Original article
Attitude, knowledge and perception of the altruistic donation of blood in a city in Northeastern Mexico
A. Márquez-Melgarejoa,
, F. Pérez-Cháveza, R. Cázares-Tameza, C.G. Díaz-Olacheab
Corresponding author
docmarquez@hotmail.com
Corresponding author at: Calle Sauce #6 Fraccionamiento Jacarandas, Colonia Francisco I. Madero, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72130, Mexico. Tel.: +52 222 571 24 92; mobile: +52 222 455 95 69.
Corresponding author at: Calle Sauce #6 Fraccionamiento Jacarandas, Colonia Francisco I. Madero, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72130, Mexico. Tel.: +52 222 571 24 92; mobile: +52 222 455 95 69.
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Treviño-Salinas, G.E. Castillo-Martín del Campo, C. Ayuzo-del Valle, A. Guzmán-López, J.A. Soria-López, J.L. Iglesias-Benavides, R. Ambriz-López" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E.M." "apellidos" => "Treviño-Salinas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G.E." "apellidos" => "Castillo-Martín del Campo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Ayuzo-del Valle" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Guzmán-López" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Soria-López" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.L." "apellidos" => "Iglesias-Benavides" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Ambriz-López" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665579615000022?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16655796/0000001700000066/v1_201508210029/S1665579615000022/v1_201508210029/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Attitude, knowledge and perception of the altruistic donation of blood in a city in Northeastern Mexico" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "34" "paginaFinal" => "37" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Márquez-Melgarejo, F. Pérez-Chávez, R. Cázares-Tamez, C.G. Díaz-Olachea" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Márquez-Melgarejo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "docmarquez@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Pérez-Chávez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Cázares-Tamez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.G." "apellidos" => "Díaz-Olachea" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Pathology of the “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Clinical Pathology of the “San José” of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Learning (TEC) Monterrey, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Calle Sauce #6 Fraccionamiento Jacarandas, Colonia Francisco I. Madero, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72130, Mexico. Tel.: +52 222 571 24 92; mobile: +52 222 455 95 69." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are three blood donation modalities: altruistic volunteers, family reposition and paid donors. In Mexico, paid donation is illegal as cited in article 462 of the Health Law.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Volunteer non-paid blood donors are vital to ensure safe blood supply and guarantee blood reserves. A well-established non-paid volunteer donation program significantly contributes in reducing the risk of transmission of infections like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B, hepatitis C and syphilis, which are all attributable to transfusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In our country these aspects are regulated by the Official Mexican Standard (NOM by its Spanish acronym) NOM-253-SSA1-2012.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1999 there were only 26 countries which obtained the totality of donated blood from non-paid volunteer donors, by 2002 this number increased to 39 and by 2005 the number had gone to 50, the following year, 4 more countries joined and the number keeps growing. There are currently 62 countries in the world where the blood supply is 100% or almost 100% (99.9%) by non-paid volunteer donors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research paper is based on international strategies from the World Health Organization, which recommends the undertaking of the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice studies (KAP) related to blood donation at a local level. With these studies, one can better know the sector of the population, know the donor, and the potential donor. They provide a solid base to the donation services approach, and are helpful in identifying similarities, finding adequate messages and selecting the most effective channels to reach said audiences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The World Health Organization's goal is to have the totality of their member countries that obtain the full 100% of their blood supply from altruistic donors by the year 2020. Under this premise, international collaboration groups have been created, as well as a series of strategies and guidelines for its implementation. At the same time, we have identified within our local environment the need to increase the number of altruistic or volunteer non-paid donations, thus it is necessary to identify the causes of why potential donors do not go through with their donations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Once the causes and the potential donors’ perception toward volunteer donations have been identified we will be able to create better strategies to reach the goal of 100% of volunteer, non-paid donations by the year 2020.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A transversal, observational, descriptive, prospective study was conducted. A survey was administered to 435 subjects in a single period in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico during the month of November 2011.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjects between the ages of 18 and 65 years were interviewed. Those under 18 years and older than 65 were excluded, as well as subjects who were linked to the health area, because they might be sensitized about blood donation and would probably have technical knowledge on the subject outside the usual among the general population. Other people excluded were those related to people currently admitted in a hospital. Incomplete questionnaires were eliminated.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A preliminary survey consisting of 12 questions was designed and evaluated by an expert panel based on their experience in the field of blood donation.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The instrument was redesigned according to the recommendations of the expert panel, increasing the survey to 14 questions. We trained a group of volunteer non-professional pollsters on the basic requirements of the survey and a preliminary sample of 120 surveys was performed in order to evaluate the instrument and the pollsters’ ability to apply it.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the preliminary data was collected and analyzed, as well as the people's response to the instrument, feedback, and the pollsters’ skill for its application, some questions were redesigned until reaching an instrument which was comprehensible to most people, easy to answer and apply, and flexible.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having done this, and with the final draft, 600 surveys were conducted, divided into blocks of 50 units by pollster. 