Evidence of pre-Columbian settlements in the forest of the Tuxtla Volcanic Field, Veracruz, Mexico
Araceli Zamora-Camachoa, Juan Manuel Espíndolab,
, Peter Schaafb, Angel Ramírezb, María de Lourdes Godínez Calderónc
Corresponding author
a Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente Centro Universitario de la Costa Universidad de Guadalajara Av. Universidad 203, Delegación Ixtapa, 48280, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México
b Instituto de Geofísica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F., México
c Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Geografía Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F., México
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(a) Acceleration, (b) velocity, and (c) displacement. The traces in (b) and (c) have been obtained by integration of the accelerograms shown in (a).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Shri Krishna Singh, José Francisco Pacheco, Xyoli Pérez-Campos, Mario Ordaz, Eduardo Reinoso" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Shri Krishna" "apellidos" => "Singh" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Francisco" "apellidos" => "Pacheco" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Xyoli" "apellidos" => "Pérez-Campos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mario" "apellidos" => "Ordaz" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo" "apellidos" => "Reinoso" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0016716915000306?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00167169/0000005400000003/v2_201509120041/S0016716915000306/v2_201509120041/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0016716915000240" "issn" => "00167169" "doi" => "10.1016/j.gi.2015.04.021" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-07-01" "aid" => "21" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Geofisica Internacional. 2015;54:267-76" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2073 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 106 "HTML" => 1452 "PDF" => 515 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original paper</span>" "titulo" => "Meteoric isotopic gradient on the windward side of theSierra Madre Oriental area, Veracruz – Mexico" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "267" "paginaFinal" => "276" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1387 "Ancho" => 1851 "Tamanyo" => 293907 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Displays climograms located in the town of Tembladeras, Xalapa and Veracruz, located at 3000 masl., 1400 masl, and sea level, respectively (modified from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Tejeda <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 1989</a>). Precipitation at the Port of Veracruz and at Tembladeras is concentrated in the months of June to September, with magnitudes as large as 350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm. In contrast, the majority of rainfall in Xalapa is distributed over the months of May to October, with monthly averages less than 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Juan Pérez Quezadas, Alejandra Cortés Silva, Salvatore Inguaggiato, María del Rocío Salas Ortega, Juan Cervantes Pérez, Victor Michael Heilweil" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Pérez" "apellidos" => "Quezadas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandra Cortés" "apellidos" => "Silva" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Salvatore" "apellidos" => "Inguaggiato" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María del Rocío Salas" "apellidos" => "Ortega" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Cervantes" "apellidos" => "Pérez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Victor Michael" "apellidos" => "Heilweil" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0016716915000240?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00167169/0000005400000003/v2_201509120041/S0016716915000240/v2_201509120041/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Evidence of pre-Columbian settlements in the forest of the Tuxtla Volcanic Field, Veracruz, Mexico" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "277" "paginaFinal" => "287" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Araceli Zamora-Camacho, Juan Manuel Espíndola, Peter Schaaf, Angel Ramírez, María de Lourdes Godínez Calderón" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Araceli" "apellidos" => "Zamora-Camacho" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Juan Manuel" "apellidos" => "Espíndola" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jmec@unam.mx" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Peter" "apellidos" => "Schaaf" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Angel" "apellidos" => "Ramírez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María de Lourdes Godínez" "apellidos" => "Calderón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Sismología y Volcanología de Occidente Centro Universitario de la Costa Universidad de Guadalajara Av. Universidad 203, Delegación Ixtapa, 48280, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Geofísica Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F., México" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Geografía Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F., México" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1356 "Ancho" => 1455 "Tamanyo" => 267110 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arroyo Toro Prieto (a) Schematic section of the deposit. (b) Aspect of the deposit. The insert shows some of the fragments collected at this site.(c) Granulometry of the matrix of the deposit.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The basaltic Los Tuxtlas Volcanic Field (LTVF) also known as Tuxtla Volcanic Field, and Los Tuxtlas Massif, is located in the Mexican State of Veracruz (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>), where it emerges from the lowlands of the western margin of the Gulf of Mexico. Composed of four large volcanoes and more than 250 cones and maars, it spans approximately 200,000 km2 an area known as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">La region de los Tuxtlas</span> (Los Tuxtlas Region). Nelson and Gonzalez-Caver (1992) dated the rocks of the LTVF, and found that they can be grouped in two age groups separated by a hiatus of about 1.8 Ma, they dubbed these groups as the ‘Older Volcanic Series’ (OVS; 7 to 2.6 Ma BP) and the ‘Younger Volcanic Serie<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span> (YVS; 8Ka BP–Present). