contact between the Rivera plate and the Jalisco block &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Singh <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1985</a>&#41;&#58; The June 3&#44; 1932 earthquake &#40;M8&#46;2&#41; with an estimated rupture area of L &#61; 220<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km and W &#61; 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#59; and the June 18&#44; 1932 earthquake &#40;M7&#46;8&#41; with an estimated rupture area of L &#61; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; and W &#61; 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#46; Moreover&#44; the complexity of this tectonic region reflects the existence of unknown or unstudied structures which may generate medium size earthquakes &#40;M7&#46;0-7&#46;6&#41;&#44; as the one occurred near Marias Islands&#44; where the M7&#46;0 earthquake turned down masonry buildings of the presidio in Mar&#237;a Madre island on December 3&#44; 1948&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shallow thrust earthquakes have also occurred resulting from intraplate activity&#44; such as the M7&#46;4 January 22&#44; 2003 earthquake&#44; located on the coast near of the city of Armer&#237;a&#44; Colima &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">N&#250;&#241;ez-Corn&#250; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2004&#44; 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The last large earthquake &#40;M8&#46;0&#41; and tsunami in the southern part of the Jalisco Blok occurred on October 9&#44; 1995&#46; The rupture area was estimated to be L &#61; 160 &#177; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; W &#61; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Ortiz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1998</a>&#59; and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Ortiz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#44; with a dislocation of less than 5 m&#46; This rupture zone represents only the southern half of the area proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Singh <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;1985&#41;</a> for the earthquakes of 1932&#44; therefore the northern coast of Jalisco and Bah&#237;a de Banderas&#44; Nayarit&#44; remains to break&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Tsunamis in Mexico</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Mexican tide gauge network began in 1952&#44; since then&#44; until 1985 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Sanchez and Farreras&#44; 1993</a>&#41;&#44; non-destructive transoceanic or distant generated tsunamis have been recorded with maximum heights in the range of 0&#46;1 &#8804; h &#8804; 2&#46;5 m&#46; These distant tsunamis were caused by major earthquakes in areas of high seismicity&#44; such as Alaska&#44; Chile&#44; Colombia&#44; Kuril Islands&#44; Japan&#44; Kermadec&#44; Kamchatka&#44; and Per&#250;&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While recent &#40;Sumatra 2004&#59; Chile 2010&#59; Japan 2011&#41; and historical &#40;Chile 1960&#59; Alaska 1964&#59; Aleutians 1957&#41; distant tsunamis have not generated damage on the west coast of Mexico&#44; historical destructive tsunamis were originated by local earthquakes with seismic moment magnitude Mw&#8805;7&#44; along the interplate contact area located between the coast and the Middle America Trench&#44; such as the one occurred off the coast of Oaxaca in 1787 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">N&#250;&#241;ez-Corn&#250; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 2008</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Local tsunamis in Jalisco</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of Jalisco&#44; to the twentieth century&#44; there are records of locally generated destructive tsunamis&#44; three of them in June 1932 and one in October 1995&#46; Historical reports mixed different tsunami damage in the month of June 1932&#44; since the three of them occurred in a very short period of time in a sparsely populated and poorly communicated region&#46; There is little information of these tsunamis and no published studies about its source mechanism&#46; It is estimated that two of them were generated after the first two large earthquakes and the other probably by a submarine slump of sediments provided by the Armer&#237;a River&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The June 3&#44; 1932 tsunami&#44; associated to the M8&#46;2 earthquake&#44; was observed to flood Barra de Navidad and partially flooded the port of San Blas&#44; Nayarit&#46; In Manzanillo Bay&#44; the coast guard ship was in danger of running aground and capsizing due to the rapid sea level change&#46; In Santiago Bay&#44; the sea level rose about 3 m&#46; In Cuyutl&#225;n&#44; the coast seemed to rise and the sea flooded the resort&#44; sweeping away several houses &#40;Sanchez and Farreras&#44; 1993&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the June 18&#44; 1932 earthquake &#40;M7&#46;8&#41;&#44; the sea level in Manzanillo Bay decreased and then rose about 1 m&#46; Sea waters flooded part of the port&#44; and large part of the rocky coast lost its previous shape&#46; Some of the shoals indicated in nautical charts disappeared&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The tsunami produced on the June 22&#44; 1932 earthquake &#40;M7&#46;7&#41; was the most destructive of all those produced in this region&#46; It destroyed the resort of