133 surveys were not conducted or were conducted improperly. Finally, 467 surveys were collected, of which 32 had incomplete data. The final sample consisted of 435 properly completed surveys.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Population characteristics were described using socioeconomic status based on percentages. Association measures were performed in order to establish causal inference with calculation of relative risk and impact measures with the calculation of attributable risk between the variables of refusal of donation and damages caused by donation. The statistical software SPSS V20 was used.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The anonymity of the respondents was maintained under the confidentiality principle: all obtained information on the present project was considered confidential. The Ethics Committee of the medical area of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León authorized the study to take place in the form of a survey.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the total of the respondents (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>435), 224 (51%) were female and 211 (49%) were male. The relation between the highest level of education and the percentage of blood donation for each studied group was evaluated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0075">Table 1</a>). They were divided into age groups, the group of 18–25 years was the group with the most respondents with 226 (52%) subjects. The percentage of donors for each age group was calculated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0080">Table 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0080"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the 435 completed surveys, 135 subjects had previously donated, but only 16 (3.6%) had done it altruistically. Out of all surveyed subjects, 161 (37%) linked benefits to donation, 154 (35%) identified some damage associated with the donation, the transmission of infections being the most frequent with 77 (50%) mentions. Relative risk (RR) calculated for not donating because of the fear of infection transmission was 1.11 (a positive association to not donating), with an attributable risk (AR) of 1.4%. RR and RA were calculated for every negative of donation mentioned by the respondents (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0085">Table 3</a>)</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0085"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of people belonging to some civil charity or similar altruistic association was 45 (10%) respondents, from which 17 had already donated blood before and 4 (10%) did it altruistically. The percentage of people who did not belong to civil associations and donated blood voluntarily or altruistically were 2.7% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12).</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The knowledge of the donation process showed that 227 (52%) respondents knew the process versus 208 (47%) who did not. Moreover, 55% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>240) of respondents mentioned having considered donating blood a few times or not at all. Also, 360 (86%) subjects did not expect to receive anything in return for their donation; once that had been established, subjects were asked that in the case of receiving some compensation for their blood, what would urge them to donate voluntarily, 234 (53%) responded that they would do it out of personal satisfaction. Lastly, 348 (80%) of the subjects do not remember having received any type of promotional information to donate blood.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Socio-demographic distribution of the respondents could not be demonstrated due to the fact that a third of the surveyed subjects did not know or refused to provide information about their estimated monthly family income. No important variables were found in donation habits among the educational level groups analyzed. Surveyed subjects who had donated voluntarily in the past show what the current state of the country is, with low rates of altruistic donations in every sector.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The damage associated with blood donation most frequently mentioned in the surveys has been the transmission of infections; it was evaluated as a negative factor for donating, thus placing it as a priority to eliminate; even though the attributable risk was low (1.11%) in the no-donor group, it also has an impact in the donor group which would place it as a member-losing factor within the group.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of refusal of donation through risk assessment determined that if we were to eliminate the two main causes (reserved for a family member and not having time to donate) blood donation would increase by up to 26%. Given the difficulty of modifying potential donors’ time frames, we must focus on reducing the perception of having to “reserve” oneself from donating only when a family member requires it. This could increase blood donation by up to 15.66%</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Being a member of a voluntary group increases altruistic donation fourfold, even if the group is reduced to evaluate statistical significance; references on this matter in other studies suggest this as feasible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Approximately half the respondents ignored the process to donate blood, also about half of them mentioned having thought about voluntarily donating a few times or not at all, which shows that one cannot think about what one does not know.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrary to what could be suggested to attract a larger number of possible donors, the offer of prizes or handouts, including cash in exchange of the donation was not well-received, because 86% of the subjects mentioned not expecting anything in return for their contribution, out of these about half mentioned that they would donate just for the satisfaction itself. However, we must point out that 55 (13%) people said that there was nothing in the world that would make them feel drawn toward donating blood, which proves that there is always a percentage of the population which will remain reluctant to any scouting strategy.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">About 80% of the surveyed people did not recall any type of promotional information that invited them to donate blood voluntarily; this shows the lack of diffusion of the programs and the need to increase the frequency, duration and penetration of said programs.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The idea of associated damages linked to donation, like transmission of infections, the lack of knowledge of the donating process, the low percentage of people who think about donating, and above all, the overwhelming amount of respondents that do not recall hearing or reading promotional information inviting them to donate blood voluntarily are unequivocal signs of the lack of promotion of altruistic (non-paid) donation. The perception of associated risks and the reasons for refusal are factors which can be improved; the subject's lack of time can be compensated by a preferential treatment of the altruistic donor in blood banks, making him wait as little as possible, thus reinforcing the idea of donating regularly; the fear of the damages associated with donation can be overcome with the diffusion of scientific knowledge on the matter and by increasing the will to help; a high percentage of subjects were willing to donate without receiving anything in return, which represents an important area of opportunity, since it indicates that the spirit of solidarity is present, it just need to be promoted and directed with proper planning and adequate strategies specific to our population.