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Original article
Available online 29 November 2024
Effect of pentoxifylline on hepcidin and iron profile in hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Efecto de la pentoxifilina sobre la hepcidina y el perfil de hierro en pacientes hemodiálisis: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo
Hadeer Zakariaa,
Corresponding author
gs-hadeer.elsayed@alexu.edu.eg

Corresponding author.
, Noha Alaa Hamdya, Nagy A.H. Sayed-Ahmedb, Ahmed El-Mallahc
a Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
b Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Tables (4)
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
Table 2. Changes over time in hemoglobin, RBCs, and IV iron dose within and between the pentoxifylline & the placebo groups.
Table 3. Comparison of iron homeostasis parameters within and between the pentoxifylline & the placebo groups at different time points.
Table 4. Comparison of hepcidin, HIF-2α, interleukin-6, hs.CRP, albumin at baseline and at the end of the study.
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Abstract
Background

Hemodialysis (HD) patients often have elevated levels of hepcidin hormone, which is a key regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. While pentoxifylline (PTX) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties, it is unclear if these effects would also have an inhibitory effect on hepcidin. This study aimed to examine the potential role of PTX on hepcidin and its consequent effects on iron profile and anemia in HD patients.

Methods

Eighty HD patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to the pentoxifylline group, receiving a daily dose of PTX (800mg), or the placebo group, receiving placebo capsules for 6-months. Different laboratory parameters, including hepcidin, hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), hypoxia-inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α), serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs.CRP), were used for evaluation the patients’ response.

Results

In the PTX-treated patients, the hepcidin levels reduced significantly (p=0.001) from 628.03 (334.4–800.85)ng/ml to 235.25 (192.8–508.76)ng/ml, and this reduction was also statistically significant as compared to the placebo group (p<0.001). Also, there were significant changes (p<0.001) regarding other iron hemostasis parameters including Hb, RBCs, serum iron, TIBC, TSAT, and HIF-2α. Levels of IL-6 and hs.CRP, as a reflection of inflammatory status, decreased significantly (p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively) in the pentoxifylline group, and the percent reduction in these parameters was also statistically significant compared to the placebo group (p<0.001).

Conclusions

This study reveals that PTX reduces hepcidin levels and consequently provides an improvement in the iron profile and anemia in HD patients.

Keywords:
Pentoxifylline
Hepcidin
Iron metabolism
Anemia
Hemodialysis
Resumen
Antecedentes

Los pacientes en hemodiálisis (HD) suelen presentar niveles elevados de la hormona hepcidina, que es un regulador clave de la homeostasis sistémica del hierro. Aunque se ha demostrado que la pentoxifilina (PTX) tiene propiedades antiinflamatorias, no está claro si estos efectos también tendrían un efecto inhibidor sobre la hepcidina. Este estudio examinó el posible papel de la PTX sobre la hepcidina y sus efectos consecuentes sobre el perfil de hierro y la anemia en pacientes en HD.

Métodos

Ochenta pacientes con HD fueron asignados aleatoriamente 1:1 al grupo de pentoxifilina, que recibió una dosis diaria de PTX (800mg), o al grupo placebo, que recibió cápsulas de placebo durante 6-meses. Se utilizaron diferentes parámetros inflamatorios y de homeostasis del hierro para la evaluación de la respuesta de los pacientes.

Resultados

En los pacientes tratados con PTX, los niveles de hepcidina se redujeron significativamente (p=0,001) de 628,03 (334,4-800m85) ng/ml a 235,5 (192,8-508,76) ng/ml y esta reducción también fue estadísticamente significativa en comparación con el grupo placebo (p<0,001). Además, hubo cambios significativos en el grupo PTX con respecto a otros parámetros de hemostasia de hierro e inflamatorios, incluyendo hemoglobina (Hb), glóbulos rojos (RBC), factor inducible por hipoxia-2-alfa (HIF-2α), hierro sérico, capacidad total de unión al hierro (TIBC), ferritina, saturación de transferrina (TSAT), interleucina-6 (IL-6) y proteína C reactiva de alta sensibilidad (hs.CRP).

Conclusiones

Este estudio revela que el PTX reduce los niveles de hepcidina y consecuentemente proporciona una mejora en el perfil de hierro y la anemia en pacientes en HD.

Palabras clave:
Pentoxifilina
Hepcidina
Metabolismo del hierro
Anemia
Hemodiálisis

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