Spanish normative studies in a young adult population (NEURONORMA young adults project): Norms for the Boston Naming Test and the Token Test

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"apellidos" => "Peña-Casanova" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jpcasanova@hospitaldelmar.cat" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Neurología de la Conducta y Demencias, Programa de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Hospital del Mar (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Neurología de la Conducta y Demencias, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (Proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para el Boston Naming Test y el Token Test" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe primary objective of the NEURONORMA project (NN) is to collect normative data from the Spanish population using neuropsychological tests frequently employed in assessing cognitive capacities. Normative data have recently been published for subjects older than 50.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> As an extension of the NN project, the same test battery is currently being normalised in subjects aged 18 to 49 (NEURONORMA young adults project, NNy). The current article presents normative data from two language tests, the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and the Token Test (TT).Both tests are frequently used in research and clinical practice since they are easy to administer and highly sensitive for detecting language difficulties in a number of different pathologies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> Due to their characteristics, both tests may be useful in assessing other cognitive areas such as the integrity of semantic memory (for BNT) or working memory (for TT).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–6</a>The BNT provides information about subjects’ ability to name objects depicted in black and white drawings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> Kaplan, Goodglass, and Weintraub developed the first experimental version of the BNT with 85 test items. In the standard version, the number of items was reduced to 60.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> The second edition currently allows subjects to select answers from multiple choice arrays and lets administrators classify the different types of errors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> Several short versions have been developed in order to reduce test administration time (for an exhaustive review see Kent and Luszcz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a>).Performance on the BNT has frequently been linked to sociodemographic factors, such as age, education, intelligence quotient and sex. Several studies state that older subjects present poorer results and that the standard deviation also increases with the age of the group as scores become more dispersed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">7,10–13</a> However, other authors have not found any significant relationship between age and performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070">14–17</a>The influence of education on performance is also controversial. Although there are numerous studies showing influence by this variable,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">17–26</a> other studies do not describe any education effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13,15,16,27–29</a>Most studies find no significant differences in performance between men and women,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">10–13,22,30</a> but other studies describe a slight advantage for the male population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055">11,17,23,24</a> A study carried out by Randolph et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> suggests that these results are due to a high number of test items on the BNT being male-biased. Other studies detect no influence of sex on performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">9,13–16,20,22,23,25,28–30</a>Numerous studies provide normative data from the BNT in different languages (for a review, see Strauss et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> Lezak et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">31</a> and Mitrushina et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">32</a>). For young adult populations, normative data are available from the 60-item versions in English<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035">7,15–17</a> and in Spanish.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">33,34</a> A Spanish version of the second edition of the BNT has also been published, and includes normative data for both younger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">35</a> and older Spanish adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180">36,37</a> Some abbreviated versions in Spanish provide normative data for elderly subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">38,39</a>The TT is a comprehension test in which the subject must follow verbal directions involving multi-shaped and coloured cards; task complexity increases as the test progresses. Ever since it was first published, the TT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">40</a> has played an important role in neuropsychological examination. Its main purpose is to assess verbal comprehension, including short-term memory for verbal sequences and the ability to understand syntax.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> There are several versions and modifications of the test, including abbreviated versions (for an exhaustive review see McNeil and Prescott<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">41</a>). Non-aphasic persons with at least 4 years of schooling have no difficulty completing the TT, and usually make few or no errors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">31</a> Studies report a good level of correlation between the TT and other tests of comprehension<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">42</a> and verbal production.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">43</a> The TT can be administered to both adults and children.There are several studies about the influence of sociodemographic factors on TT performance. Some authors have found a slight age effect on scores.