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Nelson <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>. (1995)</a> found that in the LTVF alkaline rocks are prevalent, although not unique, and considered that some rocks of the LTVF had signatures of subduction related to the Cocos plate. Nevertheless researchers such as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Verma (2006)</a> consider that the origin of the LTVF is not related to the subduction of the Cocos plate thereby the problem of its origin is still unsolved. In this paper we will focus in an area surrounding San Martin Tuxtla volcano, which constitutes most of the YVS (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>). Due to the fertility of the soils formed from the basaltic rocks and heavy rainfalls, the area covered by rocks of the younger series, is nowadays the center of a 1551.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> forest reserve (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>). In the past, however, the rainforest covered the entire volcanic field and beyond. At the margins of the LTVF important pre-Columbian settlements of different cultures flourished. To the west, the city of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tres Zapotes</span> was occupied by the Olmec and later cultures for almost two millennia (900 BC to 900 AD). Some 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km to the east, the city of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Matacapan</span> had also a long occupational history. Apparently, the site was first occupied during the Pre-classic period but it thrived in the classic and late classic periods (∼100 AD -900AD), when it had a “key role in the trading network dominated by Teotihuacan”, the dominant culture in central Mexico in those times (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060">Santley <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al.</span>, 1984; Diehl, 2000</a>). Smaller archeological constructions have been found to the southeast of the volcanic field and on the western side of Catemaco lake, but none in the area surrounding San Martin Tuxtla (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>). However, in that area the villagers have found numerous artifacts in stone and ceramics, which being removed from its original place are difficult to date or conjecture about their emplacement. Looking for evidence about possible pre-Columbian settlements in those areas we were able to find pottery shards and charcoal fragments in four mudflow deposits. The pottery fragments correspond to the domestic type of pottery, which does not allow its cultural identification, but their age can be determined through thermo-luminescence methods. In this paper we present the general characteristics of the deposits were the objects were found, of the fragments and their ages whenever possible. We believe this findings are relevant to the historical and environmental studies on the area.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Geographical characteristics of the LTVF</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LTVF has a tropical climate influenced by the trade winds of the northern hemisphere, which bring a significant precipitation during the summer season. In addition, rainfalls occur also at other times firstly because tropical storms and hurricanes extend the rainy season into the fall, and secondly because during the winter season the displacement of cold air masses from the north also cause precipitations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Gutiérrez García and Ricker, 2001</a>). The average mean temperature is 25° and the average annual precipitation goes from 805<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm at the town of R. Cabadas to 1962<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm at Catemaco, with peak intensities greater than 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm (Gutiérrez García and Ricker, 2011). Most of the original forest was converted into farmland either to grow sugar cane or pasture for livestock. In fact, the first sugar cane plantation in Mexico was established in the nearby lowlands to the west by Don Hernán Cortés, the Spanish conqueror. As mentioned before nowadays an area of 15.1 km2 centered at San Martin Tuxtla Volcano has been declared Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere Program (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">SEMARNAP, 1998</a>). The area constitutes a conjunction of the northernmost tropical forest, the temperate forest of central Mexico and the endemic environment. Therefore, it became the habitat of a large diversity of species both animal and vegetal, which unfortunately have diminished with time (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">González-Soriano <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 1997</a>). The drainage for the area is provided by numerous streams in a radial pattern with center in San Martin Tuxtla volcano most of them intermittent but also a few perennials fed by the numerous springs in the area. The soils of the Region, mostly andisols and alfisols, were derived from the basaltic products of the many eruptions in the Field; its formation is very rapid due to the large precipitations and tropical climate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Flores-Delgadillo, 1999</a>). The landforms of the Region are predominantly lava and scoria domes and cones, maars and four large composite volcanos. The slopes of Volcanoes San Martin Tuxtla, Cerro el Vigia, The Santa Marta complex, and San Martin Pajapan are slanted at different angles acquired during their formation and subsequent erosion. In the region of study, San Martin Volcano, the tallest of all, has been classified as shield volcano (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Simkin and Siebert, 1994</a>) and