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Letter to the Editor
Cough variant asthma induced by Lophomonas blattarum
Asma tusígena inducida por Lophomonas blattarum
Zhehao Xu, Shitong Zhang, Ruiyun Liang
Corresponding author
13416361966@126.com

Corresponding author.
Department of General Practice, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Yingfeng Road No. 33, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary infection with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lophomonas blattarum</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; blattarum</span>&#41; is hardly seen in clinical practice&#44; often leading to misdiagnosis&#46; The examination results usually demonstrate that the content of eosinophils in alveolar lavage fluid is significantly increased&#44; or the content of eosinophils and immunoglobulin E on a routine blood test is increased&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the final correct diagnosis usually relies on the identification of the morphology&#46; The first case of infection with it was reported in 1992 in China&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This article summarizes and analyzes the diagnosis and treatment of a case of pulmonary blattarum treated in our hospital to further enhance the understanding of the disease&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 34-year-old male patient has a 17-year history of chronic urticaria and has been undergoing daily treatment with levocetirizine 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; In January 2022&#44; he developed a paroxysmal dry cough without obvious inducement&#44; accompanied by white phlegm&#44; shortness of breath&#44; and chest tightness&#46; The pulmonary function examination conducted in Wuhan revealed mild negative results on the bronchodilation test and diagnosed with lung infection&#46; Despite receiving levofloxacin&#44; the symptoms persisted&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In May 2022&#44; the patient sought outpatient care at our hospital&#46; Physical examination revealed a barrel-shaped chest&#46; Laboratory tests showed&#58; white blood cell count of 8&#46;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&#44; eosinophils count of 0&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&#44; C-reactive protein count of 5&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;L&#44; IgE count of 515<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;ml and an increased eosinophils percentage of 8&#46;8&#37;&#46; The pulmonary function examination showed a 31&#46;6&#37; decrease in FEV1 following inhalation of histamine 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;positive histamine stimulation test&#41;&#46; A chest CT scan confirmed the presence of pulmonary infection and bronchial asthma&#46; He was prescribed budesonide&#47;fomoterol inhalation&#44; in addiction to montelukast&#44; compound methoxyphenamine capsules&#44; and procaterol&#46; The symptoms had improved compared to before&#44; but were prone to recurrence&#44; indicating the need for further treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was hospitalized in May 2022&#46; Rheumatological immune-related tests&#44; aspergillus antibody testing&#44; allergen screening&#44; and bone marrow cytology yielded normal results&#46; Given ceftizoxime sodium 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g bid for a week for intravenous anti-infection treatment&#44; the effect was not satisfactory&#46; Later&#44; hormonotherapy 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg iv was added for further treatment&#44; considering the infection of Trichomonas&#46; After confirmation&#44; metronidazole 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g qd was added for intravenous anti-trichomonas treatment&#46; Following the above treatment&#44; the patient&#39;s symptoms improved&#44; and he was eventually discharged&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the follow-up period&#44; the patient remained in good condition&#46; The most recent blood routine showed a white blood cell count of 7&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L&#44; eosinophils count of 0&#46;57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;L &#40;5&#46;700&#37; eosinophil percentage&#41;&#46; A chest CT scan showed no significant abnormalities&#44; indicating a substantial improvement&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; blattarum</span>&#44; a parasitic protozoan&#44; tends to live in a viscous environment&#46; It can invade various tissues and organs of the human body through airway transmission and other means&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> While it primarily infects immunocompromised patients it is relatively rare in children&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#44; the increasing prevalence of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage has simplified the identification of this parasite&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to its nonspecific symptoms&#44; it is commonly confused with bronchial asthma&#46; The patient&#44; initially presented with prolonged cough&#44; sputum&#44; and elevated IgE levels&#44; leading to a diagnosis of cough variant asthma&#46; The diagnosis was supported by lung function tests&#44; while allergen screening yielded negative results&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conventional management commenced with empirical antibiotic therapy and treatment for bronchial asthma&#44; but resulted in no response and gradual deterioration&#46; Fortunately&#44; the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; blattarum</span> was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid&#46; The accurate diagnosis was challenging due to the coexistence of cough variant asthma and chronic urticaria&#44; both contributing to the increased eosinophil count&#44; leading to some confusion&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the rarity of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; blattarum</span>&#44; there is a limited number of reported cases of pulmonary infection&#44; and a unified treatment plan has yet to be established&#46; Currently&#44; oral or intravenous metronidazole or tinidazole is considered the mainstay of treatment for adults weighing more than 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#46; In this case&#44; the patient initially received intravenous ornidazole at a dose of 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg daily for 5 days&#44; which resulted in significant improvement&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By microscopy&#44; distinguishing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; blattarum</span> from normal bronchial ciliated epithelial cells poses a challenge&#46; Furthermore&#44; due to the lack of specific clinical manifestations&#44; most clinicians currently face the difficulties in identifying the parasite&#44; resulting in misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis and subsequent delays in initiating timely treatment&#46; Moreover&#44; the adverse reactions induced by empiric antibiotic therapy and hormone abuse impose unnecessary burdens on the patients&#46; Hence&#44; medical workers should exercise great caution and conduct thorough examinations and analyses in immunocompromised patients presenting with respiratory symptoms such as cough&#44; sputum&#44; asthma&#44; shortness of breath and allergies to ensure an accurate diagnose&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To sum up&#44; the clinical features&#44; transmission routes and pathogenesis of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">L&#46; blattarum</span> are still not well understood&#46; There is a need for more precise and cost-effective molecular diagnostic techniques to enhance the accuracy of parasite detection&#44; overcoming the limitations associated with morphological characteristics&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Ethics declaration</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patients&#8217; informed consent has been obtained for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or not-for-profit sectors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors have no conflicts of interest&#46; On behalf of all authors&#44; the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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ISSN: 00257753
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos