Health effects due to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the petroleum refining industry

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Clinical case report" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "133" "paginaFinal" => "135" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "304v16n64-90367591fig1.jpg" "Alto" => 608 "Ancho" => 1029 "Tamanyo" => 56858 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Lump in anterior side outside of right thigh." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. A. Gómez-Álvarez, G. E. Muñoz-Maldonado, R. Salinas-Domínguez, M. Mercado-Flores, J. A. Tamez-del Bosque" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "M. A." "apellidos" => "Gómez-Álvarez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "G. E." "apellidos" => "Muñoz-Maldonado" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "R." "apellidos" => "Salinas-Domínguez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "M." "apellidos" => "Mercado-Flores" ] 4 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "J. A." "apellidos" => "Tamez-del Bosque" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X1665579614675919?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/16655796/0000001600000064/v0_201607061456/X1665579614675919/v0_201607061459/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Health effects due to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the petroleum refining industry" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "136" "paginaFinal" => "140" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "M. T. Montaño-Soto, L. Garza-Ocañas" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "M. T." "apellidos" => "Montaño-Soto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "L." "apellidos" => "Garza-Ocañas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Medicine and “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico " "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Introduction Evidence shows an increasing correlation between environmental pollution and health effects on an exposed population.1 By the year 2006 the world Health Organization (wHO) estimated that between 23% and 24% of the world’s morbidity/mortality was attributable to environmental factors, and of the considered conditions the ones associated with air pollution occupied 2nd place.2 Among major air pollutants representing health risks are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which can be found in the gas phase or well-bonded to particulate matter (PM).3 PAHs are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds composed of 2 or more aromatic rings, generated during incomplete combustion of organic matter. During this process molecule and radical fragments are combined, thus creating these substances.3 These compounds are major environmental pollutants because they are considered to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic, hence considered “air quality markers” in terms of the health risks their presence represents.4-10 According to the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), out of the 100 substances of this kind listed, 16 are catalogued as “priority pollutants” (Table 1) based on the following criteria: toxicity, human exposure potential and frequency of occurrence in hazardous waste sites.9-11 <img alt="Table 1 Substances prioritized for their carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. " src="304v16n64-90367592fig1.jpg"></img>PAH presence in the environment PAHs are generally found in the environment as complex combinations, practically in every substrate, their accumulation is the result of emission rates exceeding the capability of natural degradation.12 They can be released into the environment through natural sources such as forest fires and. Volcanic eruptions; however in recent years anthropogenic emissions have been responsible for the increase of these substances in the environment. Among the main sources of anthropogenic origin are: domestic, mobile, agricultural and industrial emissions.9 Despite the fact that the industry in general is considered an important source of PaH emission into the environment, the activities that emit the largest PaH amounts are: primary aluminum production, coke production, waste incineration, fossil-fuel-based power generation, the petrochemical industry, and crude oil refineries.9,10The refining industry as a PAH source Undoubtedly oil refining’s final products are currently one of the most important energy sources for the industry as well as for most people’s everyday life. However, over the past few years, this activity has been strongly connected to the presence of high PaH concentrations in locations close to these types of facilities.12-20 at most of these sites PaH levels have been quantified even above those reported at areas with major. Vehicular traffic. Consequently, different authors have researched the health effects as a result of the exposure to this type of industry, in people exposed occupationally and environmentally. Thus the objective of this study is to conduct a descriptive review of the available literature in which they show the main health effects linked to PAH exposure from the oil refinery industry.Methods