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other proven strategies in different parts of the world are the formation of donor groups like the model “club 25” which consists of inviting students between 18 and 25 years of age to donate voluntarily 25 times before turning 26. These groups can be created within universities with the help of volunteers, inviting other students to donate blood just for the pleasure of helping others. These clubs maintain communication with local blood banks to be informed of blood needs and to continuously receive specialized information and counseling which allows them to donate blood in a safe manner.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Funding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No financial support was provided.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres542830" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec562179" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-02-26" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-12-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec562179" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Blood donors" 1 => "Public health" 2 => "Altruism" 3 => "Attitude" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify the causes due to which potential blood donors do not make voluntary donations: lack of knowledge, attitude, and the perception of blood donations as unwholesome.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a transversal, observational, descriptive, prospective, and a survey-based study of 435 subjects in Monterrey, Mexico in November of 2011.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">135 (31%) subjects were already donors, of which only 16 (3.6%) did it altruistically. Of the total amount of subjects, 161 (37%) were associated with some benefits from donating blood, 154 (35%) identified some kind of damage, the most mentioned was transmission of diseases with 77 (50%) mentions. The most common cause of refusal toward donation was “saving blood for a relative in need” with 137 (33%) mentions. Of the subjects surveyed, 55% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>240) refer having very few thoughts for donating blood voluntarily. Also, 360 (86%) subjects will donate without expecting something in return. Finally, 348 (80%) subjects do not remember seeing or hearing any kind of promotional information about altruistic blood donation.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A great deal of people will donate blood altruistically without receiving any reward for doing so. 80% of the subjects do not remember seeing or hearing any kind of advertisement for blood donation which is proof of lack of adequate publicity. The analysis of perception of damages or benefits from blood donation will help in the development of more focused blood donation campaigns.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Write down the gender of the respondent<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How old is the respondent?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is your highest level of education?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How much is your monthly income (estimate)?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do you belong to a civil association, Rotary, National System for Integral Family Development (DIF), Volunteer ladies, etc.?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6.</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Have you ever donated blood?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7.</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do you know the steps involved in blood donation?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8.</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do you know the benefits obtained when donating blood?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0040"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9.</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do you know any damages which you may suffer when donating blood?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0045"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10.</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Have you ever considered going to donate blood?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0050"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">11.</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Refusal of donation. Why not to donate?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0055"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">12.</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do you consider it necessary to receive something in return of donating blood?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0060"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">13.</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What would motivate you to donate blood?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0065"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">14.</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do you recall ever seeing any type of information or ad to prompt you to voluntarily donate blood here in Nuevo Leon (excluding “blood needed for…” ads?<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0070"></elsevierMultimedia></p></li></ul></p>" "etiqueta" => "Survey" "identificador" => "sec0035" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:17 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0075" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Education level \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Donate (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Postgraduate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 (100%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">University \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">249 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78 (31%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">High school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28 (29%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Junior HS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 (29%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Primary \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 (28%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Illiterate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 (0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871734.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Level of education and percentage of donation.