Between the rose and the shoulders of giants
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Painting by James Gillray (1756-1815). Image downloaded from the United States library of Congress's prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3g03147. This artistic work belongs in the public Domain according to World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 1994." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. G. Velasco-Castañón, C. E. Medina-De la Garza" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "J. G." "apellidos" => "Velasco-Castañón" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "C. E." "apellidos" => "Medina-De la Garza" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X1665579614366037?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16655796/0000001600000063/v0_201607061502/X1665579614366037/v0_201607061504/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Between the rose and the shoulders of giants" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "90" "paginaFinal" => "95" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "R. Garza-Mercado" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "R." "apellidos" => "Garza-Mercado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Neurosurgery, "Dr. José Eleuterio González" University Hospital, Monterrey, N. L., Mexico " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "304v16n63-90336605fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 1329 "Ancho" => 1050 "Tamanyo" => 176234 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "William shakespeare (1564-1616)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> People around the world have dedicated time and space in an attempt to answer the question: "What is the meaning of a name?<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> What does it represent?". In addition to differentiating one person from another, a name certifies, fundamentally in the Jewish culture, a person's degree of communion with spirituality; the concept of "shem Tov" (good name).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The Latin phrase <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nomen est omen</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>"Name is omen" was an aphorism which prevailed during the Middle Ages with dogmatic or axiomatic overtones.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> But, what about the meaning of phrases? The term "Among individuals, as among nations, respect for the rights of others is peace"<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4 </span>in Mexico and Latin America immediately identify Benito Juárez García (1806-1872). Despite Vicente Fox Quesada's (1942)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span> disrespectful logorrhea, there are some expressions which, as cosmopolitan icons, are repeated every day in many different languages worldwide. I will refer to 2 specifically in this work.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Shakespeare's Rose </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> English playwright William shakespeare (stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, United Kingdom, April 26, 1564 - April 23, 1616)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6 </span>(Fig. 1), among others, teaches us the value of a phrase in his greatest work <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Romeo and Juliet.</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> It is well-known that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Romeo and Juliet</span> is a tragedy in five acts originally staged in London, England around 1597-1603. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Romeo and Juliet </span>tells the story of the passionate love between 16-year-old Romeo Montague, and almost 14-year-old Juliet Capulet. Briefly summarized, the storyline revolves around 2 teenagers from Italian families with a long-running family feud between them; they fall in love with each other intensely despite their "opposite destinies", which presages their love as an "impossibility".</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figure 1 William shakespeare (1564-1616)." src="304v16n63-90336605fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figure 1 </span>William shakespeare (1564-1616).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Wishing to see Rosaline, Romeo attends a ball at the Capulet house in Verona; instead he ends up meeting Juliet. Romeo recognizes his passionate love for Juliet; they love each other, so she agrees to secretly marry him. Still inflamed with love after the ball, he sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family's hatred of the Montagues during Act II, scene II "The Balcony" (Fig. 2).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figure 2 Picture of the balcony of Juliet Capulet in Verona, Italy." src="304v16n63-90336605fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figure 2 </span>Picture of the balcony of Juliet Capulet in Verona, Italy.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Shakespeare utilizes the concept of the rose, the flowery symbol of lovers. Expressing her love in apparent solitude in a moaning soliloquy, Juliet rhetorically asks the shining moon: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"What is in a name? That which we call a rose, by any other name would smell as sweet".</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> Hidden under the balcony, Romeo makes himself visible to Juliet's eyes, telling her: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"Call me but love, and I'll be new baptized; henceforth I never will be Romeo".</span> Friar Lawrence secretly marries them next morning.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> After spending the night with Juliet, Romeo walks the streets of Verona in the company of his good friend Mercutio. An altercation emerges when they run into Tybalt; Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt since they are now kinsmen. Mercutio is incensed by Tybalt's insolence, and accepts the duel on Romeo's behalf. In the ensuing scuffle, Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo tries to separate them. Romeo, angered by his friend's death, pursues and slays Tybalt, then flees. Meanwhile Juliet's parents try to force her into marrying Paris in 3 days. How to avoid this? Following Friar Lawrence's advice, Juliet drinks a drug which will put her into a death-like coma for 42 hours, enough time to inform Romeo, so when he is back in the city they can face the future together. The messenger, however, does not reach Romeo. Romeo instead learns of Juliet's "death"; grief-stricken, he buys poison from an apothecary, returns to Verona in secret, and visits the Capulet crypt. He encounters Paris, who has come to mourn Juliet privately. Paris confronts Romeo, believing him to be a vandal, and in the ensuing battle Romeo kills Paris. He then looks at his lover's "dead body" and drinks the poison to commit suicide. Juliet then awakes and when she sees Romeo, she stabs herself in the heart with her lover's dagger. That is how we remember the text, the theatrical version and the movie (1968, Dino de Laurentiis, producer, Franco Zeffirelli, Director; Olivia Hussey, Bonaerense, and Leonard Whiting).