Cuyutl&#225;n&#46; The estimated maximum height was h &#8804; 15 m and the average extent of flooding was 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km along 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km of coast&#46; This tsunami was generated probably by a submarine slump of sediments provided by the Armer&#237;a River and accumulated on the continental shelf&#44; to one of the creeks of the Middle America Trench &#40;Ortiz&#44; cited by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Pacheco <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; Cuyutl&#225;n was invaded by two tsunami waves of less intensity&#58; one during the night of 22 June&#44; and the other in the morning of the next day &#40;Sanchez and Farreras&#44; 1993&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most recent and well documented tsunami in Jalisco is the one that occurred on the morning of October 9&#44; 1995&#46; &#8220;Historical&#8221; testimonies of the inhabitants describing the manner in which the waves invaded the coast were carefully collected&#44; and the extent and height of the flooding or tsunami run-up along the Jalisco and Colima coasts were documented during the tsunami field survey conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#44; where the observed run- up heights were corrected or reduced to the height &#40;hc&#41; above the tide level at the time of flooding&#46; The highest tsunami run-up &#40;hc &#8764; 5m&#41; was observed in Tenacatita Bay in the towns of La Manzanilla and Boca de Iguanas&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#44; illustrates the tsunami flooding marks inside and outside the temple of La Manzanilla&#44; Jalisco&#46; The extents of flooding and run-up heights are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In spite of the very well documented seismic source of the October 9&#44; 1995 Jalisco-Colima tsunami by inverting seismic and GPS data &#40;see e&#46;g&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Courboulex <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#59; and Pacheco <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44;1997&#41;&#44; inversion of this &#8220;historical&#8221; tsunami run-up records to model the 1995 Jalisco tsunami source is still important in order to provide some degree of certainty for the tsunami source of those historical tsunamis for which no seismic nor tide records are available&#44; and only testimonies and vague relates of its effects are documented&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Method</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper follows the methodology used by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">N&#250;&#241;ez-Corn&#250; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2008&#41;</a> to model the mechanism of the 1787 Tsunami source from historical data of the effects of flooding waves&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rupture length of the October 9&#44; 1995 Jalisco-Colima earthquake is estimated here as the length along the coast where tsunami flooding was observed &#40;150-160<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; from Chalacatepec to Cuyutl&#225;n&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#46; In turn&#44; to delineate the extent of the flooding of the tsunami we used the observed tsunami run-up data &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46; The run-up height &#40;hc&#41; facilitates the delineation of the extent of flooding on the regional digital terrain elevation model by interpolating hc along the coast&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rupture area proposed here &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#41;&#44; is a buried fault plane of L &#61; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; W &#61; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; dipping 11&#176; towards the coast at the depth of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km in the interplate region&#44; corresponding to an earthquake of Mw&#8764;8&#46;0&#44; according to the relation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>where A is the area in km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115">Utsu and Seki&#44; 1954&#59; Wyss&#44; 1979</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Singh <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; To this case&#44; we are using an upper limit of Mw&#8764;8&#46;0 obtained by seismic information &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Pacheco <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total area is composed by ten segments with individual subareas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ai</span> &#61; 30&#215;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#46; The seismic moment Mo<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span> of each one of the segments may be varied by varying the coseismic dislocation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span></span>&#41; according to the relationship Mo<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i</span> &#61; &#956; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ai di</span>&#44; to fit the moment magnitude of the earthquake &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Hanks and Kanamori&#44; 1979</a>&#41;&#46; Moment estimates assume a rigidity modulus &#956; &#61; 5x10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> dyne&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The