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">22,37,44</a> Children's scores have been found to reach adult levels beginning at age 11, which reflects normal development.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">45</a> In adults, Emery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">46</a> compared the performance of a group of subjects aged 75 to 93 and that of a group of subjects aged 30 to 42. Performance was lower in the first group. The ability to complete the task properly is highly conditioned by the subject's years of education.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">34,37,44</a> In elderly adults, it has been observed that years of education have a more pronounced effect than age on subjects’ scores.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">37</a> Earlier results indicate that sex has no significant effect on performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">37,47</a>The main objective of this study was to obtain reference data reflecting the performance of Spanish young adults on the BNT and the TT, and adjust scores by sociodemographic variables if necessary.Material and methodsSubjectsRecruitment methods and sample characteristics have already been described in the project's methodology article. To summarise, we recruited 179 white subjects who had been educated in Spain, regardless of their first language (for bilingual subjects). The sample was stratified by age and educational level. All subjects were unaffected by cognitive impairment; their scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">48,49</a> were ≥24 and their scores on the Memory Impairment Screen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">50,51</a> were ≥4.Neuropsychological testsWe employed the neuropsychological protocol selected for use within the framework of the NN project.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> Tests were administered according to the standard procedures described in their manuals.Boston Naming TestWe used the second edition of the BNT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> The test material consisted of 60 drawings representing objects whose names had varying degrees of frequency and familiarity. Item number 19, ‘pretzel’, was replaced with another food term, ‘magdalena’, since people in our area were unlikely to be familiar with the first item. Picture cards were shown one by one to the subjects, who were then asked to name the object shown. We offered clues to subjects who were unable to answer after 20s, or who provided an incorrect answer. If the error was caused by difficulty recognising the object, subjects were given a semantic clue. If they were able to identify the object, but incapable of recalling the correct word, they were given a phonological clue. If they were still unable to answer after having received the clues, subjects had the option of choosing the target word from a multiple choice list at the end of the test. The maximum score, calculated as the sum of all cards for which a correct answer was given, either spontaneously or after hearing a semantic clue, was 60 points.Token TestIn this project, we used the abbreviated version of the test,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">44</a> which comprises 36 test items presented in 6 parts. We used 20 plastic cards in 5 different colours (yellow, green, red, black, and white), 2 sizes (large and small) and 2 shapes (square and round). Subjects were asked to carry out a series increasingly complex actions in response to the verbal directions provided by the researcher. The test included 6 parts with a total of 36 commands. On the first 5 parts of the test, if the subject responded incorrectly or did not respond within 5s, the command was repeated. Subjects who completed the task on the second attempt received half a point instead of 1 point. The highest possible score on the test was 36 points.Statistical analysisA standardised statistical analysis was carried out for all the neuropsychological tests included in the project. A brief summary of the procedure is as follows: (a) raw scores were converted to scaled scores (SSs). To do so, we generated an array of cumulative frequencies of raw scores and created 16 percentile ranges. Each of these ranges corresponds to a scaled score between 2 and 18. Raw scores were converted to SS according to their position within the distribution. This transformation of raw scores to scaled scores produced a normal distribution (mean=10, standard deviation=3) to which linear regressions could be applied. (b) SS correlation coefficients (r) and coefficients of determination (R2) were determined for age, years of education, and sex for each of the tests. (c) The regression coefficient (β) from this analysis was used as the basis for adjusting for sociodemographic factors. The SS was adjusted for age, education, and sex according to the following formula: SSA&E&S=SS−(β1×[age−35]+β2×[education−13]+β3×sex). The resulting value was truncated to the next lower integer. We adjusted for only those sociodemographic variables accounting for more than 5% of the variance and presenting a significant regression coefficient. For more detailed information about methodology, see the project's methodology article.Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> displays the array of frequencies of raw scores for the entire group aged 18 to 49, with the corresponding scaled scores and percentile ranks. In the table, we use the patient's raw score to find the associated scaled score. The percentile range corresponding to each scaled score provides an assessment of the subject's performance with respect to the reference population. Nevertheless, this scaled score should be adjusted for sociodemographic factors by using the tables provided.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> displays correlation coefficients (r) and coefficients of determination (R2) of cognitive variables with age, education, and sex. We found a significant education effect on both tests. This variable accounted for 10.9% of the TT variance and 8.9% of the BNT variance. The effects of age and sex on the TT and BNT scores were minimal (<5%), so we did not adjust for those variables.