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> "On the shoulders of giants"</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Another reflection which has been perpetuated throughout the history of science is the following: "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants".</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> This expression denotes the greater perspective that one may have when lifted up and borne aloft on giants. It is evident when we look at current scientific, cultural and artistic advances that they rest on the revision, repetition, verification and improvement of past findings.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> If true, to validate and improve, and if false, to point them out as outdated fallacies.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> It was not rare to characterize the ancient as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">giants </span>and the modern as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">dwarves </span>in medieval literature.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> History teaches us that progress in democracy, society and freedom, as well as ethics, bioethics and philosophy, brings a concatenated change of renewed scientific paradigms and philosophical or ethical advances, which have universally led to a better view of the economic, legal, social and political order of towns and their people.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Strangely enough, it wasn't uncommon to hear my father recite the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"On the shoulders of giants"</span> phrase around the house when I was young; however, it seems to have taken a new meaning after repeatedly hearing it during my residency years in neurosurgery (1957-1961) at the University of Galveston Texas, from Dramuel Robert snodgrass (steubenville, Ohio, March 17, 1906 - Galveston, TX, 1975).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Back in Monterrey as a neurosurgery teacher for the UNL (later Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL by its spanish acronym), I got used to sharing the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">giant </span>expression in the classroom with my undergraduate and graduate studentsome of them are currently occupying high- level political and administrative positions of the state and the University. After all, and following Aristotle's thinking (384-322 B.C.),<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> the teachers' desire is to see themselves surpassed by their students, feeling a "small" or "big" part of their success.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sir Isaac Newton </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The phrase <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"On the shoulders of giants" </span>is traditionally attributed to Isaac Newton, the physics, optics, calculus and alchemy genius and English astrophysicist (Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, December 25, 1642 - London, England, March 20, 1727).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span> Newton (Fig. 3) was also a philosopher of science, a microscope and telescope innovator, and a theologian. He was also Warden and then Master of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Royal Mint in 1696, knighted by the Queen in 1705 and president of London</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Royal Society for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge </span>(1703-1727),<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> which was founded in 1660 by 12 English cosmologists with the empiricist motto <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nullius in Verba</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span> (which means take nobody's word for it).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figure 3 sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in 1689 by Godfrey Kneller (1643-1723)." src="304v16n63-90336605fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figure 3 </span>sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in 1689 by Godfrey Kneller (1643-1723).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Victim of what probably was an involuntary mercury intoxication, Newton died in Kensington/London; he was 85 years old. Because he rejected the enigma of the Holy Trinity, he was denied the ecclesiastic sacrament of extreme unction. His grave is located in Westminster Cathedral, close to his compatriot Charles R. Darwin (1809-1882); 2 men without royal blood buried worthily among kings.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Newton's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Magnus Opus</span> -called by many "the best scientific work of all time"- was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</span> (Fig. 4), which appeared in London on July 5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span>, 1687 in Latin. His scientific recognition fundamentally rests in stating that any 2 bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, known as the Law of Universal Gravitation.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figure 4 The first page of the first edition of Principia, London, 1687." src="304v16n63-90336605fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figure 4 </span>The first page of the first edition of Principia, London, 1687.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> True or not, history romantically dictates that this law was created after an apple fortuitously fell from a tree and hit him on the head on a summer afternoon in his house garden.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span> The apple, incidentally, is a fruit which plays a significant role in other famous texts: The Bible (Adam and Eve), Greek Mythology (the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">discord</span>, from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Heréspides</span>), and snow White.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Newton's life was full of scientific disputes, mainly with his compatriot Robert Hooke (1635-1703) and the German Gottfried Leibnitz (1646-1716), caused by the priority of the gravitational and integral calculus, respectively.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Robert Hooke </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Author of the poly-themed Micrographia (1665), Robert Hooke<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> discovered the Law of Elasticity, invented the balanced spiral spring for watches and a microscopic compound which he used to prove the architecture of certain polyhydric cavities constitutive of wood and cork which he called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">cells</span>. He was the founder, secretary and lifelong director of the Royal society and literature credits him as the first one to mention the cosmological distances of the square mechanics, despite the fact that the wise English microscopist could never pose it as a real scientific theory of universal attraction, as Newton did.