Available literature was identified performing a web search. We used PubMed’s database as a source of information, as well as Science Direct, EBSCOhost and Springer, through the General Direction of Libraries of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL, by its Spanish acronym). We used the following terms and combinations as search criteria (and their Spanish equivalents): oil refinery AND polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [MeSH] AND health [MeSH], oil refinery aND health [MeSH], OR health impact assessment [MeSH], oil refinery AND air pollutants [MeSH], OR environmental impact [MeSH], these last 2 combinations were used to examine the environmental PaH presence in areas located close to oil refineries. The search was not limited to newer articles, thus we used all available literature to date.Results We obtained a total of 87 articles, from which we selected 11. The excluded articles were those that did not evaluate sanitary effects of exposure during oil production or those where they evaluated the effects in other organisms (like in Salmonella in the “ames Test”), or by other pollutant sources. The articles where work exposure was evaluated correspond to 3 epidemiological studies developed for the purpose of correlating the increase in cancer incidence and work activity in refineries. They used work records, national survey demographic data, national cancer and epidemiological surveillance records from different countries. Of the studies that evaluated environmental exposure, 4 of them linked exposure and cancer incidence, 2 of them linked the distance to the refineries and cancer incidence, and one linked exposure with effects over gestation time and another one with pulmonary function in children. Table 2 is a list of the main findings in this review.<img alt="Table 2 evaluated health effects." src="304v16n64-90367592fig2.jpg"></img> In 1991, in a study conducted in australia by Christie et al., where they evaluated cancer incidence in the australian oil industry from 1981 to 1989, observed an increase of approximately twice as many cases of cancer than expected in employees of the different oil companies operating in the country, including refineries, production facilities, warehouses and distribution centers. The most common cancer types were lung cancer and pleural cancer, which have been linked to PaH exposure, as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and leukemia, the latter of which has been mainly linked to benzene exposure. Benzene is also an aromatic obtained during oil refinery, however, this has the characteristic of being. Volatile, and this substance as well as PaHs have been strongly connected to cancer development.21 Similar results were presented by Järvholm et al., in Sweden, where a cohort study was conducted, including 4,319 Swedish workers (4,128 men and 191 women) who worked for at least one year in the oil industry. Cancer incidence within these workers was compared to cancer incidence within the general population, and in the results it was reported that refinery operators presented a statistically significant increment in the development of leukemia (6 cases. Vs. 1.7 expected, 90% confidence interval [CI] of relative risk) in comparison to the general population.22 On the other hand, in the year 2000, wong and Raabe conducted a meta-analysis based on a review of 28 cohort studies, which included over 350,000 oil workers in countries like US, United Kingdom (UK), Canada, australia, italy, Sweden and Finland, during an observation period of 60 years (1937-1996). In their results a significant increase in the risks of melanoma in 2 studies in the UK stand out, and prostate cancer in a couple of studies in the US.23 For different authors it is reasonable to consider that if occupational exposure to the oil industry pollutants increases incidence of diseases in workers, then environmental and non-occupational exposure to these pollutants can also cause an increase in the incidence of certain diseases among residents of areas located close to this type of industry.24-28 Under the same hypothesis several papers have been developed where they evaluate the effects in the open population who live in areas close to refineries. The results of some of these studies suggest an important connection between cancer incidence and the proximity to refineries. Since the early 1980’s in the US a study was conducted where they determined cancer incidence in places located close to a refinery along the coast of California. This study showed a growing and statistically significant trend (p<0.05) of cancer in the oral cavity and pharynx, stomach, trachea, bronchi, lung, prostate, kidney and urinary organs, in men, while in women they observed a statistically significant increase in oral cavity and pharynx cancer.24 In Taiwan, they evaluated if lung cancer mortality in women was linked with residence adjacent to an oil refinery. In this country lung cancer is the second cause of cancer mortality in men and the main cause for women. Results showed that women with a higher exposure to the petrochemical industry presented a higher risk of developing lung cancer in comparison to the group who lived in locations with low petrochemical atmospheric pollution.25 On the other hand, Barregard et al. conducted a study in Sweden, where they evaluated leukemia incidence in an area down-wind from a big oil refinery. In their results they observed an increase in leukemia incidence in the population living in sites affected by the winds from the refinery, and that in a 10-year period (1995-2004), the number of cases doubled the expected numbers for this particular disease.26 Just as the reports by Christie (1991) and Järvholm (1997), they considered that leukemia development is linked to benzene exposure, more than to PaH exposure. Contrary to the results reported by Barregard (2009), axelsson et al. (2010) conducted a study in the Stenungsund region in the same country. Said study included cancer records from 1974 to 2005, specifically leukemia, lymphoma, liver cancer, and brain cancer. In their results they did not present significant differences between the total of observed cases and the number of expected cases, for any cancer type, consequently the author concludes that for this area cancer incidence was not affected by industrial emissions from refineries.27 Moreover, as a response to the public and scientific preoccupation of the possible risks involved in living near refineries, wilkinson et al. (1999) conducted a study which included 11 refineries in Great Britain, where they evaluated the incidence of lympho-hematopoietic diseases linked to refinery pollutant exposure. The analysis was performed taking into account the distance between refineries and the place where the individuals included in the study lived, for this purpose they established 8 rings around the refineries’ perimeters with a maximum distance of 7.5 Km. In their results, they observed a decline in the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma as the distance from the refineries increased.28 Zusman et al. Also associated the risks of cancer linked to living in the proximity of an industrial area with the presence of oil refineries and oil and petrochemical storage facilities. Their results are. Very similar to wilkinson’s, because they showed that lung cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence tended to decrease as the distance to storage facilities increased, especially among the elderly.29 Another important health effect on the population living near refineries is the rise in the incidence of premature births. Regarding this issue, in Taiwan they evaluated its incidence in infants born within 3 towns located 3 Km from oil refineries. The amount of considered births was 7,095 (cases) and 57,483 (controls), results showed an adjusted odds ratio of 1.14 (95% CI) for premature births when they compared refinery areas and control zones, these results provide evidence of the link between living in areas with atmospheric pollution caused by oil refineries and premature birth risk.30 Furthermore, in argentina they evaluated the impact on respiratory health in children, under the hypothesis that children who live near refineries and petrochemical plants would have more serious health consequences, compared to those children who live in areas outside this source. In this study, they considered 181 children from 4 different areas (industrial, urban and 2 control sites). In order to evaluate their pulmonary function a spirometry was performed on every child as well as a survey. Results showed that children who lived in the industrial region showed a significant increment in adverse side effects in respiratory health, presenting a higher asthma prevalence (p<0.001), more asthma exacerbations (p<0.001), and more respiratory symptoms (p<0.001), as well as diminished respiratory function.31 Conclusions without a doubt, air pollution because of industrial emissions has become a matter of concern more and more due to its harmful effect on the health of the population. Different researches show that the industry’s growth in urban areas is frequently connected to high levels of atmospheric pollutants, at the same time these levels are connected to the rise and exacerbation of different diseases.32 Nevertheless, there is no evidence of the health impact of all environmental pollutants. While PaHs are considered to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic, and thus we could consider them responsible for the health impact caused by exposure to refinery emissions, according to the reviewed literature we can conclude that PaHs are not the only ones participating in this process. In some cases, the effect is on bone marrow cells. Leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma, are more connected to exposure to compounds such as benzene, while lung, airways, urinary tract and skin cancer, have been related more to PaH exposure. Thus, we are not overlooking the fact that atmospheric pollution corresponds to a complex mixture of different toxic substances and from different sources that can hardly be identified. Therefore, we suggest the development of environmental evaluations that allow us to identify organic compounds like PaH in different substrates, developed simultaneously with studies of the health impact in exposed populations in order to establish more direct connections with the health effects in humans and the emission source of these compounds.Conflicts of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.Funding No financial support was provided.