is composed of lava flows, and ash and lahar deposits. This volcano presented the latest stage of volcanism with an eruptive event in 1793, which lasted more than 6 months in its explosive stage and about 2 years in an effusive phase (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Espindola <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 2009</a>). The cones of the study area (YVS) show height to base diameter ratios between 0.125 and 0.18. These values correspond to heights between 20 and 240 m with an average value of 80 m. These data suggests that the cones of this area are less than 50,000 years old (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Reinhardt, 1991</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Characteristics of the Mudflow deposits and objects collected</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the locations were mudflows with pottery shards were found, these were named: “Revolución de Arriba”, “La Mojarra”, “Pizatal”, and “Arroyo Toro Prieto”. Deposits at those locations exhibit the following characteristics:</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Revolución de Arriba Mudflow Deposit (Site 1: 18° 35.871’, 95° 11.401)</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is located some 300 m to the SE of the village of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Revolución de Arriba</span> it is a brown, whitish brown when dry, massive deposit with dispersed centimeter sized fragments of dark red scoria, small pieces of charcoal and pottery shards (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figures 3</a>a, b). A few hundred meters to the east of this site (Site 2: 18° 35.825’, 95°11.356’) another similar outcrop is found under a layer of reworked gray ash. This deposit contains more abundant potshards and charcoal (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>c). The pottery shards are centimeter-sized fragments of very coarse pottery. The proximity to the previous site and the similarity in age suggests that both sites belonged to the same settlement. Both sites are located close to the margin of an intermittent stream. The grain size distribution of this deposit is shown in (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>d). The amount of clay size particles varies between 6% and 12% of the total and we therefore the deposit can be considered as non-cohesive (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Scott, 1988</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">La Mojarra Mudflow Deposit (Site 2: 18° 37.711’; 95° 18.860’)</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is located in the outskirts of the village of La Mojarra (note that this is not the same town where the famous Stella 1 of early Mesoamerican origin was found, which in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> appears farther west). The deposit covers the margins of a perennial stream crossed by a road in whose lateral cuts it is exposed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figures 4</a>a, b). It is reddish brown, massive with dispersed fragments of whitish, angular cobbles, and abundant pottery shards, some of which could be reassembled into a complete bowl-like piece of pottery (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>c). A few obsidian blades were also present. The deposit is also non-cohesive since its grain size distribution, shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>d; presents only a 3% amount of fines. However the presence of a horizon of several tens of centimeter blocks gives the impression in some parts of being a debris flow.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Pizatal Mudflow Deposit.(Site 3: 18°37.711’, 95° 18.860’)</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This deposit is located near Pizatal (also spelled Pisatal) crater lake, a maar of about 500 m in diameter, and covers an extension on which sugar cane is nowadays planted (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figures 5</a>a, b). The deposit is exposed on the sides of the road, which is leveled every year to facilitate the transportation of the sugar cane by trucks; it is brown, light brown when dry, massive, with some rounded pebbles. The deposit contains many pottery shards, some of them from more elaborate artifacts than in the above deposits, for instance <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>c shows what seems to be a bottle stopper in the shape of an animal's head. Findings like this are frequent, mostly after heavy rains, according to villagers of the nearby towns. This deposit might originate from overspills from the Pizatal crater lake, an event that occurred even in recent times. The grain size distribution of the deposits appears in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>d, and the amount of fines is 19%. Unfortunately this deposit could not be dated by radiocarbon, since we could not find any charcoal sample, and the thermoluminescence results did not provide a reliable age due to the failure of the additive dose procedure, probably as a result of a non-favorable composition of the ceramic.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Arroyo Toro Prieto Mudflow Deposit (Site 4: 18° 38.229’, 95° 12.037’)</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This deposit forms the banks of the intermittent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arroyo Toro Prieto</span> stream, and is exposed by a deep trail cutting across the banks and riverbed. The deposit is brown and massive (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figures 6</a>a, b). It contains small fragments of charcoal and some brittle, centimeter-sized, scattered pottery fragments with very rounded edges (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>c). Even from its appearance this deposit seems to be older than the other deposits. Its grain size distribution is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>d, with an amount of fines of 13%.