A comparison of anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes in a group of elite climbers, recreational climbers and non-climbers

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A non-significant tendency to lower survival was found in recipients with higher bone marrow fibrosis (MF). MF 0–1: normal-scarce reticulin fibers (n=19). MF 2–3: moderate-abundant reticulin fibers (n=8). Median of follow-up for MF 0–1 was 828 (102–1496) days and for MF 2–3 778 (158–1436) days." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.C. Jaime-Pérez, C.D. Villarreal-Villarreal, Y. Alvarado-Bernal, J.R. Padilla-Medina, L.T. Fernández, D. Gómez-Almaguer" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Jaime-Pérez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.D." "apellidos" => "Villarreal-Villarreal" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Alvarado-Bernal" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.R." "apellidos" => "Padilla-Medina" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L.T." "apellidos" => "Fernández" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Gómez-Almaguer" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665579617300236?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16655796/0000001900000075/v1_201710070016/S1665579617300236/v1_201710070016/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1665579617300431" "issn" => "16655796" "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmu.2017.04.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "116" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Medicina Universitaria. 2017;19:64-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 607 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 44 "HTML" => 337 "PDF" => 226 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Hemodynamically unstable ductus arteriosus treated with paracetamol in a tertiary care hospital in the northeast of Mexico" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "64" "paginaFinal" => "68" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "I. Rodríguez-Balderrama, I.B. Morales-Rodríguez, R.G. Sánchez-Cortez, M. Tijerina-Guajardo" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Balderrama" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I.B." "apellidos" => "Morales-Rodríguez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.G." "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Cortez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Tijerina-Guajardo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665579617300431?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16655796/0000001900000075/v1_201710070016/S1665579617300431/v1_201710070016/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "A comparison of anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes in a group of elite climbers, recreational climbers and non-climbers" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "69" "paginaFinal" => "73" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "M.F. Novoa-Vignau, O. Salas-Fraire, K. Salas-Longoria, G. Hernández-Suárez, M. Menchaca-Pérez" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M.F." "apellidos" => "Novoa-Vignau" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "fernandanovoav@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Salas-Fraire" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Salas-Longoria" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Hernández-Suárez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Menchaca-Pérez" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author at: Departamento de Medicina del Deporte y Rehabilitación, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ave. Gonzalitos 235 Norte, Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P. 64020 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Tel.: +52 81 83 29 42 07." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1056 "Ancho" => 1672 "Tamanyo" => 135842 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Somatchart with the mean somatotype values of the elite and recreational climbing groups and the non-climbing group. EC, elite climbers; RC, recreational climbers; NC, non-climbers; ♀, female; ♂, male." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionSport climbing has developed into a mainstream competitive sport and the number of participants has increased significantly since the 1970s.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">1,2</a> In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved its inclusion in the Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020. It is a sport that is evolving at an accelerated rate and with the development of safety measures there has been an enormous increase in the difficultly of the routes,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">3</a> making it more challenging for climbers to attain a high level of performance.It is well known that athletes’ body composition tends to differ from the general population and from other athletes who practice a different sport.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">4</a> Gualdi-Russo and Zaccagni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">5</a> stated that body shape and size are important variables, among others, that can influence an athlete's success. The identification of the body composition and somatotype of elite athletes may serve as a guide for planning and monitoring athletic training and talent selection in a certain sport.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115">6–8</a> Since the sport of climbing has become more popular, there has been an increase in research in this area. However, there is still scant scientific evidence on the somatotype of these athletes, and no consensus has been reached as to which physiological and anthropometric factors are important in determining climbing performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a>Several studies have examined specific physical characteristics associated with high standard performance in the sport,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">1,9–11</a> since there is evidence that body characteristics play an important role in determining high sporting performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">4,12</a> Watts et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">10</a> reported that body fat percentage (BF%) and strength to body mass ratio best predicted climbing performance. They concluded that elite climbers were extremely lean athletes with extremely low estimated BF% (4.7% and 10.7% for males and females, respectively), with a small stature and a high strength to body mass ratio. Grant et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">9</a> found that elite climbers differed from recreational climbers and active non-climbers on shoulder girdle endurance, finger strength and hip flexibility. However, they found no differences in body mass, height, height:body mass ratio, BF%, arm length, and leg length. Elite male climbers in the study by Grant et al. had a greater BF% (14%) than those in the study by Watts et al., Mermier et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a> reported an average BF% of 9.8% and 20.7% in male and female sport climbers. Viviani and Calderan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">4</a> analyzed a group of top free climbers and reported a low BF% (8.3%) and an average mesomorph–ectomorph somatotype.Since there is still little scientific information regarding the adaptation that this activity produces in the anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes of climbers, our aim was to provide descriptive data of elite and recreational climbers and compare them with an age-matched healthy non-climbing group.Material and methodsTwenty-three experienced climbers from two local climbing organizations volunteered for this study (17 males and 6 females). They were separated into two groups based on their self-reported climbing ability.We defined climbing ability as the most difficult self-reported ascent rated on the Yosemite decimal system (YDS) performed by lead climbing in the two years previous to the study. In order to calculate means we used the modified YDS scale, which assigns a numerical value to replace the letter grades. Letter subdivisions of the YDS were assigned values of a=0.00, b=0.25, c=0.50, and d=0.75.