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Adjustments for education were applied by using the regression coefficient obtained from the multiple regression analysis. We have provided a table (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) with the points that should be added to or subtracted from the SS depending on the subject's level of education in order to calculate SSA&E&S.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe main objectives of this study were to collect normative data from 2 language tests administered to Spanish young adults and analyse the influence of these sociodemographic variables on performance. These variables were adjusted when necessary. This study is part of the NEURONORMA young adults project, a normalisation project for cognitive tests in subjects younger than 50.Boston Naming TestAccording to data from this study, the effect of age on the subjects’ performance on the BNT is very small. Therefore, scores do not need to be adjusted by age in young adults. These results coincide with those from a previous study of an all-male sample with a similar size and age range.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> However, they do not coincide with the results found by Kaplan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> in the sample used to normalise the original test. There are also discrepancies with other studies that include subjects with a wider age range. By including elderly subjects, these studies have shown a clear age effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">10–13</a> Some authors state that the influence of age may be significant beginning at 60 years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">52</a> or as late as 80 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> Our data reveal a moderate education effect on performance on the BNT. These findings coincide with those from several earlier studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">17–26</a> including studies conducted with Spanish speakers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">33</a> The effect of sex on the performance of the tasks was minimal. This fact coincides with other earlier studies that did not find a relationship between naming ability and sex.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050">10–13,22,30</a>In general, the results observed in our study resembled those from other studies with similar samples of young adults in which an education effect was found, but age and sex effects were not.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">34,35</a>Compared to the NN project study carried out in subjects older than 50,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">37</a> the results of the current study show differences in the effect of age on performance, probably due to the effect of ageing on visual confrontation naming. The data from both normative studies support the hypothesis that naming ability starts to decline in subjects older than 50. Results for age and sex coincide with the findings in older adults. The relationship between these variables and the BNT therefore remains stable over time.Token TestThe results from the current study showed a significant education effect on TT scores, as do other prior studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">33,43</a> We did not find an age effect on performance, probably because the task's ceiling effect occurs during adolescence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">45</a> We also found no relationship between performance and sex, which concurs with previous studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">47</a>As we observed for the BNT scores, educational level had a greater effect than age on TT scores. The pattern of the age and sex effects is similar in both tests, which was also true for the normative study in subjects older than 50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">37</a>; in that study, we found that age but not sex affected performance.ConclusionsThe current study provides normative data that will be useful for evaluating language disorders in young adults. We include scaled score conversion tables and education adjustment tables, as the latter is the only sociodemographic variable with a significant influence on performance. We should highlight that prior to this study, no normative data were available for the TT from this age sector of the Spanish population. Our study therefore provides the objective reference data needed to evaluate language in pathologies that are prevalent in young adults, such as cranial trauma or epilepsy. Since these data form part of a larger normalisation study, they permit us to compare performances between tests measuring different cognitive areas. As a result, we can create a complete profile that aids in describing and diagnosing subjects.The limitations of the complete normalisation project are described in the project's methodology article. Regarding the specific limitations of this study, we should mention the distribution of the variables, especially in the TT; their behaviour is polarised due to the relative simplicity of the items. This creates a ceiling effect for the scores from healthy subjects. In spite of these limitations, we used homogeneous statistical treatment during the entire project to facilitate comparisons between performances on different tests in the NN battery.The normative data from the language tests presented in this article may be extremely useful for examining young Spanish patients with language disorders.Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres170007" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction" 2 => "Objective" 3 => "Material and methods" 4 => "Results" 5 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec158082" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres170008" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Introducción" 2 => "Objetivo" 3 => "Material y métodos" 4 => "Resultados" 5 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec158081" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Neuropsychological tests" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Boston Naming Test" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Token Test" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Boston Naming Test" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Token Test" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-12-17" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec158082" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Age" 1 => "Comprehension" 2 => "Educational status" 3 => "Language tests" 4 => "Naming" 5 => "Normative data" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec158081" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Comprensión" 1 => "Datos normativos" 2 => "Denominación" 3 => "Edad" 4 => "Escolaridad" 5 => "Test de lenguaje" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionThe Boston Naming Test (BNT) and the Token Test (TT) are frequently used in clinical practice to assess naming and comprehension. ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to present normative data for the BNT and for the TT as part of the NEURONORMA young adults project. Material and methodsA total of 179 Spanish healthy subjects from 18 to 49 years old were evaluated. Tables to convert raw scores to scaled scores are provided. Age- and education- adjusted scores are obtained by applying linear regressions. ResultsThe results show an effect of education in both tests, and a minimal effect of age and sex. ConclusionsThe normative data obtained will be useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónEl Boston Naming Test (BNT) y el Token Test (TT) son pruebas ampliamente utilizadas en la práctica clínica para explorar la denominación y la comprensión. ObjetivoEn este artículo se presentan los datos normativos del BNT y el TT obtenidos en el proyecto normativo español NEURONORMA jóvenes. Material y métodosLa muestra está formada por 179 sujetos sanos de entre 18 y 49 años de edad. Se aportan tablas para convertir las puntuaciones brutas en escalares y tablas con los ajustes pertinentes por edad y escolaridad obtenidas a partir de regresiones lineales. ResultadosLos resultados obtenidos muestran influencia de la escolaridad en ambos tests, pero un mínimo efecto de la edad y del género. ConclusionesLas normas obtenidas aportan datos de gran utilidad clínica para la evaluación de población adulta joven española." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Aranciva F, et al. Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (Proyecto NEURO-NORMA jóvenes): normas para el Boston Naming Test y el Token Test. Neurología. 2012;27:394–400." ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "BNT: Boston Naming Test; SSs: scaled scores; TT: Token Test." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NSS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentile ranges \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">BNT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40–42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3–5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43–44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6–10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45–46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11–18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47–49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19–28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29–40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51–52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41–59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53–54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60–71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72–81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82–89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">90–94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95–97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59–60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of subjects \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab264963.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Scaled and percentile scores of the BNT and the TT." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "BNT: Boston Naming Test; TT: Token Test." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age (years)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Education (years)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">r \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BNT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.179<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.032 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.278<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.089<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.162<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.026 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.088 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.008 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.329<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.109<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">c</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.098 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.010 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab264961.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Correlation significant at 0.05 level (bilateral)." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "Correlation significant at 0.01 level (bilateral)." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "R2 greater than 0.05." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlation coefficients (r) and coefficients of determination (R2) of the scaled scores by age, education, and sex." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "BNT: Boston Naming Test; TT: Token Test." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="13" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Education (years)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BNT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">+1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n 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Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (Proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para el Boston Naming Test y el Token Test

F. Arancivaa, M. Casals-Colla, G. Sánchez-Benavidesa, M. Quintanaa, R.M. Manerob, T. Rognonia, L. Calvoa, R. Palomoa, F. Tamayoa, J. Peña-Casanovab,

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jpcasanova@hospitaldelmar.cat

Corresponding author.