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">"If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants"</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">, 1675</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> After <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Principia,</span> Hooke confronted Newton publicly, claiming priority over the Law of Universal Gravitation, an honor which, "due to lack of evidence", was denied by the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Royal Society and the scientific world. Going beyond Royal Society boundaries, the affray was popularly known reflecting on its seriousness. Some members suggested to Newton that he come to terms with his Chamber colleague, advice which he accepted, or at least appeared to.</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">In a "respectful" epistle dated February 5, 1675,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span> Newton informed Hooke "as reconciliation" that the reason he was able to see further was because "he was standing on the shoulders of Giants". Literature lucubrates on Newton's use of an upper-case G to refer to giants, since ironically Hooke was "short, hunched, small, and his body was arched like the back of a G".<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span> It is believed that Hooke chose to ignore the sarcasm or he didn't get it,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> or maybe it simply did not exist. The impact of this phrase, publicized in London in 1675, was so great that in the minds of the citizens of the United Kingdom and the world to the present day, Newton was its creator. </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">People believe that this phrase about the shoulders of giants was Newton's way of paying due homage to the astrophysicists before him: Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), </span>Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and famous philosopher René Descartes, author of the famous phrase <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cogito</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ergo sum</span> -"I think, therefore I am"- (1596-1650), and their scientific research methodology.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">John of Salisbury and Bernard of Chartres (12<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> Century) </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Experts, however, have discovered that Newton's "gigantic" epistolary expression to Hooke during the 17<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> Century was not original, for it was found c. 1130 (about 500 years before Newton) in the voice of French Neo-Platonist philosopher Bernard of Chartres (1080-1130) a theology professor in the renowned Cathedral school of Chartres, France.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> This piece of information was collected from the play Metaligicon, written in 1159 by one of the most brilliant of Chartres' disciples, British theologian and scholar John of salisbury (salisbury, England, 1115 - Chartres, France, 1180).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26 </span>The school of Chartres was founded in 990 by Bishop Fulbert of Chartres (960-1028).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> John of salisbury was an educator, author, diplomat and philosopher who served as the secretary of the archbishopmartyr of Canterbury cathedral, saint Thomas Becket (1118-1170), and was bishop of Chartres (1176-1180)omewhat paradoxically, John used to describe himself as John <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parvus </span>-"Little" John-.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Other experts found that at least 4 authors utilized the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"On the shoulders of giants"</span> phrase during the Renaissance (the 15<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> and 16<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> Centuries). Among them, clergy Friar Diego de Estrella (1524-1578) in 1578, and 3 English writers and poets: John Donne (1572-1631) in 1625, George Hakewill (1578-1649) in 1627 and Robert Burton (1577-1640) in 1624.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> However, it is also cited in literature with a remonstrative tone. Pedagogue Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> defiantly expressed during the 16<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> Century; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"Not dwarves nor giants, everybody the same height"</span>.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Final comments </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Referring to the aforementioned "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">On the shoulders of giants"</span> in the university classroom, I intended to motivate my undergraduate and postgraduate students to employ their best effort and greatest tenacity to learning and in the selection of appropriate words to express it. After all, knowledge cannot be acquired via chemical transmutation or miraculous spiritualization. Neither can it be acquired by osmosis or inheritance (sorry Darwin). It is the natural result of daily tenacious effort in the easy (or difficult) art of learning to learn and teaching to teach. In such tenacity, the investigator, at any age -old or young- may be rightfully aided by those who have preceded him on the path, whose footprints have been verified as trustworthy, useful and true.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Like runners against the clock, we must aspire to be the best, setting a goal and fixating ourselves on a time and a destiny. If the number of neurons is the same in all the normal brains in the world, it becomes necessary to exercise it and it is not difficult to try to strengthen the baggage of principles and virtues which the pupil brings with him to develop in the benefit of the sick.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The brain</span>" Dr. Ricardo salinas Ruiz noted philosophically in one of his commentaries, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"is the only organ in the human body which grows without an increase in volume".</span> If physical exercise is desirable, cerebral gymnastics are also necessary and essential for the invigoration of thought.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The traditional fallacy <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Magister Dixit</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span> like astrology, waxed and waned in the darkness of the Middle Ages, making way for the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nullius in Verba</span> in the 17<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> Century,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span> represented in the 4 "I´s" of knowledge: Intend, Imitate, Innovate, Invent.