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">11</a> Climbers who had lead climbed a route that was rated at least 13a by the YDS scale were categorized as elite climbers (EC) and the rest were categorized as recreational climbers (RC).Based on these criteria, 12 climbers were EC (9 males and 3 females) and 10 were RC (7 males and 3 females). The climbers were compared to a control group made up of 10 healthy non-climber (NC) volunteers (6 males and 4 females) who did not perform any sport that demanded upper limb efforts on a regular basis.Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon. Prior to the study, each volunteer provided written informed consent after receiving an oral and written description of the procedures that would be performed.Participants were scheduled for testing on an individual basis. All participants were evaluated in a resting state and were previously instructed not to perform strenuous exercise at least one day before the study. All measurements were performed by a single investigator. Standing height was recorded using a SECA wall-mounted measuring tape (SECA m.206, Seca GmbH & Co. KG, Hamburg, Germany) with the participant barefoot and with their back against a vertical wall, registering to the nearest 0.1cm. Body mass was measured with a body composition analyzer (InBody 3.0 SN, InBody Co., Seoul, Korea). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing the mass by the height squared.All participants underwent anthropometry using the restrained profile established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Skin fold thickness was measured to the nearest 0.5mm at eight sites (biceps, triceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, anterior thigh and medial calf) with a calibrated Slim Guide Skinfold Caliper (Creative Health Products, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI) (constant pressure 10g/mm2) on the participant's right side; circumferences (relaxed arm, flexed arm, waist, hips and calves) were measured using a Lufkin metallic tape (model W696PM, Apex Tool Group, Sparks, MD), and two bone breadths (biepicondylarhumerus and femur) were measured with a CESCORF sliding bone caliper (INNOVARE 16cm). In order to calculate the percentage of body fat, we used the Durnin and Womersley formula<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">13</a>: Density=c−m×log (folds); where c and m are constants determined by gender and age and which were previously calculated by the authors. The logarithm is calculated from the sum of the thickness of four skin folds (biceps, triceps, subscapularis, and supra-iliac).Once the anthropometry measurements were collected, somatotype components were calculated according to the Heath and Carter anthropometric somatotype method.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">14</a> The following mathematical equations were made in order to obtain the three components of the somatotype:Endomorphy: −0.7182+0.1451(x)−0.00068(x2)+0.0000014(x3) in which x is the sum of the triceps, subscapular, and supraspinale folds, multiplied by (70.18/height in cm).Mesomorphy: (0.858×H)+(0.601×F)+(0.188×B)+(0.161×P)−(0.131×E)+4.5, where H is the biepicondilar breadth of the humerus, F is the bicondilar breadth of the femur, B is the flexed arm circumference, P is the perimeter of the calf, and E is height.Ectomorphy: for this parameter, there are three formulas based on the weight index, which were the result of the formula WI=Height a√WeightIf WI ≥40.75, the formula was 0.732×WI−28.58;If WI <40.75 but >38.25, the formula was 0.463×WI−17.63;and if WI ≤38.25, the given value was 0.1.Statistical analysisDescriptive statistics for all variables was performed. Inferential statistics to confirm the normality of the data was performed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Depending on the results, comparisons were performed using the two-tailed Student's t-test and ANOVA for parametric data, and the Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests for nonparametric data. The sequential Bonferroni correction with a significance level of .05 was used for multiple comparisons. A p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS version 20 (IBM, Armonk, NY) for Windows 7 was used.ResultsWe observed that there were no significant differences in gender distribution or age when the three groups were divided by gender and compared. When comparing the other variables, we found that EC females had a significantly lower BF% than NC females (p<0.05). EC males had a significantly lower BF%, lower BMI, and lower body mass than NC males (p<0.05). RC males had a significantly lower BF% than NC males (p<0.05). There were no significant differences when comparing the EC and the RC group for both males and females. The participants’ anthropometric and demographic characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>We observed that both male and female EC had a significantly higher mean ability and years of climbing experience than their male and female counterparts in the RC group (p<0.05). Mean days of training per week were significantly higher for the male EC than for the RC group over the previous 2 years (p<0.05). The mean and SD of the self-reported training variables for both climbing groups are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The EC female group revealed an average ectomorphic-mesomorph somatotype; the RC and the NC female groups showed a mesomorph–endomorph category and a mesomorphic–endomorph category, respectively. The EC male group revealed an average ectomorphic-mesomorph category; the RC male group showed a balanced mesomorph category, and the NC male group showed a mesomorph–endomorph category. Somatotype means among the three climbing groups are specified in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Endomorph and ectomorph somatotype components were significantly different between the female study groups. We found that the endomorphic component was significantly lower (p<0.05) and the ectomorphic component significantly higher (p<0.05) in the EC group vs the NC group. Regarding the male groups, we observed that the endomorphic component was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the EC and RC groups compared to the NC group and the ectomorphic component was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the EC compared to the NC group. We did not find any differences between the three groups in the mesomorphic component.Mesomorphy was the dominant somatotype component for the EC and RC in both male and female groups. For the NC female group, the dominant somatotype component was endomorphy, while in the NC male group it was mesomorphy. The dominance of each component can be seen in the somatochart (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), where the mean somatotype values for each group are plotted. We can see that NC groups are the most distant of the three males and female groups; they are closer to the endomorphic component, while the EC groups are closer to the ectomorphic component.