a Grupo de Neurología de la Conducta y Demencias, Programa de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Hospital del Mar (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain

b Sección de Neurología de la Conducta y Demencias, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain

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        "titulo" => "Estudios normativos espa&#241;oles en poblaci&#243;n adulta joven &#40;Proyecto NEURONORMA j&#243;venes&#41;&#58; normas para el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Boston Naming Test</span> y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Token Test</span>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary objective of the NEURONORMA project &#40;NN&#41; is to collect normative data from the Spanish population using neuropsychological tests frequently employed in assessing cognitive capacities&#46; Normative data have recently been published for subjects older than 50&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> As an extension of the NN project&#44; the same test battery is currently being normalised in subjects aged 18 to 49 &#40;NEURONORMA young adults project&#44; NNy&#41;&#46; The current article presents normative data from two language tests&#44; the Boston Naming Test &#40;BNT&#41; and the Token Test &#40;TT&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both tests are frequently used in research and clinical practice since they are easy to administer and highly sensitive for detecting language difficulties in a number of different pathologies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Due to their characteristics&#44; both tests may be useful in assessing other cognitive areas such as the integrity of semantic memory &#40;for BNT&#41; or working memory &#40;for TT&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The BNT provides information about subjects&#8217; ability to name objects depicted in black and white drawings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Kaplan&#44; Goodglass&#44; and Weintraub developed the first experimental version of the BNT with 85 test items&#46; In the standard version&#44; the number of items was reduced to 60&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The second edition currently allows subjects to select answers from multiple choice arrays and lets administrators classify the different types of errors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Several short versions have been developed in order to reduce test administration time &#40;for an exhaustive review see Kent and Luszcz<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Performance on the BNT has frequently been linked to sociodemographic factors&#44; such as age&#44; education&#44; intelligence quotient and sex&#46; Several studies state that older subjects present poorer results and that the standard deviation also increases with the age of the group as scores become more dispersed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10&#8211;13</span></a> However&#44; other authors have not found any significant relationship between age and performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The influence of education on performance is also controversial&#46; Although there are numerous studies showing influence by this variable&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;26</span></a> other studies do not describe any education effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;15&#44;16&#44;27&#8211;29</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most studies find no significant differences in performance between men and women&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;13&#44;22&#44;30</span></a> but other studies describe a slight advantage for the male population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;17&#44;23&#44;24</span></a> A study carried out by Randolph et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> suggests that these results are due to a high number of test items on the BNT being male-biased&#46; Other studies detect no influence of sex on performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;13&#8211;16&#44;20&#44;22&#44;23&#44;25&#44;28&#8211;30</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Numerous studies provide normative data from the BNT in different languages &#40;for a review&#44; see Strauss et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Lezak et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> and Mitrushina et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#41;&#46; For young adult populations&#44; normative data are available from the 60-item versions in English<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;15&#8211;17</span></a> and in Spanish&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;34</span></a> A Spanish version of the second edition of the BNT has also been published&#44; and includes normative data for both younger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> and older Spanish adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#44;37</span></a> Some abbreviated versions in Spanish provide normative data for elderly subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The TT is a comprehension test in which the subject must follow verbal directions involving multi-shaped and coloured cards&#59; task complexity increases as the test progresses&#46; Ever since it was first published&#44; the TT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> has played an important role in neuropsychological examination&#46; Its main purpose is to assess verbal comprehension&#44; including short-term memory for verbal sequences and the ability to understand syntax&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> There are several versions and modifications of the test&#44; including abbreviated versions &#40;for an exhaustive review see McNeil and Prescott<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#41;&#46; Non-aphasic persons with at least 4 years of schooling have no difficulty completing the TT&#44; and usually make few or no errors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Studies report a good level of correlation between the TT and other tests of comprehension<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> and verbal production&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> The TT can be administered to both adults and children&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several studies about the influence of sociodemographic factors on TT performance&#46; Some authors have found a slight age effect on scores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;37&#44;44</span></a> Children&#39;s scores have been found to reach adult levels beginning at age 11&#44; which reflects normal