</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Dating methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The charcoal samples were collected in aluminum sheets and sent for dating to the Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry of the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA where they were dated using beta counting techniques (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). The thermoluminescence analyses on pottery shards were carried out by the authors at the Laboratory of Ther-moluminescence of the Instituto de Geofísica at UNAM (Spanish acronym for the National Autonomous University of México). The samples were collected from the inside the deposits at about 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm from the surface exposed to the light and deposited immediately in thick black plastic bags. The U, Th and K concentrations in the matrix surrounding the samples were measured <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in-situ</span> for annual dose rate determinations in with a portable gamma ray spectrometer. The laboratory treatment of the samples is explained in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Ramirez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>. (2010)</a>. In our particular case the correction for water content was made considering water saturation in the samples because of the high rainfall rates at the TVF region. The amount of water in the samples was determined from the difference in weight between dried and water saturated samples. As an example of the TL analyses leading age calculation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figure 7</a> shows the natural TL curve of sample SM03-8. The plateau test for verification of the stability region of the spectrum is displayed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Figure 8</a>, which in this case is between 275<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 425<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Figure 9</a> shows the results of the additive dose method for calculation of the equivalent dose (Q). The results for the supralinearity correction are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Figure 10</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the C-14 and thermoluminescence analyses are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>. The pottery shards from Arroyo Toro Prieto and Pizatal did not yield results amenable to sound estimates of the age, except to rule them out as modern. The ages provided by the samples show that the deposits are as old as 1000 years and 2050 (+245 -235) BP. The last age corresponds to the arroyo Toro Prieto deposit and agrees very well with its characteristics, with less, small, rounded and very soft shards suggesting an older age than the age of the other ceramics. At the two close sites of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Revolución de Arriba</span> we obtained TL ages 1157±105, 1156±80 and 843±50 BP and C-14 ages 1385±70, 1555±70. The differences in age are significant but can be attributed to several causes, the C-14 ages were taken from samples of charcoal of unknown origin, probably from logs of aged trees. The sample with the younger TL age (843±50 BP), having been collected from the upper part of the deposit could have been deposited and closed to light at a much later date. The same can be said of the samples from la Mojarra, which yielded ages of 1 697±65 the sample collected from the lower part of the deposit and 1 176±100 the sample from the upper part.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion and conclusions</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of the objects described attest to the presence of human activity in the forest. Since the objects are varied, have remained to this day and were located close to riverbeds it is reasonable to assume that the human presence occurred in small settlements in the forest, and that they carried out a seminomadic regime or else more enduring constructions could be found. The objects themselves indicate that: (a) these people traded goods with places where ceramics and obsidian could be obtained, (b) seems reasonable to think that other settlements were present at those times but due to their regime of life no material remaining of their presence has been preserved The ages obtained belong roughly to two periods in the historian's scheme of Mesoamerica. The age of the deposit Arroyo Toro Prieto falls at the beginning of the classical or late pre-classic period, when the Olmec culture had been reduced to Tres Zapotes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Pool, 2007</a>). The samples from the other three sites belong to the post classic period well within the era of increasing ruralization of the population in the Matacapan area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Santley <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al.</span>, 1984</a>). These data suggest that the occupation of the forest surrounding the San Andres Tuxtla volcano area by small human settlements occurred some 2000 years BP and roughly 1000 years BP as well. Some of these settlers were probably driven out of the forest by the volcanic activity of San Martin volcano or any of the hundreds of monogenetic vents in the field. According to the chronicler of San Andrés Tuxtla, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Medel y Alvarado (1963)</a>, an eruption from San Martin Tuxtla in 1530 led to the foundation of today's Santiago Tuxtla. Although there is no evidence to this claim, but old narratives picked up by this author, it would not be an uncommon episode: However, there is proof that in the last 2000 years at least 3 cone and maar forming eruptions occurred near Matacapan, leaving deposits in the site and its surroundings (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Reinhardt, 1991</a>). Due to the heavy precipitation in the area those communities were also subjected to flooding and mudflow hazards. The presence of numerous mudflow deposits in the edifice of San Martin Volcano indicate that this phenomenon is recurrent and continues into our days. The non-cohesive nature of the deposits indicates that the mass movements are due to unstable non consolidated materials.