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionDespite the growing interest in climbing research, there is still scant evidence about the anatomic adaptations that the sport induces in climbers, and little is known about the anthropometric factors that determine climbing performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a> The objective of this study was to provide descriptive data on the anthropometric characteristics and the somatotype among elite climbers, and to compare the results with a group of recreational climbers and non-climbers. In our study, we found differences among these variables between the three study groups.Mean BMI results revealed that our group of NC females were slightly overweight according to WHO cutoff values.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">15</a> Considering that they were mostly sedentary volunteers, this finding is consistent with the results of the most recent National Health and Nutrition Survey in Mexico, which states that 69.4% of Mexican males and 73% of Mexican females are overweight or obese.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">16</a> Mean BMI for both climbing groups was similar, and both groups showed a normal nutritional status.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">15</a>Several authors have focused on which anthropometric characteristics influence climbing performance. When comparing our results with those in the literature, we observed that the BF% of our EC sample was similar to what has been reported. The EC in the study by Watts et al. had, on average, a lower BF% and a lower ability level in the YDS scale than the climbers in this study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">10</a> It is important to mention that in the study by Watts et al. the sample of climbers was recruited at an international-level climbing competition. As expected, the athletes had prepared themselves rigorously for the event, so at the time of the study they were at their top level. On the other hand, our sample, despite being recruited in the winter season which is considered the most appropriate season for climbing in the local area, was not preparing for any particular event, so their dietary regimen might not have been so strict.The climbers in the study by Mermier, et al. had very similar results to our study; their male climbers group had a slightly lower BF% than the EC of our study and the female climbers had a greater BF% than that found in our EC. It should be noted that the average level of climbing ability of their sample was well below the level of our EC; considering this variable and that of the BF% we realized that even though our EC had a very high skill level, their BF% was not as low as what might be expected by their performance level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a>Watts et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">10</a> observed that their elite climbers shared common anthropometric characteristics such as a small stature and low BF%. However, they concluded that these factors were not necessarily required to attain a high level of climbing performance. Although Mermier et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a> found BF% as a predictor of climbing ability, they also concluded that it was not the anthropometric characteristics that significantly explained climbing ability. This was explained by the training component. Our findings support their conclusions, since the training variables of our two climbing groups were significantly different, and the anthropometric characteristics were not.Grant's<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">9</a> study of elite and recreational climbers did not find any significant differences in age, body mass, height and BF% between EC and RC groups. This is consistent with our results, however, our group of EC did show a tendency to be taller, lighter, and with a lower BMI and BF% than RC.Viviani and Calderan's<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">4</a> top-level European free climbers and Barbieri's<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">17</a> Italian climbers had a dominant mesomorphic component. According to Viviani and Calderan, the fact that climbers show a greater relative muscle mass is an advantage that helps them initiate and sustain movements on the wall. Both of our climbing groups reflected a predominant musculoskeletal development in their somatotype evaluation.As we expected, the EC in our study, both males and females, showed greater leanness than adiposity and a low endomorphic component. It is well-known that fat adds unnecessary weight for climbers during ascent. This causes them to use additional energy and speeds the onset of fatigue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">4</a>Unlike the EC, the males’ RC's adiposity and linearity components were similar. The RC females demonstrated a mesomorph–endomorph somatotype category, which implies that endomorphy and mesomorphy are equal, and ectomorphy is smaller.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">14</a>Although it was not significantly different, ECs had a tendency to show the lowest endomorphic and the highest ectomorphic component. This result may have been influenced by training-related anthropometric components such as muscle hypertrophy and body fat.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a> The greater experience and training time that EC reported compared to RC could explain these differences.This study focused on male and female climbers who were recruited at local gymnasiums, although all of our athletes regularly practiced sport climbing, some of them were more specialized in boulder competition. The results among the two specialties within this sport might be different, but to assess such diversity was beyond our objectives. Further investigation is warranted to better define the somatotype and anthropometric characteristics particular to each climbing specialty.We concluded that, according to their somatotype classification, ECs, both males and females, are lean participants with a predominant musculoskeletal development. They are significantly less endomorphic, more ectomorphic and with a lower BF% than the general population, and are more experienced than RC. However, they do not necessarily differ from RC in anthropometric characteristics such as body mass, height, BMI, and BF% or in somatotype components.This study agrees with the anthropometric profile of elite climbers described by other authors. This information may be useful to design training programs and evaluate an athlete's progress.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.FundingNo financial support was provided.Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres910439" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec890222" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack303965" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-02-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-04-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec890222" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Climbing" 1 => "Somatotype" 2 => "Anthropometric characteristics" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Sport climbing has become a very popular and competitive sport. Despite growing interest in the research of climbing, there is still scant evidence regarding the adaptations it produces in the anthropometric characteristics of climbers. The objective of this study was to provide descriptive data about the anthropometric and somatotype characteristics of a group of elite and recreational climbers and compare them with a group of healthy non-climber volunteers. Twelve elite climbers (9 males and 3 females), 10 recreational climbers (7 males and 3 females), and 10 healthy non-climbers (6 males and 4 females) were assessed. Body mass, height, body mass index (BMI) and anthropometric measurements were used to obtain body fat percentage (BF%) and somatotype according to the Heath-Carter protocol. We found that females and males elite climbers (EC) have a significantly lower BF% and endomorphic component (p<0.05) than non-climbers (NC). EC males also showed a significantly lower (p<0.05) BMI than NC males. No differences were found between the anthropometric characteristics of EC and recreational climbers (RC); however, the EC had significantly higher mean results (p<0.05) in climbing ability level and years of experience. The mesomorphic component was dominant in both groups of climbers. We concluded that EC, both males and females, are thin individuals with a predominance of musculoskeletal development, significantly less endomorphic characteristics, more ectomorphic characteristics and a lower BF% than the general population." ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1056 "Ancho" => 1672 "Tamanyo" => 135842 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Somatchart with the mean somatotype values of the elite and recreational climbing groups and the non-climbing group. EC, elite climbers; RC, recreational climbers; NC, non-climbers; ♀, female; ♂, male." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "EC, elite climbers; RC, recreational climbers; NC, non-climbers; ♀, female; ♂, male; BMI, body mass index; BF%, body fat percentage." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Characteristic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC (n=12)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RC (n=10)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NC (n=10)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.33±.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.44±5.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.67±2.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31.14±6.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.25±2.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.83±4.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.1±9.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.81±7.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.93± 2.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.90±5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66.28±10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.67±4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.61±0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.75±6.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.53±0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.76±6.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.61±0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.74±0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.13±2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.86±2.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.32±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.98±1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.4±3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24.84±2.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BF% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.60±8.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.16±3.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.77±0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.7±4.0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.7±6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.9±6.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1532167.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Significantly different from the non-climbers group (p<0.05)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Anthropometric and demographic characteristics of the population (mean±SD)." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "EC, elite climbers; RC, recreational climbers; ♀, female; ♂, male; YDS, Yosemite decimal system." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC (n=12)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RC (n=10)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing ability in the modified YDS scale \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.5±0.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.72±0.3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.6±0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.42±0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing experience (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.3±3.2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.8±4.5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3±1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.1±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing sessions (days/week) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4±1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.8±0.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.0±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing duration (hours/session) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.6±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.7±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.6±0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.6±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1532168.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Significantly different from recreational climbing group (p<0.05)." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Self-reported training variables (mean±SD)." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "EC, elite climbers; RC, recreational climbers; NC, non-climbers; ♀, female; ♂, male." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC (n=12)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RC (n=10)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NC (n=10)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♀ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">♂ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Endomorphy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.0±1.1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.5±0.4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.9±0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.3±0.9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.8 ±1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.0±1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mesomorphy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.3±0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.1±0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.0±0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.5±0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.1±1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; 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"vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/16655796/0000001900000075/v1_201710070016/S1665579617300418/v1_201710070016/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "55396" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/16655796/0000001900000075/v1_201710070016/S1665579617300418/v1_201710070016/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665579617300418?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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M.F. Novoa-Vignau

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fernandanovoav@gmail.com

Corresponding author at: Departamento de Medicina del Deporte y Rehabilitación, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ave. Gonzalitos 235 Norte, Colonia Mitras Centro, C.P. 64020 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Tel.: +52 81 83 29 42 07.