development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> In adults&#44; Emery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> compared the performance of a group of subjects aged 75 to 93 and that of a group of subjects aged 30 to 42&#46; Performance was lower in the first group&#46; The ability to complete the task properly is highly conditioned by the subject&#39;s years of education&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;37&#44;44</span></a> In elderly adults&#44; it has been observed that years of education have a more pronounced effect than age on subjects&#8217; scores&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Earlier results indicate that sex has no significant effect on performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;47</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of this study was to obtain reference data reflecting the performance of Spanish young adults on the BNT and the TT&#44; and adjust scores by sociodemographic variables if necessary&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Subjects</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recruitment methods and sample characteristics have already been described in the project&#39;s methodology article&#46; To summarise&#44; we recruited 179 white subjects who had been educated in Spain&#44; regardless of their first language &#40;for bilingual subjects&#41;&#46; The sample was stratified by age and educational level&#46; All subjects were unaffected by cognitive impairment&#59; their scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a> were &#8805;24 and their scores on the Memory Impairment Screen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a> were &#8805;4&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Neuropsychological tests</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We employed the neuropsychological protocol selected for use within the framework of the NN project&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Tests were administered according to the standard procedures described in their manuals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Boston Naming Test</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the second edition of the BNT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The test material consisted of 60 drawings representing objects whose names had varying degrees of frequency and familiarity&#46; Item number 19&#44; &#8216;pretzel&#8217;&#44; was replaced with another food term&#44; &#8216;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">magdalena</span>&#8217;&#44; since people in our area were unlikely to be familiar with the first item&#46; Picture cards were shown one by one to the subjects&#44; who were then asked to name the object shown&#46; We offered clues to subjects who were unable to answer after 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; or who provided an incorrect answer&#46; If the error was caused by difficulty recognising the object&#44; subjects were given a semantic clue&#46; If they were able to identify the object&#44; but incapable of recalling the correct word&#44; they were given a phonological clue&#46; If they were still unable to answer after having received the clues&#44; subjects had the option of choosing the target word from a multiple choice list at the end of the test&#46; The maximum score&#44; calculated as the sum of all cards for which a correct answer was given&#44; either spontaneously or after hearing a semantic clue&#44; was 60 points&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Token Test</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this project&#44; we used the abbreviated version of the test&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> which comprises 36 test items presented in 6 parts&#46; We used 20 plastic cards in 5 different colours &#40;yellow&#44; green&#44; red&#44; black&#44; and white&#41;&#44; 2 sizes &#40;large and small&#41; and 2 shapes &#40;square and round&#41;&#46; Subjects were asked to carry out a series increasingly complex actions in response to the verbal directions provided by the researcher&#46; The test included 6 parts with a total of 36 commands&#46; On the first 5 parts of the test&#44; if the subject responded incorrectly or did not respond within 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; the command was repeated&#46; Subjects who completed the task on the second attempt received half a point instead of 1 point&#46; The highest possible score on the test was 36 points&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A standardised statistical analysis was carried out for all the neuropsychological tests included in the project&#46; A brief summary of the procedure is as follows&#58; &#40;a&#41; raw scores were converted to scaled scores &#40;SSs&#41;&#46; To do so&#44; we generated an array of cumulative frequencies of raw scores and created 16 percentile ranges&#46; Each of these ranges corresponds to a scaled score between 2 and 18&#46; Raw scores were converted to SS according to their position within the distribution&#46; This transformation of raw scores to scaled scores produced a normal distribution &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#44; standard deviation<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; to which linear regressions could be applied&#46; &#40;b&#41; SS correlation coefficients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41; and coefficients of determination &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; were determined for age&#44; years of education&#44; and sex for each of the tests&#46; &#40;c&#41; The regression coefficient &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span>&#41; from this analysis was used as the basis for adjusting for sociodemographic factors&#46; The SS was adjusted for age&#44; education&#44; and sex according to the following formula&#58; SS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">A&#38;E&#38;S</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#91;age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#91;education<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#93;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>sex&#41;&#46; The resulting value was truncated to the next lower integer&#46; We adjusted for only those sociodemographic variables accounting for more than 5&#37; of the variance and presenting a significant regression coefficient&#46; For more detailed information about methodology&#44; see the project&#39;s methodology article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> displays the array of frequencies of raw scores for the entire group aged 18 to 49&#44; with the corresponding scaled scores and percentile ranks&#46; In the table&#44; we use the patient&#39;s raw score to find the associated