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres551706" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569120" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres551707" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569121" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Geographical characteristics of the LTVF" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Characteristics of the Mudflow deposits and objects collected" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Revolución de Arriba Mudflow Deposit (Site 1: 18° 35.871’, 95° 11.401)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "La Mojarra Mudflow Deposit (Site 2: 18° 37.711’; 95° 18.860’)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Pizatal Mudflow Deposit.(Site 3: 18°37.711’, 95° 18.860’)" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Arroyo Toro Prieto Mudflow Deposit (Site 4: 18° 38.229’, 95° 12.037’)" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Dating methods" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion and conclusions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack186046" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Further reading</span>" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-04-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-12-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569120" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Campo volcánico de los Tux-tlas" 1 => "fechamiento de cerámica por Termoluminiscencia" 2 => "Mesoamérica Precolombina" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec569121" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Tuxtla volcanic field" 1 => "Thermolumi-nescence dating in ancient ceramics" 2 => "Precolum-bian mesoamerica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El campo volcánico de los Tuxtlas se localiza en el margen occidental del Golfo de México, en el estado de Veracruz, México. El campo está compuesto por cuatro grandes estructuras volcánicas y cientos de conos volcánicos, domos de lava y maares. En el pasado, el área estuvo cubierta por una densa selva en cuyos márgenes florecieron varias de las antiguas ciudades del Veracruz central y meridional. En el interior del bosque no se han encontrado ruinas arqueológicas, aunque los actuales habitantes del área encuentran frecuentemente fragmentos de cerámica que atestiguan la presencia de lo que pudieron ser pequeños asentamientos con un régimen seminómada. Desafortunadamente los objetos hallados son removidos de su sitio y son difíciles de fechar. Sin embargo, en el curso del estudio de los depósitos volcánicos del área se reconocieron cuatro unidades litoestratigráficas distintas relacionadas con eventos de flujos de lodo en cuyo interior se encontraron objetos y fragmentos de cerámica y en algunos de ellos carbón. Secciones de los depósitos fueron observados en detalle y muestreados para su análisis granulométrico y datación. Las muestras de carbón fueron datadas por medio de métodos estándar de radiocarbono (C-14) y las muestras de cerámica por la técnica de termoluminiscencia (TL). Las muestras arrojaron edades de 1176±100 (TL) años antes de ahora (BP, por sus siglas en inglés), 1385±70 años BP, 1157±105 (TL) años BP, y 2050+245-235 (C-14) años BP. Dado que dentro de la selva no existen materiales adecuados para la producción de cerámica, su procedencia es incierta; las ciudades prehispánicas mas grandes y cercanas se localizan hacia el occidente del campo volcánico (Tres Zapotes y Matacapan).</p></span>" ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The basaltic Los Tuxtlas Volcanic Field (LTVF) is located at the western margin of the Gulf of Mexico in the State of Veracruz, Mexico. The field is a massif composed of four large volcanic structures and hundreds of scoria cones, lava domes and maars. This area was in the past covered by a dense forest in whose margins flourished several of the ancient cities of importance in central and southern Veracruz. Within the forest no enduring archeological ruins have been found; but the present inhabitants of the area frequently find fragments of ceramics and stone that attest to the presence of what could have been small settlements with a seminomadic regime. Unfortunately the objects found have been removed from their emplacement and are difficult to date. However in the course of our study of the volcanic deposits in the area we found four mudflow deposits containing pre- Columbian pottery objects and shards, as well as charcoal in some of them. Sections of the deposits were observed in detail and sampled for granulometric analysis. The charcoal samples were dated using standard radiocarbon methods (C-14); where charcoal was absent the pottery shards were dated with thermoluminescence (TL) techniques. The samples from these sites yielded ages of 1176±100 years BP (TL), 1385±70 BP years (C-14), 1157±105 years BP (TL), and 2050+245-235 years BP (C-14). Since in the area there is no clayey and silty material suitable for production of pottery; the closest and largest prehispanic cities, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tres Zapotes</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Matacapa</span>, are located to the west of the LTVF.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1840 "Ancho" => 1832 "Tamanyo" => 613569 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Location of Los Tuxtlas Volcanic Field and study sites: Revolución de Arriba, Pizatal, La Mojarra and Arroyo Toro Prieto.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1322 "Ancho" => 1870 "Tamanyo" => 476725 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Generalized geology and archaeological sites at Tuxtla Volcanic Field (Geology modified after <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Nelson and González-Caver, 1992</a>; Archaeological sites after <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Santley <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 1984</a>).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1201 "Ancho" => 1454 "Tamanyo" => 252189 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Revolución de Arriba. (a) Schematic section of the deposit. b) Aspect of the deposit. The insert shows some of the fragments collected at this site. (c) Granulometry of the deposit.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1275 "Ancho" => 1445 "Tamanyo" => 327731 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La Mojarra. (a) Schematic section of the deposit. (b) Aspect of the deposit. The insert shows some of the fragments collected at this site.