, O. Salas-Fraire, K. Salas-Longoria, G. Hernández-Suárez, M. Menchaca-Pérez

Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico

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            "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall survival &#40;OS&#41; according to myelofibrosis after hematopoietic grafting&#46; A non-significant tendency to lower survival was found in recipients with higher bone marrow fibrosis &#40;MF&#41;&#46; MF 0&#8211;1&#58; normal-scarce reticulin fibers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>19&#41;&#46; MF 2&#8211;3&#58; moderate-abundant reticulin fibers &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#41;&#46; Median of follow-up for MF 0&#8211;1 was 828 &#40;102&#8211;1496&#41; days and for MF 2&#8211;3 778 &#40;158&#8211;1436&#41; days&#46;</p>"
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    "titulo" => "A comparison of anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes in a group of elite climbers&#44; recreational climbers and non-climbers"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Somatchart with the mean somatotype values of the elite and recreational climbing groups and the non-climbing group&#46; EC&#44; elite climbers&#59; RC&#44; recreational climbers&#59; NC&#44; non-climbers&#59; &#9792;&#44; female&#59; &#9794;&#44; male&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sport climbing has developed into a mainstream competitive sport and the number of participants has increased significantly since the 1970s&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> In August 2016&#44; the International Olympic Committee approved its inclusion in the Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020&#46; It is a sport that is evolving at an accelerated rate and with the development of safety measures there has been an enormous increase in the difficultly of the routes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> making it more challenging for climbers to attain a high level of performance&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is well known that athletes&#8217; body composition tends to differ from the general population and from other athletes who practice a different sport&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Gualdi-Russo and Zaccagni<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> stated that body shape and size are important variables&#44; among others&#44; that can influence an athlete&#39;s success&#46; The identification of the body composition and somatotype of elite athletes may serve as a guide for planning and monitoring athletic training and talent selection in a certain sport&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> Since the sport of climbing has become more popular&#44; there has been an increase in research in this area&#46; However&#44; there is still scant scientific evidence on the somatotype of these athletes&#44; and no consensus has been reached as to which physiological and anthropometric factors are important in determining climbing performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have examined specific physical characteristics associated with high standard performance in the sport&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9&#8211;11</span></a> since there is evidence that body characteristics play an important role in determining high sporting performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;12</span></a> Watts et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> reported that body fat percentage &#40;BF&#37;&#41; and strength to body mass ratio best predicted climbing performance&#46; They concluded that elite climbers were extremely lean athletes with extremely low estimated BF&#37; &#40;4&#46;7&#37; and 10&#46;7&#37; for males and females&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; with a small stature and a high strength to body mass ratio&#46; Grant et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> found that elite climbers differed from recreational climbers and active non-climbers on shoulder girdle endurance&#44; finger strength and hip flexibility&#46; However&#44; they found no differences in body mass&#44; height&#44; height&#58;body mass ratio&#44; BF&#37;&#44; arm length&#44; and leg length&#46; Elite male climbers in the study by Grant et al&#46; had a greater BF&#37; &#40;14&#37;&#41; than those in the study by Watts et al&#46;&#44; Mermier et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> reported an average BF&#37; of 9&#46;8&#37; and 20&#46;7&#37; in male and female sport climbers&#46; Viviani and Calderan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> analyzed a group of top free climbers and reported a low BF&#37; &#40;8&#46;3&#37;&#41; and an average mesomorph&#8211;ectomorph somatotype&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since there is still little scientific information regarding the adaptation that this activity produces in the anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes of climbers&#44; our aim was to provide descriptive data of elite and recreational climbers and compare them with an age-matched healthy non-climbing group&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-three experienced climbers from two local climbing organizations volunteered for this study &#40;17 males and 6 females&#41;&#46; They were separated into two groups based on their self-reported climbing ability&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We defined climbing ability as the most difficult self-reported ascent rated on the Yosemite decimal system &#40;YDS&#41; performed by lead climbing in the two years previous to the study&#46; In order to calculate means we used the modified YDS scale&#44; which assigns a numerical value to replace the letter grades&#46; Letter subdivisions of the YDS were assigned values of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;25&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;50&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;75&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Climbers who had lead climbed a route that was rated at least 13a by the YDS scale were categorized as elite climbers &#40;EC&#41; and the rest were categorized as recreational climbers &#40;RC&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on these criteria&#44; 12 climbers were EC &#40;9 males and 3 females&#41; and 10 were RC &#40;7 males and 3 females&#41;&#46; The climbers were compared to a control group made up of 10 healthy non-climber &#40;NC&#41; volunteers &#40;6 males and 4 females&#41; who did not perform any sport that demanded upper limb efforts on a regular basis&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine of the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon&#46; Prior to the study&#44; each volunteer provided written informed consent after receiving an oral and written description of the procedures that would be performed&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were scheduled for testing on an individual basis&#46; All participants were evaluated in a resting state and were previously instructed not to perform strenuous exercise at least one day before the study&#46; All measurements were performed by a single investigator&#46; Standing height was recorded using a SECA wall-mounted measuring tape &#40;SECA m&#46;206&#44; Seca GmbH &#38; Co&#46; KG&#44; Hamburg&#44; Germany&#41; with the participant barefoot and with their back against a vertical wall&#44; registering to the nearest 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; Body mass was measured with a body composition analyzer &#40;InBody 3&#46;0 SN&#44; InBody Co&#46;&#44; Seoul&#44; Korea&#41;&#46; Body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; was calculated by