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0080" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age groups \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Donate (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18–25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">226 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 (23%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26–35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 (39%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36–45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 (38%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46–55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 (42%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54–65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (35%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871724.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Age of the respondents.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0085" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">RR: relative risk; AR: attributable risk.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Infection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Afraid of needles \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reserved for relatives \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Does’t know where to \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Had not considered it \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hates hospitals \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cannot \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">RR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.41% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−5.77% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−9.10% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.66% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.93% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−7.13% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.13% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−10.65% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871721.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative risk and attributable risk for refusal to donation.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Masculine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Feminine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871731.png" ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18–25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26–35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36–45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">46–55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">55–65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871722.png" ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Postgraduate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">University \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">High school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Junior HS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Primary \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Illiterate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871733.png" ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Over $40,000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">$30,000–$39,999 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">$20,000–$29,999 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">$10,000–$19,999. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">$5,000–$9,999 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Less than $5,000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Doesn’t know \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871723.png" ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871732.png" ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871718.png" ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0035" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871730.png" ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0040" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871727.png" ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0045" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871719.png" ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0050" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Always \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Many times \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Sometimes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Few times \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Never \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871726.png" ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0055" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Doesn’t have time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Afraid of being infected with something \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Afraid of needles \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reserving it for relatives who may need it \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Doesn’t know where to go \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Had never considered it \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Does not feel comfortable in hospitals \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Other: \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871729.png" ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0060" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871725.png" ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0065" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Store or restaurant credit \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Promotion to concerts or special events \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Souvenirs \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Printed recognition \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Publications in electronic media \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Personal motivation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Nothing would motivate him/her \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871720.png" ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl0070" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab871728.png" ] ] ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ley General de Salud" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Cámara de Diputados" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "fecha" => "1984" "paginaInicial" => "139" "paginaFinal" => "140" "editorial" => "Diario Oficial de la Federación" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Mexico" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Organización mundial de la Salud" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Sixty-third World Health Assembly" "conferencia" => "Switzerland, 19–20" "serieFecha" => "2010" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA63-REC1/WHA63_REC1-en.pdf" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Para la disposición de sangre humana y sus componentes con fines terapéuticos" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-253-SSA1-2012" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2012" "editorial" => "Diario Oficial de la Federación" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "http://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5275587&fecha=26/10/2012" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global Database on Blood Safety, Summary Report 2011, EEUU, 1–9" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Organización Mundial de la Salud" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2011" ] ] 