(c) Granulometry of the matrix of the deposit at La Mojarra.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1201 "Ancho" => 1454 "Tamanyo" => 252199 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Lago Pizatal. (a) Schematic section of the deposit. (b) Aspect of the deposit. The insert shows some of the fragments collected at this site.(c) Granulometry of the matrix of the deposit.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1356 "Ancho" => 1455 "Tamanyo" => 267110 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Arroyo Toro Prieto (a) Schematic section of the deposit. (b) Aspect of the deposit. The insert shows some of the fragments collected at this site.(c) Granulometry of the matrix of the deposit.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1071 "Ancho" => 1239 "Tamanyo" => 73105 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Natural thermolumi-nescence of sample SM03-8.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Figure 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 419 "Ancho" => 1286 "Tamanyo" => 39345 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plateau test for verification of the stability region of the spectrum, which for sample SM03-8 is between 275<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 425<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C.</p>" ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Figure 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1052 "Ancho" => 1227 "Tamanyo" => 94322 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results of the additive method for calculation of the equivalent dose (Q).</p>" ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Figure 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1023 "Ancho" => 1260 "Tamanyo" => 96168 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results for the supralinearity correction.</p>" ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ceramic</span></th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Soil</span></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">238</span>Uranium [ppm] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">232</span>Thorium [ppm] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span>Potasium [%] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">238</span>Uranium [ppm] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">232</span>Thorium [ppm] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span>Potasium [%] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-6 INF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.120 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.780 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.987 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.530 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.430 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-6 SUP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.420 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.690 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.530 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.430 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.250 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.840 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.600 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.441 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.370 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.150 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-9-INF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.060 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.950 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.590 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.390 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.330 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.160 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-9-SUP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.370 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.950 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.390 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.330 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.160 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab890458.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Radioisotope concentrations in soil and samples.</p>" ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">*Dating was carried out at the Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">**counted 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Paleodoses (Gy) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Anual Dose Rate (Gy/año) (1x10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-3</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Site \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Radiocarbon* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">UA Sample Number* \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-5SUP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Not modern \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Pizatal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-6INF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.53±21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.257±.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 697±65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">La Mojarra \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-6SUP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.64±.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.094±.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 176±100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">La Mojarra \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM99-5INF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Revolución de Arriba site 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1385±70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A-11104 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.16±.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.595±.