<hr></hr> Received: January 2014; accepted: May 2014 * Corresponding author: Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Medicine and “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital. 235 Gonzalitos Street, Mitras Centro, Z.P. 64460, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. Telephone: (+52 81) 8329 4201. E-mail address: <a href="mailto:logarza@live.com.mx" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">logarza@live.com.mx</a> (L. Garza-Ocañas)." "pdfFichero" => "304v16n64a90367592pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec686898" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" 1 => "Health" 2 => "Health impact assessment" 3 => "Petroleum" 4 => "Oil refinery" 5 => "Air pollutants3 environmental; Mexico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => " Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PaH) are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds composed of 2 or more aromatic rings, generated during incomplete combustion of organic matter. These compounds have been considered as major air pollutants, and also, there is evidence of potential mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in some of them. One of the most important sources of these compounds is industry, and particularly, in processes such as aluminium or coke production, waste incineration and petrochemical and oil refining. This last process is the subject of this article, whose aim is to review the health effects in persons potentially exposed to PAH generated during petroleum refining. Methods: a descriptive review of the available literature was performed, in which PubMed was used as an information source. The following search descriptors were used: refinery, PaH, health, health impact assessment, air pollutants and environmental, as well as their translations in Spanish. Results: eleven articles were included, and most of them correspond to epidemiological studies in which a high incidence of cancer is reported. Conclusions: The reviewed studies concur that there is a significant relationship between the presence of oil refineries and the increase of adverse health effects of workers and people living in areas that are close to these industries, particularly, respiratory diseases and cancer. However, it is important to develop studies that simultaneously evaluate the effects on human health and the concentration of these substances in the environment, in order to establish a more direct relationship between the 2. 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M. T.. Montaño-Sotoa, L.. Garza-Ocañasa

a Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Medicine and Dr. José Eleuterio González University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico

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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Introduction </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Evidence shows an increasing correlation between environmental pollution and health effects on an exposed population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> By the year 2006 the world Health Organization &#40;wHO&#41; estimated that between 23&#37; and 24&#37; of the world&#8217;s morbidity&#47;mortality was attributable to environmental factors&#44; and of the considered conditions the ones associated with air pollution occupied 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span> place&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Among major air pollutants representing health risks are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons &#40;PAH&#41;&#44; which can be found in the gas phase or well-bonded to particulate matter &#40;PM&#41;&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3 </span>PAHs are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds composed of 2 or more aromatic rings&#44; generated during incomplete combustion of organic matter&#46; During this process molecule and radical fragments are combined&#44; thus creating these substances&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> These compounds are major environmental pollutants because they are considered to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic&#44; hence considered &#8220;air quality markers&#8221; in terms of the health risks their presence represents&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4-10</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> According to the United States &#40;US&#41; Environmental Protection Agency &#40;EPA&#41;&#44; out of the 100 substances of this kind listed&#44; 16 are catalogued as &#8220;priority pollutants&#8221; &#40;Table 1&#41; based on the following criteria&#58; toxicity&#44; human exposure potential and frequency of occurrence in hazardous waste sites&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9-11 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 1 Substances prioritized for their carcinogenic and mutagenic potential&#46; " src="304v16n64-90367592fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">PAH presence in the environment </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> PAHs are generally