coseismic vertical deformation of the seafloor as produced by the buried fault plane is computed by using the dislocation model of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Mansinha and Smylie&#44; &#40;1971&#41;</a>&#44; by prescribing a reverse fault mechanism on each one of the segments&#46; For the tsunami initial condition&#44; the sea-level change was taken to be the same as the sea floor uplift calculated from the dislocation model&#46; The propagation of the tsunami was simulated by the vertically integrated long- wave equations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Pedlosky&#44; 1979</a>&#41;&#58;</p><p id="par1160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In these equations&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> is time&#44; &#951; is the vertical displacement of the water surface above the equipotential level&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h</span> is the depth of the water column&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span> is the gravity acceleration&#44; and M is the vector of the discharge fluxes in longitudinal and latitudinal directions&#46; These equations are solved in a spherical coordinate system by the method of finite differences with Leap-Frog scheme &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Goto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; In the computation&#44; the time step was set to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sec&#44; and a grid spacing of 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sec was used for the whole region&#44; whereas a grid spacing of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sec was used to describe the shallow areas&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For near shore bathymetry&#44; from 1000 m depth to the coast&#44; we used data from local navigational charts&#44; while for depths greater than 1000 m we used data from the ETOPO-2 data set &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Smith and Sandwell&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A digital terrain model &#40;cells of 10 &#215; 10 m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; for mapping the observed tsunami run-up values&#44; as well as the synthetic ones resulting from the tsunami model&#44; was interpolated from the digital topographic data set &#40;GEMA&#41;&#44; obtained by photogrammetry in a grid spacing of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sec in the years 1980-1990 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">INEGI&#44; 1994</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Model results or synthetic tsunamis are heights and times of arrival of wave trains within the first ten hours after the quake at locations defined here as virtual tide gauges &#40;VTG&#41;&#44; distributed along the coasts of Jalisco and Colima as illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#46; Synthetic run-up values are defined here as the maximum height &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hm</span>&#41; of the synthetic tsunami above the sea level at the tsunami arrival time&#44; at each one of the VTG locations&#46;</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Rupture area and dislocation</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial hypothesis considered the offshore rupture area L &#61; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km and W &#61; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km with a maximum coseismic dislocation of 4 m &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Pacheco <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; by setting di&#61; 4 m for the ten segments&#44; all of the resulting synthetic run-up values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hm</span>&#41; overestimate the corresponding observed ones &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hc</span>&#41;&#46; Guided by our prejudice that causal faults slipped with simple geometry&#44; and that seafloor deformation field should be homogeneous and &#8220;smooth&#8221;we varied <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">di</span> smoothly as to obtain our best fit between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hm</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hc</span> by setting up to 1 m the dislocation of the fault plane for the first 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km along the fault plane starting from its NW edge &#40;offshore Chalacatepec and Chamela&#41;&#44; and to 3 m the dislocation of the next 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km &#40;offshore Tenacatita&#44; Navidad and Manzanillo&#41;&#46; For 19 of the 23 surveyed sites&#44; the resulting synthetic run-up values are within 20&#37; of the observed ones&#46; Larger differences &#40;less than 30&#37;&#41; are observed at the Bays of Chamela&#44; Tenacatita&#44; and Melaque&#44; probably by the effects of local bathymetry&#46; Observed and synthetic run-up values are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The moment magnitude for this heterogeneous fault model is Mw7&#46;93&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A series of plots &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>&#41; illustrate the sensitivity of the results &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hm</span>&#41; by shifting the location of the fault plane 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km onshore&#59; 