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 157±105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Revolución de Arriba site 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1555±70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A-11105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-9INF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.40±.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.806±.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 156±80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Revolución de Arriba site 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SM03-9SUP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.92±.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.650±.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">843±50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Revolución de Arriba site 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">SNM02-20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Not modern \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Toro Prieto \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2050+245-235 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A-12647** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab890457.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence ages and other relevant data.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Diehl, 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2024 November | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2024 October | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2024 September | 90 | 6 | 96 |
| 2024 August | 32 | 13 | 45 |
| 2024 July | 28 | 2 | 30 |
| 2024 June | 35 | 1 | 36 |
| 2024 May | 40 | 6 | 46 |
| 2024 April | 42 | 5 | 47 |
| 2024 March | 42 | 2 | 44 |
| 2024 February | 64 | 3 | 67 |
| 2024 January | 75 | 13 | 88 |
| 2023 December | 54 | 12 | 66 |
| 2023 November | 52 | 8 | 60 |
| 2023 October | 53 | 18 | 71 |
| 2023 September | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2023 August | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| 2023 July | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2023 June | 24 | 4 | 28 |
| 2023 May | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2023 April | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2023 March | 39 | 1 | 40 |
| 2023 February | 30 | 3 | 33 |
| 2023 January | 28 | 5 | 33 |
| 2022 December | 38 | 9 | 47 |
| 2022 November | 29 | 11 | 40 |
| 2022 October | 26 | 9 | 35 |
| 2022 September | 20 | 10 | 30 |
| 2022 August | 32 | 20 | 52 |
| 2022 July | 24 | 17 | 41 |
| 2022 June | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2022 May | 37 | 8 | 45 |
| 2022 April | 60 | 9 | 69 |
| 2022 March | 116 | 9 | 125 |
| 2022 February | 105 | 7 | 112 |
| 2022 January | 99 | 8 | 107 |
| 2021 December | 49 | 8 | 57 |
| 2021 November | 72 | 9 | 81 |
| 2021 October | 49 | 15 | 64 |
| 2021 September | 29 | 8 | 37 |
| 2021 August | 39 | 10 | 49 |
| 2021 July | 31 | 14 | 45 |
| 2021 June | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2021 May | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2021 April | 33 | 32 | 65 |
| 2021 March | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2021 February | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2021 January | 24 | 7 | 31 |
| 2020 December | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2020 November | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2020 October | 29 | 6 | 35 |
| 2020 September | 13 | 19 | 32 |
| 2020 August | 15 | 16 | 31 |
| 2020 July | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2020 June | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2020 May | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2020 April | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2020 March | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2020 February | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2020 January | 22 | 6 | 28 |
| 2019 December | 17 | 10 | 27 |
| 2019 November | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2019 October | 13 | 7 | 20 |
| 2019 September | 13 | 12 | 25 |
| 2019 August | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2019 July | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2019 June | 45 | 24 | 69 |
| 2019 May | 115 | 44 | 159 |
| 2019 April | 57 | 27 | 84 |
| 2019 March | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2019 February | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2019 January | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2018 December | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2018 November | 20 | 8 | 28 |
| 2018 October | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 2018 September | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2018 August | 24 | 4 | 28 |
| 2018 July | 16 | 4 | 20 |
| 2018 June | 24 | 6 | 30 |
| 2018 May | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2018 April | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2018 March | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2018 February | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| 2018 January | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2017 December | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2017 November | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2017 October | 17 | 17 | 34 |
| 2017 September | 25 | 3 | 28 |
| 2017 August | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2017 July | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2017 June | 22 | 22 | 44 |
| 2017 May | 29 | 8 | 37 |
| 2017 April | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2017 March | 13 | 59 | 72 |
| 2017 February | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2017 January | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2016 December | 19 | 13 | 32 |
| 2016 November | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| 2016 October | 25 | 15 | 40 |
| 2016 September | 33 | 4 | 37 |
| 2016 August | 40 | 1 | 41 |
| 2016 July | 26 | 1 | 27 |
| 2016 June | 22 | 23 | 45 |
| 2016 May | 18 | 17 | 35 |
| 2016 April | 22 | 19 | 41 |
| 2016 March | 26 | 17 | 43 |
| 2016 February | 20 | 15 | 35 |
| 2016 January | 30 | 14 | 44 |
| 2015 December | 25 | 16 | 41 |
| 2015 November | 14 | 13 | 27 |
| 2015 October | 23 | 19 | 42 |
| 2015 September | 8 | 7 | 15 |
Show all