found in the environment as complex combinations&#44; practically in every substrate&#44; their accumulation is the result of emission rates exceeding the capability of natural degradation&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> They can be released into the environment through natural sources such as forest fires and&#46; Volcanic eruptions&#59; however in recent years anthropogenic emissions have been responsible for the increase of these substances in the environment&#46; Among the main sources of anthropogenic origin are&#58; domestic&#44; mobile&#44; agricultural and industrial emissions&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Despite the fact that the industry in general is considered an important source of PaH emission into the environment&#44; the activities that emit the largest PaH amounts are&#58; primary aluminum production&#44; coke production&#44; waste incineration&#44; fossil-fuel-based power generation&#44; the petrochemical industry&#44; and crude oil refineries&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">The refining industry as a PAH source </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Undoubtedly oil refining&#8217;s final products are currently one of the most important energy sources for the industry as well as for most people&#8217;s everyday life&#46; However&#44; over the past few years&#44; this activity has been strongly connected to the presence of high PaH concentrations in locations close to these types of facilities&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12-20</span> at most of these sites PaH levels have been quantified even above those reported at areas with major&#46; Vehicular traffic&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Consequently&#44; different authors have researched the health effects as a result of the exposure to this type of industry&#44; in people exposed occupationally and environmentally&#46; Thus the objective of this study is to conduct a descriptive review of the available literature in which they show the main health effects linked to PAH exposure from the oil refinery industry&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Methods </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Available literature was identified performing a web search&#46; We used PubMed&#8217;s database as a source of information&#44; as well as Science Direct&#44; EBSCOhost and Springer&#44; through the General Direction of Libraries of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Le&#243;n </span>&#40;UANL&#44; by its Spanish acronym&#41;&#46; We used the following terms and combinations as search criteria &#40;and their Spanish equivalents&#41;&#58; oil refinery AND polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons &#91;MeSH&#93; AND health &#91;MeSH&#93;&#44; oil refinery aND health &#91;MeSH&#93;&#44; OR health impact assessment &#91;MeSH&#93;&#44; oil refinery AND air pollutants &#91;MeSH&#93;&#44; OR environmental impact &#91;MeSH&#93;&#44; these last 2 combinations were used to examine the environmental PaH presence in areas located close to oil refineries&#46; The search was not limited to newer articles&#44; thus we used all available literature to date&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Results </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> We obtained a total of 87 articles&#44; from which we selected 11&#46; The excluded articles were those that did not evaluate sanitary effects of exposure during oil production or those where they evaluated the effects in other organisms &#40;like in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella</span> in the &#8220;ames Test&#8221;&#41;&#44; or by other pollutant sources&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The articles where work exposure was evaluated correspond to 3 epidemiological studies developed for the purpose of correlating the increase in cancer incidence and work activity in refineries&#46; They used work records&#44; national survey demographic data&#44; national cancer and epidemiological surveillance records from different countries&#46; Of the studies that evaluated environmental exposure&#44; 4 of them linked exposure and cancer incidence&#44; 2 of them linked the distance to the refineries and cancer incidence&#44; and one linked exposure with effects over gestation time and another one with pulmonary function in children&#46; Table 2 is a list of the main findings in this review&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 2 evaluated health effects&#46;" src="304v16n64-90367592fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In 1991&#44; in a study conducted in australia by Christie et al&#46;&#44; where they evaluated cancer incidence in the australian oil industry from 1981 to 1989&#44; observed an increase of approximately twice as many cases of cancer than expected in employees of the different oil companies operating in the country&#44; including refineries&#44; production facilities&#44; warehouses and distribution centers&#46; The most common cancer types were lung cancer and pleural cancer&#44; which have been linked to PaH exposure&#44; as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma&#44; multiple myeloma and leukemia&#44; the