dividing the mass by the height squared&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants underwent anthropometry using the restrained profile established by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry &#40;ISAK&#41;&#46; Skin fold thickness was measured to the nearest 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm at eight sites &#40;biceps&#44; triceps&#44; subscapular&#44; iliac crest&#44; supraspinal&#44; abdominal&#44; anterior thigh and medial calf&#41; with a calibrated Slim Guide Skinfold Caliper &#40;Creative Health Products&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Ann Arbor&#44; MI&#41; &#40;constant pressure 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; on the participant&#39;s right side&#59; circumferences &#40;relaxed arm&#44; flexed arm&#44; waist&#44; hips and calves&#41; were measured using a Lufkin metallic tape &#40;model W696PM&#44; Apex Tool Group&#44; Sparks&#44; MD&#41;&#44; and two bone breadths &#40;biepicondylarhumerus and femur&#41; were measured with a CESCORF sliding bone caliper &#40;INNOVARE 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46; In order to calculate the percentage of body fat&#44; we used the Durnin and Womersley formula<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#58; Density<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>log &#40;folds&#41;&#59; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span> are constants determined by gender and age and which were previously calculated by the authors&#46; The logarithm is calculated from the sum of the thickness of four skin folds &#40;biceps&#44; triceps&#44; subscapularis&#44; and supra-iliac&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the anthropometry measurements were collected&#44; somatotype components were calculated according to the Heath and Carter anthropometric somatotype method&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The following mathematical equations were made in order to obtain the three components of the somatotype&#58;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endomorphy&#58; &#8722;0&#46;7182<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1451&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;00068&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>2&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0000014&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>3&#41; in which <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span> is the sum of the triceps&#44; subscapular&#44; and supraspinale folds&#44; multiplied by &#40;70&#46;18&#47;height in cm&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mesomorphy&#58; &#40;0&#46;858<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;601<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;188<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;161<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;0&#46;131<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>E&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;5&#44; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span> is the biepicondilar breadth of the humerus&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span> is the bicondilar breadth of the femur&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span> is the flexed arm circumference&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> is the perimeter of the calf&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span> is height&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ectomorphy&#58; for this parameter&#44; there are three formulas based on the weight index&#44; which were the result of the formula WI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Height <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span>&#8730;Weight</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If WI &#8805;40&#46;75&#44; the formula was 0&#46;732<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>WI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;58&#59;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If WI &#60;40&#46;75 but &#62;38&#46;25&#44; the formula was 0&#46;463<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>WI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;63&#59;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">and if WI &#8804;38&#46;25&#44; the given value was 0&#46;1&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics for all variables was performed&#46; Inferential statistics to confirm the normality of the data was performed using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; Depending on the results&#44; comparisons were performed using the two-tailed Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test and ANOVA for parametric data&#44; and the Mann&#8211;Whitney and Kruskal&#8211;Wallis tests for nonparametric data&#46; The sequential Bonferroni correction with a significance level of &#46;05 was used for multiple comparisons&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value of &#8804;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46; SPSS version 20 &#40;IBM&#44; Armonk&#44; NY&#41; for Windows 7 was used&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Results</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed that there were no significant differences in gender distribution or age when the three groups were divided by gender and compared&#46; When comparing the other variables&#44; we found that EC females had a significantly lower BF&#37; than NC females &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; EC males had a significantly lower BF&#37;&#44; lower BMI&#44; and lower body mass than NC males &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; RC males had a significantly lower BF&#37; than NC males &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; There were no significant differences when comparing the EC and the RC group for both males and females&#46; The participants&#8217; anthropometric and demographic characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed that both male and female EC had a significantly higher mean ability and years of climbing experience than their male and female counterparts in the RC group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Mean days of training per week were significantly higher for the male EC than for the RC group over the previous 2 years &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; The mean and SD of the self-reported training variables for both climbing groups are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The EC female group revealed an average ectomorphic-mesomorph somatotype&#59; the RC and the NC female groups showed a mesomorph&#8211;endomorph category and a mesomorphic&#8211;endomorph category&#44; respectively&#46; The EC male group revealed an average ectomorphic-mesomorph category&#59; the RC male group showed a balanced mesomorph category&#44; and the NC male group showed a mesomorph&#8211;endomorph category&#46; Somatotype means among the three climbing groups are specified in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endomorph and ectomorph somatotype components were significantly different between the female study groups&#46; We found that the endomorphic component was significantly lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and the ectomorphic component significantly higher &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; in the EC group vs the NC group&#46; Regarding the male groups&#44; we observed that the endomorphic component was significantly lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; in the EC and RC groups compared to the NC group and the ectomorphic component was significantly higher &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; in the EC compared to the