1 => array:1 [ "WWW" => array:1 [ "link" => "http://www.who.int/bloodsafety/global_database/GDBS_Summary_Report_2011.pdf" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Improving blood safety worldwide. Editorial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. McConnell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61167-2" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "370" "paginaInicial" => "361" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17678994" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The results of nucleic acid testing in remunerated and non-remunerated blood donors in Lithuania" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "V. Kalibatas" 1 => "L. Kalibatienė" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2450/2013.0231-12" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Blood Transfus" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "12" "numero" => "Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "s58" "paginaFinal" => "s62" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120587" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Towards 100% voluntary blood donation: a global framework for actión" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "N. Dhingra" 1 => "P. Carolan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "edicion" => "1st ed." "fecha" => "2010" "paginaInicial" => "3" "paginaFinal" => "15" "editorial" => "World Health Organization" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Switzerland" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Conocimiento y actitudes hacia la donación de sangre en una población universitaria de Chile" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Vásquez" 1 => "P. Ibarra" 2 => "M. Maldonado" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Pan Salud Publica" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "323" "paginaFinal" => "328" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Voluntary whole-blood donors, and compensated platelet donors and plasma donors: motivation to donate, altruism and aggression" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M. Trimmel" 1 => "H. Lattacher" 2 => "M. Janda" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transf Apher Sci" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "147" "paginaFinal" => "155" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/16655796/0000001700000066/v1_201508210029/S1665579614000076/v1_201508210029/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "42850" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/16655796/0000001700000066/v1_201508210029/S1665579614000076/v1_201508210029/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665579614000076?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2024 October | 42 | 11 | 53 |
| 2024 September | 54 | 21 | 75 |
| 2024 August | 44 | 17 | 61 |
| 2024 July | 50 | 8 | 58 |
| 2024 June | 50 | 12 | 62 |
| 2024 May | 29 | 10 | 39 |
| 2024 April | 98 | 15 | 113 |
| 2024 March | 54 | 6 | 60 |
| 2024 February | 65 | 15 | 80 |
| 2024 January | 68 | 6 | 74 |
| 2023 December | 76 | 9 | 85 |
| 2023 November | 62 | 11 | 73 |
| 2023 October | 109 | 13 | 122 |
| 2023 September | 37 | 11 | 48 |
| 2023 August | 44 | 5 | 49 |
| 2023 July | 34 | 10 | 44 |
| 2023 June | 48 | 15 | 63 |
| 2023 May | 60 | 13 | 73 |
| 2023 April | 36 | 9 | 45 |
| 2023 March | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2023 February | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2023 January | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2022 December | 49 | 8 | 57 |
| 2022 November | 51 | 10 | 61 |
| 2022 October | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2022 September | 38 | 18 | 56 |
| 2022 August | 43 | 11 | 54 |
| 2022 July | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2022 June | 38 | 11 | 49 |
| 2022 May | 41 | 9 | 50 |
| 2022 April | 58 | 8 | 66 |
| 2022 March | 111 | 17 | 128 |
| 2022 February | 113 | 12 | 125 |
| 2022 January | 121 | 18 | 139 |
| 2021 December | 58 | 14 | 72 |
| 2021 November | 83 | 17 | 100 |
| 2021 October | 122 | 14 | 136 |
| 2021 September | 51 | 16 | 67 |
| 2021 August | 67 | 14 | 81 |
| 2021 July | 43 | 8 | 51 |
| 2021 June | 59 | 19 | 78 |
| 2021 May | 44 | 14 | 58 |
| 2021 April | 135 | 35 | 170 |
| 2021 March | 58 | 10 | 68 |
| 2021 February | 32 | 12 | 44 |
| 2021 January | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| 2020 December | 44 | 7 | 51 |
| 2020 November | 59 | 11 | 70 |
| 2020 October | 32 | 13 | 45 |
| 2020 September | 17 | 10 | 27 |
| 2020 August | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2020 July | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2020 June | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2020 May | 33 | 4 | 37 |
| 2020 April | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2020 March | 23 | 6 | 29 |
| 2020 February | 34 | 8 | 42 |
| 2020 January | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2019 December | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2019 November | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2019 October | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| 2019 September | 20 | 2 | 22 |
| 2019 August | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2019 July | 7 | 7 | 14 |
| 2019 June | 14 | 10 | 24 |
| 2019 May | 7 | 38 | 45 |
| 2019 April | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2019 March | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2019 February | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2019 January | 4 | 6 | 10 |
| 2018 December | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2018 November | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| 2018 October | 1 | 8 | 9 |
| 2018 September | 3 | 7 | 10 |
| 2018 August | 1 | 4 | 5 |
| 2018 July | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 June | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 May | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 April | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2018 March | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2018 February | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 January | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2017 December | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2017 November | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2017 October | 24 | 2 | 26 |
| 2017 September | 22 | 2 | 24 |
| 2017 August | 26 | 1 | 27 |
| 2017 July | 17 | 2 | 19 |
| 2017 June | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2017 May | 23 | 6 | 29 |
| 2017 April | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2017 March | 21 | 43 | 64 |
| 2017 February | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2017 January | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| 2016 December | 24 | 6 | 30 |
| 2016 November | 40 | 5 | 45 |
| 2016 October | 39 | 2 | 41 |
| 2016 September | 36 | 3 | 39 |
| 2016 August | 149 | 3 | 152 |
| 2016 July | 26 | 3 | 29 |
| 2016 June | 32 | 8 | 40 |
| 2016 May | 26 | 16 | 42 |
| 2016 April | 26 | 15 | 41 |
| 2016 March | 21 | 9 | 30 |
| 2016 February | 20 | 7 | 27 |
| 2016 January | 28 | 13 | 41 |
| 2015 December | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2015 November | 19 | 16 | 35 |
| 2015 October | 27 | 19 | 46 |
| 2015 September | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2015 August | 2 | 4 | 6 |
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