scaled score&#46; The percentile range corresponding to each scaled score provides an assessment of the subject&#39;s performance with respect to the reference population&#46; Nevertheless&#44; this scaled score should be adjusted for sociodemographic factors by using the tables provided&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> displays correlation coefficients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41; and coefficients of determination &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; of cognitive variables with age&#44; education&#44; and sex&#46; We found a significant education effect on both tests&#46; This variable accounted for 10&#46;9&#37; of the TT variance and 8&#46;9&#37; of the BNT variance&#46; The effects of age and sex on the TT and BNT scores were minimal &#40;&#60;5&#37;&#41;&#44; so we did not adjust for those variables&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adjustments for education were applied by using the regression coefficient obtained from the multiple regression analysis&#46; We have provided a table &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41; with the points that should be added to or subtracted from the SS depending on the subject&#39;s level of education in order to calculate SS<span class="elsevierStyleInf">A&#38;E&#38;S</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objectives of this study were to collect normative data from 2 language tests administered to Spanish young adults and analyse the influence of these sociodemographic variables on performance&#46; These variables were adjusted when necessary&#46; This study is part of the NEURONORMA young adults project&#44; a normalisation project for cognitive tests in subjects younger than 50&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Boston Naming Test</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to data from this study&#44; the effect of age on the subjects&#8217; performance on the BNT is very small&#46; Therefore&#44; scores do not need to be adjusted by age in young adults&#46; These results coincide with those from a previous study of an all-male sample with a similar size and age range&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However&#44; they do not coincide with the results found by Kaplan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> in the sample used to normalise the original test&#46; There are also discrepancies with other studies that include subjects with a wider age range&#46; By including elderly subjects&#44; these studies have shown a clear age effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;13</span></a> Some authors state that the influence of age may be significant beginning at 60 years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> or as late as 80 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Our data reveal a moderate education effect on performance on the BNT&#46; These findings coincide with those from several earlier studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;26</span></a> including studies conducted with Spanish speakers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> The effect of sex on the performance of the tasks was minimal&#46; This fact coincides with other earlier studies that did not find a relationship between naming ability and sex&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;13&#44;22&#44;30</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; the results observed in our study resembled those from other studies with similar samples of young adults in which an education effect was found&#44; but age and sex effects were not&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compared to the NN project study carried out in subjects older than 50&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> the results of the current study show differences in the effect of age on performance&#44; probably due to the effect of ageing on visual confrontation naming&#46; The data from both normative studies support the hypothesis that naming ability starts to decline in subjects older than 50&#46; Results for age and sex coincide with the findings in older adults&#46; The relationship between these variables and the BNT therefore remains stable over time&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Token Test</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results from the current study showed a significant education effect on TT scores&#44; as do other prior studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#44;43</span></a> We did not find an age effect on performance&#44; probably because the task&#39;s ceiling effect occurs during adolescence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> We also found no relationship between performance and sex&#44; which concurs with previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As we observed for the BNT scores&#44; educational level had a greater effect than age on TT scores&#46; The pattern of the age and sex effects is similar in both tests&#44; which was also true for the normative study in subjects older than 50<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#59; in that study&#44; we found that age but not sex affected performance&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current study provides normative data that will be useful for evaluating language disorders in young adults&#46; We include scaled score conversion tables and education adjustment tables&#44; as the latter is the only sociodemographic variable with a significant influence on performance&#46; We should highlight that prior to this study&#44; no normative data were available for the TT from this age sector of the Spanish population&#46; Our study therefore provides the objective reference data needed to evaluate language in pathologies that are prevalent in young adults&#44; such as cranial trauma or epilepsy&#46; Since these data form part of a larger normalisation study&#44; they permit us to compare performances between tests measuring different cognitive areas&#46; As a result&#44; we can create a complete profile that aids in describing and diagnosing subjects&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of the complete normalisation project are described in the project&#39;s methodology article&#46; Regarding the specific limitations of this study&#44; we should mention the distribution of the variables&#44; especially in the TT&#59; their behaviour is polarised due to the relative simplicity of the items&#46; This creates a ceiling effect for the scores from healthy subjects&#46; In spite of these limitations&#44; we used homogeneous statistical treatment during the entire project to facilitate comparisons between performances on different tests in the NN battery&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The normative data from the language tests presented in this article may be extremely useful for examining young Spanish patients with language disorders&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Subjects"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Neuropsychological tests"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Boston Naming Test"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Token Test"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Results"