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km NW&#44; and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km SW&#44; respectively from our preferred location illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected&#44; by shifting the fault plane 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km onshore&#44; most of the synthetic run- up values are 40&#37; smaller that the observed ones&#59; by shifting the fault 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km NW&#44; some of the synthetics are 50&#37; larger than the ones observed in Chamela&#44; and 40&#37; smaller in Manzanillo&#59; while by shifting the fault 30 SE&#44; most of the synthetics underestimate the observed ones&#44; with exception of the ones in Manzanillo&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Arrival times</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Synthetic tsunami waveforms at VTG&#39;s are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>&#59; the synthetic tsunami arrival time in Jalisco is 9 &#8804; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#8804; 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes after the quake&#44; while the time of the maximum wave height is 39 &#8804; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#8804; 46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#44; with exception at El Tecu&#225;n where the maximum occurs at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> &#61; 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Extent of flooding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By mapping observed run-up values as well as synthetic ones along the coast&#44; we delineated the extent of flooding by the tsunami &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 7</a>&#41;&#46; In general&#44; the flooding is extending in a strip of 50 m wide from the shoreline&#46; Larger flooding areas are observed in Chalacatepec&#44; the northern part of Chamela Bay&#44; and in the Bays of Tenacatita and Navidad along rivers beds and wetland areas&#44; where eyewitnesses reported that the tsunami penetrated up to400 m inland&#46; These maps can be used for urban planning and preparedness for large local tsunamis as the one occurred in 1995&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusions</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We model the source mechanism of the October 9&#44; 1995 Jalisco-Colima earthquake as constrained by field survey reports of tsunami run-up and extent of flooding&#44; and on the numerical simulation of the tsunami by considering an earthquake &#40;Mw&#8764;8&#46;0&#41; with rupture area A &#61; 9000 km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; L &#61; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; W &#61; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; with two different coseismic dislocation patches&#58; 1 m the dislocation of the first 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km along the fault plane starting from its NW edge &#40;offshore Chalacatepec and Chamela&#41;&#44; and 3 m the dislocation of the next 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km &#40;offshore Tenacatita&#44; Navidad and Manzanillo&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected&#44; the source mechanism of the earthquake obtained in this study is a simplified model in comparison of the seismic source obtained by inverting seismic and GPS data&#46; However&#44; the fact that this simplified model reproduces adequately the location of the rupture area and its coseismic dislocation&#44; is still important in order to provide some degree of certainty for the tsunami source of those historical tsunamis for which no seismic nor tide records are available&#44; and only testimonies and vague relates of its effects are documented&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo se modela la fuente s&#237;smica del tsunami de Jalisco-Colima del 9 de octubre de 1995 ajustando los resultados del modelo num&#233;rico del tsunami para reproducir adecuadamente las alturas de inundaci&#243;n del tsunami documentadas in situ durante los trabajos de reconocimiento del &#225;rea afectada por el tsunami&#46; La fuente s&#237;smica corresponde a un sismo de magnitud Mw&#8764;8&#46;0 con un &#225;rea de ruptura A &#61; 9000 km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; L &#61; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; W &#61; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; con dislocaci&#243;n cos&#237;smica heterog&#233;nea&#58; dislocaci&#243;n de 1 m en los primeros 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km a lo largo del plano de falla iniciando en el extremo NW&#44; mar adentro frente a Chalacatepec y Chamela&#44; y dislocaci&#243;n de 3 m en los restantes 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; mar adentro frente a Tenacatita&#44; Navidad y Manzanillo&#46; Como se esperaba&#44; la fuente s&#237;smica obtenida en este estudio es un modelo simplificado en comparaci&#243;n con la obtenida invirtiendo datos s&#237;smicos y de GPS&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el hecho de que este modelo simplificado reproduzca aproximadamente la dislocaci&#243;n cos&#237;smica y el &#225;rea de ruptura y su localizaci&#243;n&#44; es importante para validar la fuente s&#237;smica de aquellos tsunamis hist&#243;ricos de los que &#250;nicamente se cuenta con algunos testimonios y relatos vagos de sus efectos y de los cuales no existen registros