NC group&#46; We did not find any differences between the three groups in the mesomorphic component&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mesomorphy was the dominant somatotype component for the EC and RC in both male and female groups&#46; For the NC female group&#44; the dominant somatotype component was endomorphy&#44; while in the NC male group it was mesomorphy&#46; The dominance of each component can be seen in the somatochart &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; where the mean somatotype values for each group are plotted&#46; We can see that NC groups are the most distant of the three males and female groups&#59; they are closer to the endomorphic component&#44; while the EC groups are closer to the ectomorphic component&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the growing interest in climbing research&#44; there is still scant evidence about the anatomic adaptations that the sport induces in climbers&#44; and little is known about the anthropometric factors that determine climbing performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The objective of this study was to provide descriptive data on the anthropometric characteristics and the somatotype among elite climbers&#44; and to compare the results with a group of recreational climbers and non-climbers&#46; In our study&#44; we found differences among these variables between the three study groups&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean BMI results revealed that our group of NC females were slightly overweight according to WHO cutoff values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Considering that they were mostly sedentary volunteers&#44; this finding is consistent with the results of the most recent National Health and Nutrition Survey in Mexico&#44; which states that 69&#46;4&#37; of Mexican males and 73&#37; of Mexican females are overweight or obese&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Mean BMI for both climbing groups was similar&#44; and both groups showed a normal nutritional status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several authors have focused on which anthropometric characteristics influence climbing performance&#46; When comparing our results with those in the literature&#44; we observed that the BF&#37; of our EC sample was similar to what has been reported&#46; The EC in the study by Watts et al&#46; had&#44; on average&#44; a lower BF&#37; and a lower ability level in the YDS scale than the climbers in this study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> It is important to mention that in the study by Watts et al&#46; the sample of climbers was recruited at an international-level climbing competition&#46; As expected&#44; the athletes had prepared themselves rigorously for the event&#44; so at the time of the study they were at their top level&#46; On the other hand&#44; our sample&#44; despite being recruited in the winter season which is considered the most appropriate season for climbing in the local area&#44; was not preparing for any particular event&#44; so their dietary regimen might not have been so strict&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The climbers in the study by Mermier&#44; et al&#46; had very similar results to our study&#59; their male climbers group had a slightly lower BF&#37; than the EC of our study and the female climbers had a greater BF&#37; than that found in our EC&#46; It should be noted that the average level of climbing ability of their sample was well below the level of our EC&#59; considering this variable and that of the BF&#37; we realized that even though our EC had a very high skill level&#44; their BF&#37; was not as low as what might be expected by their performance level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Watts et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> observed that their elite climbers shared common anthropometric characteristics such as a small stature and low BF&#37;&#46; However&#44; they concluded that these factors were not necessarily required to attain a high level of climbing performance&#46; Although Mermier et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> found BF&#37; as a predictor of climbing ability&#44; they also concluded that it was not the anthropometric characteristics that significantly explained climbing ability&#46; This was explained by the training component&#46; Our findings support their conclusions&#44; since the training variables of our two climbing groups were significantly different&#44; and the anthropometric characteristics were not&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Grant&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> study of elite and recreational climbers did not find any significant differences in age&#44; body mass&#44; height and BF&#37; between EC and RC groups&#46; This is consistent with our results&#44; however&#44; our group of EC did show a tendency to be taller&#44; lighter&#44; and with a lower BMI and BF&#37; than RC&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Viviani and Calderan&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> top-level European free climbers and Barbieri&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Italian climbers had a dominant mesomorphic component&#46; According to Viviani and Calderan&#44; the fact that climbers show a greater relative muscle mass is an advantage that helps them initiate and sustain movements on the wall&#46; Both of our climbing groups reflected a predominant musculoskeletal development in their somatotype evaluation&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As we expected&#44; the EC in our study&#44; both males and females&#44; showed greater leanness than adiposity and a low endomorphic component&#46; It is well-known that fat adds unnecessary weight for climbers during ascent&#46; This causes them to use additional energy and speeds the onset of fatigue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike the EC&#44; the males&#8217; RC&#39;s adiposity and linearity components were similar&#46; The RC females demonstrated a mesomorph&#8211;endomorph somatotype category&#44; which implies that endomorphy and mesomorphy are equal&#44; and ectomorphy is smaller&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although it was not significantly different&#44; ECs had a tendency to show the lowest endomorphic and the highest ectomorphic component&#46; This result may have been influenced by training-related anthropometric components such as muscle hypertrophy and body fat&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The greater experience and training time that EC reported compared to RC could explain these differences&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study focused on male and female climbers who were recruited at local gymnasiums&#44; although all of our athletes regularly practiced sport climbing&#44; some of them were more specialized in boulder competition&#46; The results among the two specialties within this sport might be different&#44; but to assess such diversity was beyond our objectives&#46; Further investigation is warranted to better define the somatotype and anthropometric characteristics particular to each climbing specialty&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We concluded that&#44; according to their somatotype classification&#44; ECs&#44; both males and females&#44; are lean participants with a predominant musculoskeletal development&#46; They are significantly less endomorphic&#44; more ectomorphic and with a lower BF&#37; than the general population&#44; and are more experienced than RC&#46; However&#44; they do not necessarily differ from RC in anthropometric characteristics such as body mass&#44; height&#44; BMI&#44; and BF&#37; or