latter of which has been mainly linked to benzene exposure&#46; Benzene is also an aromatic obtained during oil refinery&#44; however&#44; this has the characteristic of being&#46; Volatile&#44; and this substance as well as PaHs have been strongly connected to cancer development&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Similar results were presented by J&#228;rvholm et al&#46;&#44; in Sweden&#44; where a cohort study was conducted&#44; including 4&#44;319 Swedish workers &#40;4&#44;128 men and 191 women&#41; who worked for at least one year in the oil industry&#46; Cancer incidence within these workers was compared to cancer incidence within the general population&#44; and in the results it was reported that refinery operators presented a statistically significant increment in the development of leukemia &#40;6 cases&#46; Vs&#46; 1&#46;7 expected&#44; 90&#37; confidence interval &#91;CI&#93; of relative risk&#41; in comparison to the general population&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> On the other hand&#44; in the year 2000&#44; wong and Raabe conducted a meta-analysis based on a review of 28 cohort studies&#44; which included over 350&#44;000 oil workers in countries like US&#44; United Kingdom &#40;UK&#41;&#44; Canada&#44; australia&#44; italy&#44; Sweden and Finland&#44; during an observation period of 60 years &#40;1937-1996&#41;&#46; In their results a significant increase in the risks of melanoma in 2 studies in the UK stand out&#44; and prostate cancer in a couple of studies in the US&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> For different authors it is reasonable to consider that if occupational exposure to the oil industry pollutants increases incidence of diseases in workers&#44; then environmental and non-occupational exposure to these pollutants can also cause an increase in the incidence of certain diseases among residents of areas located close to this type of industry&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24-28 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Under the same hypothesis several papers have been developed where they evaluate the effects in the open population who live in areas close to refineries&#46; The results of some of these studies suggest an important connection between cancer incidence and the proximity to refineries&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Since the early 1980&#8217;s in the US a study was conducted where they determined cancer incidence in places located close to a refinery along the coast of California&#46; This study showed a growing and statistically significant trend &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41; of cancer in the oral cavity and pharynx&#44; stomach&#44; trachea&#44; bronchi&#44; lung&#44; prostate&#44; kidney and urinary organs&#44; in men&#44; while in women they observed a statistically significant increase in oral cavity and pharynx cancer&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In Taiwan&#44; they evaluated if lung cancer mortality in women was linked with residence adjacent to an oil refinery&#46; In this country lung cancer is the second cause of cancer mortality in men and the main cause for women&#46; Results showed that women with a higher exposure to the petrochemical industry presented a higher risk of developing lung cancer in comparison to the group who lived in locations with low petrochemical atmospheric pollution&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> On the other hand&#44; Barregard et al&#46; conducted a study in Sweden&#44; where they evaluated leukemia incidence in an area down-wind from a big oil refinery&#46; In their results they observed an increase in leukemia incidence in the population living in sites affected by the winds from the refinery&#44; and that in a 10-year period &#40;1995-2004&#41;&#44; the number of cases doubled the expected numbers for this particular disease&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> Just as the reports by Christie &#40;1991&#41; and J&#228;rvholm &#40;1997&#41;&#44; they considered that leukemia development is linked to benzene exposure&#44; more than to PaH exposure&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Contrary to the results reported by Barregard &#40;2009&#41;&#44; axelsson et al&#46; &#40;2010&#41; conducted a study in the Stenungsund region in the same country&#46; Said study included cancer records from 1974 to 2005&#44; specifically leukemia&#44; lymphoma&#44; liver cancer&#44; and brain cancer&#46; In their results they did not present significant differences between the total of observed cases and the number of expected cases&#44; for any cancer type&#44; consequently the author concludes that for this area cancer incidence was not affected by industrial emissions from refineries&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Moreover&#44; as a response to the public and scientific preoccupation of the possible risks involved in living near refineries&#44; wilkinson et al&#46; &#40;1999&#41; conducted a study which included 11 refineries in Great Britain&#44; where they evaluated the incidence of lympho-hematopoietic diseases linked to refinery pollutant exposure&#46; The analysis was performed taking into