s&#237;smicos ni del nivel del mar&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A model of the seismic source of the October 9&#44; 1995 Jalisco-Colima tsunami is obtained using the numerical modeling of the tsunami as constrained by field survey reports of tsunami run-up and the extent of flooding&#44; by considering an earthquake &#40;Mw&#8764;8&#46;0&#41; with rupture area A &#61; 9000 km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; L &#61; 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; W &#61; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; with two different coseismic dislocation patches&#58; 1 m the dislocation of the first 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km along the fault plane starting from its NW edge&#44; offshore Chalacatepec and Chamela&#44; and 3 m the dislocation of the next 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#59; offshore Tenacatita&#44; Navidad and Manzanillo&#46; As expected&#44; the seismic source obtained in this study is a simplified model in comparison of the seismic source obtained by inverting seismic and GPS data&#46; However&#44; the fact that this simplified model reproduces adequately the location of the rupture area and its coseismic dislocation is still important in order to provide some degree of certainty for the tsunami source of those historical tsunamis for which no seismic nor tide records are available&#44; and only testimonies and vague relates of its effects are documented&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To illustrate the tsunami flooding marks inside and outside the temple of La Manzanilla&#44; Jalisco&#44; modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Map of the region and location of rupture area and subareas &#40;rectangles&#41; assumed in the numerical modeling of tsunami&#46; Black dots indicate locations where tsunami run-up heights &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hc</span>&#41; were surveyed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Ortiz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46;&#44; &#40;1995&#41;</a>&#46; Black triangles indicate VTG locations where model results or synthetic run-up values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">hm</span>&#41; were obtained&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observed hc versus synthetic hm run-up values obtained for the coast of Jalisco and Colima&#58; a&#41; by considering the rupture area proposed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#59; b&#41; by shifting the rupture area 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km onshore&#59; c&#41; by shifting the rupture area 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km NW&#59; d&#41; by shifting the rupture area 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km SE&#46; The origin of the distance axis corresponds to the NW edge of the fault plane illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#46;</p>"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 4264
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Synthetic tsunami waveforms at ob tained the V TG locations illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#46;</p>"
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      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0035"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 7"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Extent of flooding by the October 9&#44; 1995 Jalisco-Colima tsunami by mapping observed run-up values as well as synthetic ones along the coast of Jalisco and Colima&#58; a&#41; synthetic run-up values &#40;hm&#41; along the coast of Jalisco and Colima&#59; b&#44; c&#44; and d&#41; enlarged view of the extent of flooding in Chalacatepec&#44; Chamela&#44; and Tena- catita&#44; respectively&#46;</p>"
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      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#43; Distance along the fault plane illustrated in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>&#44; starting from its NW edge&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#8857; hc &#61; Obseved tsunami run up height &#40;Ortiz et al&#46;&#44;1995&#41;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGlyphlozf"></span> hm &#61; Synthetic run-up height</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#916;&#40;&#37;&#41; &#61; 100 &#40;hm-hc&#41;&#47;hc&#59; relative difference</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Field survey&#44; 1995</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model results</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;Distance km&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Long&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Extent of flooding &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Run up height &#8857;hc &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Run up height <span class="elsevierStyleGlyphlozf"></span>hm &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#916; &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time minutes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VTG&#47;zone&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">County&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#47;Chalacatepec&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Tomatl&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#47;Chamela&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#47;Careyes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#47;El