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> To the writer, the student-teacher binominal is a logical 2-way street: some learn from others, but rarely does the teacher discover, in some question or answer of the student, an unexplored avenue, or the student may warn of an inadvertent inaccuracy in the teacher's discourse. While it is true that autodidacts may exist that do not require a teacher to learn (like José Eleuterio González) it would be impossible to imagine a professor without students. Anchylose thoughts are not profitable. If the words are thrown to the wind, let us draw near to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Publish or Perish,</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span> required reading for teachers in North American universities.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Stephen Hawking and others </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In the real world, one <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">giant</span> in physics and astronomy is British scientist Stephen Hawking, born in oxford in 1942.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span> Hawking -one of the most brilliant minds that have existed in this world throughout time- is, without a doubt, the supreme illustration that there is no impediment except that which each person imposes on themselves. As is known, the oxford professor is "incapacitated" by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Fig. 5), requiring a wheelchair to move and a voice synthesizer to communicateince the diagnosis of his ailment in 1963, he has offered more than a hundred conferences and written a score of books via dictationne of his more recent works was "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">On the Shoulders of Giants"</span>, in 2003.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Figure 5 The astronomer stephen Hawking (1942) and his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." src="304v16n63-90336605fig5.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Figure 5 </span>The astronomer stephen Hawking (1942) and his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Also recently, the American sociologist Robert King Merton (1910-2003)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span> in 1990 and the British historian of culture Peter Burke (1937)<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span> in 2012 have referred to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"On the shoulders of giants" </span>in their written works. Burke qualified the phrase as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"Very important for the introduction and defense of modern scientific thinking"</span>, and he warned of the risk that is run when a "giant of information" could turn into a "dwarf of knowledge". We believe that, no matter how vast or penetrating our view from the heights, we must never lose sight of the ground of the reality that sustains us. Extraordinariness in our fantasy should be far from imposing smallness in judgment, fortitude, prudence, strength and justice.</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Received: August 2013; <br></br> Accepted: January 2014</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> * Corresponding author: <br></br> Department of Neurosurgery and Neurological Endovascular Therapy, <br></br> "Dr. José Eleuterio González" University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. <br></br> Francisco I. Madero and Avenida Gonzalitos, Mitras Centro, Z.P. <br></br> 64460, Monterrey, N. L., Mexico. Telephone: (+5281) 8346 2698. <br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E-mail address</span>: <a href="mailto:garzamercado@yahoo.com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">garzamercado@yahooom</a> (R. Garza-Mercado).</p>" "pdfFichero" => "304v16n63a90336605pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec686948" "palabras" => array:1 [ 0 => "Juliet Capulet; Newton; Rose; shakespeare; shoulders of giants; Mexico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> The following are thoughts on 2 of the most well-known phrases in the English language, recognized as universal academic icons. That of Juliet Capuleto's in Act II, scene II, "The Balcony", in the immortal work of William shakespeare's <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Romeo and Juliet</span> about "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A rose by any other name"</span>, and "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">On the shoulders of giants"</span>, traditionally attributed to Isaac Newton, the discoverer of the Mechanical Universal Laws, including that of Universal Law of Gravitation, in the 17<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> Century, but in reality first said by the humanistic philosopher and theologist Bernard of Chartres in the 12<span class="elsevierStyleSup">th</span> Century.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "304v16n63-90336605fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 1329 "Ancho" => 1050 "Tamanyo" => 176234 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "William shakespeare (1564-1616)." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "304v16n63-90336605fig2.jpg" "Alto" => 954 "Ancho" => 1041 "Tamanyo" => 183502 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Picture of the balcony of Juliet Capulet in Verona, Italy." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig3" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "304v16n63-90336605fig3.jpg" "Alto" => 1437 "Ancho" => 1050 "Tamanyo" => 239297 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in 1689 by Godfrey Kneller (1643-1723)." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig4" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "304v16n63-90336605fig4.jpg" "Alto" => 845 "Ancho" => 1050 "Tamanyo" => 119353 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The first page of the first edition of Principia, London, 1687." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig5" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "304v16n63-90336605fig5.jpg" "Alto" => 1337 "Ancho" => 1037 "Tamanyo" => 159179 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The astronomer stephen Hawking (1942) and his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig6" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "William shakespeare (1564-1616)." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig7" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Picture of the balcony of Juliet Capulet in Verona, Italy." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig8" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in 1689 by Godfrey Kneller (1643-1723)." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig9" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The first page of the first edition of Principia, London, 1687." ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig10" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The astronomer stephen Hawking (1942) and his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:36 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "http://www.es.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/819494/ jewish/Que-hay-en-un-nombre.htm. 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Article information
ISSN: 16655796Original language: English
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