in somatotype components&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study agrees with the anthropometric profile of elite climbers described by other authors&#46; This information may be useful to design training programs and evaluate an athlete&#39;s progress&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association &#40;Declaration of Helsinki&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Funding</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No financial support was provided&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sport climbing has become a very popular and competitive sport&#46; Despite growing interest in the research of climbing&#44; there is still scant evidence regarding the adaptations it produces in the anthropometric characteristics of climbers&#46; The objective of this study was to provide descriptive data about the anthropometric and somatotype characteristics of a group of elite and recreational climbers and compare them with a group of healthy non-climber volunteers&#46; Twelve elite climbers &#40;9 males and 3 females&#41;&#44; 10 recreational climbers &#40;7 males and 3 females&#41;&#44; and 10 healthy non-climbers &#40;6 males and 4 females&#41; were assessed&#46; Body mass&#44; height&#44; body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; and anthropometric measurements were used to obtain body fat percentage &#40;BF&#37;&#41; and somatotype according to the Heath-Carter protocol&#46; We found that females and males elite climbers &#40;EC&#41; have a significantly lower BF&#37; and endomorphic component &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; than non-climbers &#40;NC&#41;&#46; EC males also showed a significantly lower &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; BMI than NC males&#46; No differences were found between the anthropometric characteristics of EC and recreational climbers &#40;RC&#41;&#59; however&#44; the EC had significantly higher mean results &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; in climbing ability level and years of experience&#46; The mesomorphic component was dominant in both groups of climbers&#46; We concluded that EC&#44; both males and females&#44; are thin individuals with a predominance of musculoskeletal development&#44; significantly less endomorphic characteristics&#44; more ectomorphic characteristics and a lower BF&#37; than the general population&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Somatchart with the mean somatotype values of the elite and recreational climbing groups and the non-climbing group&#46; EC&#44; elite climbers&#59; RC&#44; recreational climbers&#59; NC&#44; non-climbers&#59; &#9792;&#44; female&#59; &#9794;&#44; male&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EC&#44; elite climbers&#59; RC&#44; recreational climbers&#59; NC&#44; non-climbers&#59; &#9792;&#44; female&#59; &#9794;&#44; male&#59; BMI&#44; body mass index&#59; BF&#37;&#44; body fat percentage&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Characteristic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9794;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9794;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&#46;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Body mass &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;93&#177; 2&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;76<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;86<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;98<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&#46;84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">BF&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&#46;77<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab1532167.png"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anthropometric and demographic characteristics of the population &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&#46;</p>"
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      2 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EC&#44; elite climbers&#59; RC&#44; recreational climbers&#59; &#9792;&#44; female&#59; &#9794;&#44; male&#59; YDS&#44; Yosemite decimal system&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9794;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9794;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing ability in the modified YDS scale&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing experience &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;5<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing sessions &#40;days&#47;week&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Climbing duration &#40;hours&#47;session&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Significantly different from recreational climbing group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Self-reported training variables &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      3 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">EC&#44; elite climbers&#59; RC&#44; recreational climbers&#59; NC&#44; non-climbers&#59; &#9792;&#44; female&#59; &#9794;&#44; male&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#41;</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9794;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9792;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#9794;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Endomorphy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;1<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;8 &#177;1&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mesomorphy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/16655796/0000001900000075/v1_201710070016/S1665579617300418/v1_201710070016/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1665579617300418?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 16655796
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rmu.2017.05.006

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	63	14	77
2024 September	93	13	106
2024 August	78	18	96
2024 July	80	10	90
2024 June	72	10	82
2024 May	95	12	107
2024 April	95	11	106
2024 March	98	13	111
2024 February	129	10	139
2024 January	120	11	131
2023 December	117	14	131
2023 November	132	23	155
2023 October	91	18	109
2023 September	61	4	65
2023 August	70	23	93
2023 July	79	7	86
2023 June	63	12	75
2023 May	119	12	131
2023 April	81	8	89
2023 March	111	11	122
2023 February	82	9	91
2023 January	63	4	67
2022 December	92	10	102
2022 November	89	25	114
2022 October	55	8	63
2022 September	90	13	103
2022 August	89	10	99
2022 July	74	11	85
2022 June	45	12	57
2022 May	55	7	62
2022 April	34	12	46
2022 March	76	9	85
2022 February	31	3	34
2022 January	49	14	63
2021 December	36	11	47
2021 November	41	9	50
2021 October	66	9	75
2021 September	53	14	67
2021 August	69	7	76
2021 July	54	9	63
2021 June	38	10	48
2021 May	51	8	59
2021 April	87	22	109
2021 March	52	8	60
2021 February	29	9	38
2021 January	56	12	68
2020 December	37	13	50
2020 November	37	10	47
2020 October	21	6	27
2020 September	24	9	33
2020 August	37	12	49
2020 July	24	8	32
2020 June	16	7	23
2020 May	21	10	31
2020 April	20	3	23
2020 March	19	4	23
2020 February	16	11	27
2020 January	26	9	35
2019 December	21	11	32
2019 November	12	5	17
2019 October	18	4	22
2019 September	21	7	28
2019 August	9	7	16
2019 July	15	15	30
2019 June	34	17	51
2019 May	57	47	104
2019 April	40	20	60
2019 March	7	3	10
2019 February	13	4	17
2019 January	2	4	6
2018 December	1	4	5
2018 November	11	1	12
2018 October	6	6	12
2018 September	19	4	23
2018 August	6	2	8
2018 July	5	4	9
2018 June	6	1	7
2018 May	13	2	15
2018 April	12	2	14
2018 March	10	0	10
2018 February	7	1	8
2018 January	17	2	19
2017 December	12	2	14
2017 November	17	4	21
2017 October	7	7	14
2017 September	2	3	5
2017 August	3	5	8

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