account the distance between refineries and the place where the individuals included in the study lived&#44; for this purpose they established 8 rings around the refineries&#8217; perimeters with a maximum distance of 7&#46;5 Km&#46; In their results&#44; they observed a decline in the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma as the distance from the refineries increased&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Zusman et al&#46; Also associated the risks of cancer linked to living in the proximity of an industrial area with the presence of oil refineries and oil and petrochemical storage facilities&#46; Their results are&#46; Very similar to wilkinson&#8217;s&#44; because they showed that lung cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence tended to decrease as the distance to storage facilities increased&#44; especially among the elderly&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Another important health effect on the population living near refineries is the rise in the incidence of premature births&#46; Regarding this issue&#44; in Taiwan they evaluated its incidence in infants born within 3 towns located 3 Km from oil refineries&#46; The amount of considered births was 7&#44;095 &#40;cases&#41; and 57&#44;483 &#40;controls&#41;&#44; results showed an adjusted odds ratio of 1&#46;14 &#40;95&#37; CI&#41; for premature births when they compared refinery areas and control zones&#44; these results provide evidence of the link between living in areas with atmospheric pollution caused by oil refineries and premature birth risk&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Furthermore&#44; in argentina they evaluated the impact on respiratory health in children&#44; under the hypothesis that children who live near refineries and petrochemical plants would have more serious health consequences&#44; compared to those children who live in areas outside this source&#46; In this study&#44; they considered 181 children from 4 different areas &#40;industrial&#44; urban and 2 control sites&#41;&#46; In order to evaluate their pulmonary function a spirometry was performed on every child as well as a survey&#46; Results showed that children who lived in the industrial region showed a significant increment in adverse side effects in respiratory health&#44; presenting a higher asthma prevalence &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; more asthma exacerbations &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and more respiratory symptoms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; as well as diminished respiratory function&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conclusions </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> without a doubt&#44; air pollution because of industrial emissions has become a matter of concern more and more due to its harmful effect on the health of the population&#46; Different researches show that the industry&#8217;s growth in urban areas is frequently connected to high levels of atmospheric pollutants&#44; at the same time these levels are connected to the rise and exacerbation of different diseases&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Nevertheless&#44; there is no evidence of the health impact of all environmental pollutants&#46; While PaHs are considered to be potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic&#44; and thus we could consider them responsible for the health impact caused by exposure to refinery emissions&#44; according to the reviewed literature we can conclude that PaHs are not the only ones participating in this process&#46; In some cases&#44; the effect is on bone marrow cells&#46; Leukemia&#44; non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma&#44; are more connected to exposure to compounds such as benzene&#44; while lung&#44; airways&#44; urinary tract and skin cancer&#44; have been related more to PaH exposure&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Thus&#44; we are not overlooking the fact that atmospheric pollution corresponds to a complex mixture of different toxic substances and from different sources that can hardly be identified&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Therefore&#44; we suggest the development of environmental evaluations that allow us to identify organic compounds like PaH in different substrates&#44; developed simultaneously with studies of the health impact in exposed populations in order to establish more direct connections with the health effects in humans and the emission source of these compounds&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflicts of interest </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Funding </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> No financial support was provided&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Received&#58; January 2014&#59; <br></br> accepted&#58; May 2014</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> &#42; Corresponding author&#58; <br></br> Pharmacology and Toxicology Department&#44; <br></br> School of Medicine and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#8220;Dr&#46; Jos&#233; Eleuterio Gonz&#225;lez&#8221;</span> University Hospital&#46; <br></br> 235 Gonzalitos Street&#44; Mitras