Tecu&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#47;Tenacatita&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">La Huerta&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">172&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">141&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#47;San Patricio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cihuatl&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#40;Melaque&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#47;Marabasco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cihuatl&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">114&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#47;Playa de Oro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Manzanillo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">125&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#47;Majagua&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Manzanillo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">127&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#47;Manzanillo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Manzanillo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">-&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">136&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">- 11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                      "titulo" => "The 1995 Colima Jalisco&#44; Mexico Earthquake &#40;Mw8&#41;&#58; A Study of the Rupture Process"
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                            3 => "C&#46;J&#46; Ammon"
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                      "titulo" => "IUGG&#47;IOC TIME Proyect&#58; Numerical Method of Tsunami Simulation with the Leap-Frog Scheme&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Manual and Guides</span>&#44; 35 4"
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                        0 => array:2 [
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                          "autores" => array:4 [
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                            2 => "N&#46; Shuto"
                            3 => "F&#46; Imamura"
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A Moment Magnitude Scale 1979"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We thank CONACYT for the scholarship to support the PhD student Elizabeth Trejo in the graduate program BEMARENA at the University of Guadalajara&#46; To anonymous reviewers for their helpful review&#46; We also acknowledge CONACYT-FOMIXJAL support for the Project M2012-08-189963 &#8220;Caracterizaci&#243;n del Peligro S&#237;smico y Tsunamig&#233;nico asociado a la estructura cortical del contacto Placa de Rivera-Bloque Jalisco &#40;TSUJAL&#41;&#8221;&#46; TSUJAL Project CGL2011-29474-C02-01&#44; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci&#243;n&#44; Direcci&#243;n General de Investigaci&#243;n y Gesti&#243;n del Plan Nacional de I&#43;D&#43;i&#44; Espa&#241;a&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 00167169
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.gi.2015.04.010

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	9	0	9
2024 October	44	4	48
2024 September	63	4	67
2024 August	39	2	41
2024 July	29	2	31
2024 June	27	3	30
2024 May	23	4	27
2024 April	22	3	25
2024 March	34	2	36
2024 February	42	6	48
2024 January	32	2	34
2023 December	23	4	27
2023 November	51	3	54
2023 October	56	8	64
2023 September	37	3	40
2023 August	27	3	30
2023 July	8	3	11
2023 June	17	1	18
2023 May	54	5	59
2023 April	52	0	52
2023 March	30	3	33
2023 February	31	1	32
2023 January	12	2	14
2022 December	23	5	28
2022 November	17	3	20
2022 October	20	3	23
2022 September	14	11	25
2022 August	11	10	21
2022 July	13	6	19
2022 June	15	6	21
2022 May	10	6	16
2022 April	13	6	19
2022 March	36	4	40
2022 February	38	6	44
2022 January	50	4	54
2021 December	28	9	37
2021 November	8	6	14
2021 October	35	8	43
2021 September	35	7	42
2021 August	16	8	24
2021 July	9	4	13
2021 June	9	4	13
2021 May	23	5	28
2021 April	57	9	66
2021 March	26	5	31
2021 February	12	7	19
2021 January	8	8	16
2020 December	16	6	22
2020 November	27	9	36
2020 October	20	9	29
2020 September	21	10	31
2020 August	19	8	27
2020 July	18	6	24
2020 June	12	1	13
2020 May	13	2	15
2020 April	7	3	10
2020 March	9	7	16
2020 February	14	3	17
2020 January	12	3	15
2019 December	12	4	16
2019 November	9	5	14
2019 October	13	2	15
2019 September	15	8	23
2019 August	8	4	12
2019 July	19	11	30
2019 June	55	14	69
2019 May	97	36	133
2019 April	62	13	75
2019 March	6	2	8
2019 February	13	8	21
2019 January	7	2	9
2018 December	6	3	9
2018 November	15	2	17
2018 October	17	7	24
2018 September	11	6	17
2018 August	16	4	20
2018 July	8	1	9
2018 June	16	0	16
2018 May	16	1	17
2018 April	10	1	11
2018 March	10	1	11
2018 February	15	2	17
2018 January	9	2	11
2017 December	6	0	6
2017 November	8	2	10
2017 October	4	12	16
2017 September	11	9	20
2017 August	11	5	16
2017 July	14	4	18
2017 June	30	8	38
2017 May	16	10	26
2017 April	11	33	44
2017 March	10	33	43
2017 February	9	4	13
2017 January	3	4	7
2016 December	13	8	21
2016 November	24	6	30
2016 October	19	17	36
2016 September	21	3	24
2016 August	20	6	26
2016 July	15	2	17
2016 June	18	8	26
2016 May	12	21	33
2016 April	11	9	20
2016 March	20	15	35
2016 February	13	11	24
2016 January	16	9	25
2015 December	15	10	25
2015 November	34	10	44
2015 October	19	8	27
2015 September	10	5	15
2015 August	15	12	27
2015 July	12	10	22

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