Centro&#44; <br></br> Z&#46;P&#46; 64460&#44; Monterrey&#44; N&#46;L&#46;&#44; Mexico&#46; <br></br> Telephone&#58; &#40;&#43;52 81&#41; 8329 4201&#46; <br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E-mail address</span>&#58; <a href="mailto&#58;logarza&#64;live&#46;com&#46;mx" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">logarza&#64;live&#46;com&#46;mx</a> &#40;L&#46; Garza-Oca&#241;as&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Introduction</span>&#58; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons &#40;PaH&#41; are a group of semi-volatile organic compounds composed of 2 or more aromatic rings&#44; generated during incomplete combustion of organic matter&#46; These compounds have been considered as major air pollutants&#44; and also&#44; there is evidence of potential mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in some of them&#46; One of the most important sources of these compounds is industry&#44; and particularly&#44; in processes such as aluminium or coke production&#44; waste incineration and petrochemical and oil refining&#46; This last process is the subject of this article&#44; whose aim is to review the health effects in persons potentially exposed to PAH generated during petroleum refining&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Methods</span>&#58; a descriptive review of the available literature was performed&#44; in which PubMed was used as an information source&#46; The following search descriptors were used&#58; refinery&#44; PaH&#44; health&#44; health impact assessment&#44; air pollutants and environmental&#44; as well as their translations in Spanish&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Results</span>&#58; eleven articles were included&#44; and most of them correspond to epidemiological studies in which a high incidence of cancer is reported&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conclusions</span>&#58; The reviewed studies concur that there is a significant relationship between the presence of oil refineries and the increase of adverse health effects of workers and people living in areas that are close to these industries&#44; particularly&#44; respiratory diseases and cancer&#46; However&#44; it is important to develop studies that simultaneously evaluate the effects on human health and the concentration of these substances in the environment&#44; in order to establish a more direct relationship between the 2&#46; Variables&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 16655796
Original language: English

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	27	2	29
2024 October	70	11	81
2024 September	123	16	139
2024 August	95	8	103
2024 July	103	26	129
2024 June	111	10	121
2024 May	132	12	144
2024 April	156	20	176
2024 March	232	17	249
2024 February	106	8	114
2024 January	133	13	146
2023 December	159	30	189
2023 November	195	21	216
2023 October	175	34	209
2023 September	144	15	159
2023 August	87	16	103
2023 July	135	16	151
2023 June	144	20	164
2023 May	148	20	168
2023 April	152	18	170
2023 March	151	12	163
2023 February	97	11	108
2023 January	101	16	117
2022 December	110	15	125
2022 November	130	13	143
2022 October	101	8	109
2022 September	98	11	109
2022 August	141	21	162
2022 July	97	15	112
2022 June	95	12	107
2022 May	138	25	163
2022 April	117	19	136
2022 March	163	15	178
2022 February	130	18	148
2022 January	150	15	165
2021 December	151	16	167
2021 November	232	26	258
2021 October	202	26	228
2021 September	175	39	214
2021 August	173	23	196
2021 July	155	28	183
2021 June	199	30	229
2021 May	229	24	253
2021 April	410	55	465
2021 March	224	35	259
2021 February	174	31	205
2021 January	198	26	224
2020 December	226	16	242
2020 November	178	18	196
2020 October	154	18	172
2020 September	151	25	176
2020 August	122	48	170
2020 July	105	34	139
2020 June	127	26	153
2020 May	131	42	173
2020 April	153	19	172
2020 March	186	33	219
2020 February	204	16	220
2020 January	169	21	190
2019 December	121	35	156
2019 November	176	17	193
2019 October	115	18	133
2019 September	120	50	170
2019 August	111	20	131
2019 July	83	19	102
2019 June	120	20	140
2019 May	252	59	311
2019 April	169	21	190
2019 March	102	23	125
2019 February	87	15	102
2019 January	53	10	63
2018 December	74	7	81
2018 November	43	12	55
2018 October	46	6	52
2018 September	36	8	44
2018 August	31	2	33
2018 July	23	1	24
2018 June	25	1	26
2018 May	19	9	28
2018 April	25	1	26
2018 March	19	0	19
2018 February	11	1	12
2018 January	14	2	16
2017 December	10	0	10
2017 November	13	11	24
2017 October	13	3	16
2017 September	8	8	16
2017 August	10	11	21
2017 July	13	14	27
2017 June	22	15	37
2017 May	36	6	42
2017 April	13	16	29
2017 March	17	33	50
2017 February	17	3	20
2017 January	10	1	11
2016 December	17	1	18
2016 November	22	2	24
2016 October	21	4	25
2016 September	11	1	12
2016 August	14	1	15
2016 July	11	2	13
2016 June	40	14	54
2016 May	33	17	50
2016 April	41	22	63
2016 March	48	15	63
2016 February	35	25	60
2016 January	33	24	57
2015 December	31	10	41
2015 November	31	14	45
2015 October	37	18	55
2015 September	22	12	34
2015 August	26	31	57
2015 July	26	22	48
2015 June	27	29	56
2015 May	33	20	53
2015 April	45	23	68
2015 March	43	15	58
2015 February	49	9	58
2015 January	19	5	24
2014 December	27	8	35

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