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0045"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
          "secciones" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Boston Naming Test"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Token Test"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-11-03"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-12-17"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec158082"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Age"
            1 => "Comprehension"
            2 => "Educational status"
            3 => "Language tests"
            4 => "Naming"
            5 => "Normative data"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec158081"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Comprensi&#243;n"
            1 => "Datos normativos"
            2 => "Denominaci&#243;n"
            3 => "Edad"
            4 => "Escolaridad"
            5 => "Test de lenguaje"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Boston Naming Test &#40;BNT&#41; and the Token Test &#40;TT&#41; are frequently used in clinical practice to assess naming and comprehension&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this paper is to present normative data for the BNT and for the TT as part of the NEURONORMA young adults project&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 179 Spanish healthy subjects from 18 to 49 years old were evaluated&#46; Tables to convert raw scores to scaled scores are provided&#46; Age- and education- adjusted scores are obtained by applying linear regressions&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results show an effect of education in both tests&#44; and a minimal effect of age and sex&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The normative data obtained will be useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Boston Naming Test</span> &#40;BNT&#41; y el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Token Test</span> &#40;TT&#41; son pruebas ampliamente utilizadas en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para explorar la denominaci&#243;n y la comprensi&#243;n&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este art&#237;culo se presentan los datos normativos del BNT y el TT obtenidos en el proyecto normativo espa&#241;ol NEURONORMA j&#243;venes&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La muestra est&#225; formada por 179 sujetos sanos de entre 18 y 49 a&#241;os de edad&#46; Se aportan tablas para convertir las puntuaciones brutas en escalares y tablas con los ajustes pertinentes por edad y escolaridad obtenidas a partir de regresiones lineales&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados obtenidos muestran influencia de la escolaridad en ambos tests&#44; pero un m&#237;nimo efecto de la edad y del g&#233;nero&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las normas obtenidas aportan datos de gran utilidad cl&#237;nica para la evaluaci&#243;n de poblaci&#243;n adulta joven espa&#241;ola&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Aranciva F&#44; et al&#46; Estudios normativos espa&#241;oles en poblaci&#243;n adulta joven &#40;Proyecto NEURO-NORMA j&#243;venes&#41;&#58; normas para el Boston Naming Test y el Token Test&#46; Neurolog&#237;a&#46; 2012&#59;27&#58;394&#8211;400&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BNT&#58; Boston Naming Test&#59; SSs&#58; scaled scores&#59; TT&#58; Token Test&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90&#8211;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#8211;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#62;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#8211;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Number of subjects&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">179&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab264963.png"
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scaled and percentile scores of the BNT and the TT&#46;</p>"
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      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BNT&#58; Boston Naming Test&#59; TT&#58; Token Test&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age &#40;years&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Education &#40;years&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sex</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">BNT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;179<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;032&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;278<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;089<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;162<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;026&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">TT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;088&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;008&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;329<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;109<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;098&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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            0 => array:3 [
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            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Correlation significant at 0&#46;01 level &#40;bilateral&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "c"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> greater than 0&#46;05&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation coefficients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41; and coefficients of determination &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41; of the scaled scores by age&#44; education&#44; and sex&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BNT&#58; Boston Naming Test&#59; TT&#58; Token Test&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="13" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Education &#40;years&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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Article information

ISSN: 21735808
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.12.010

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2024 November	4	1	5
2024 October	41	3	44
2024 September	71	8	79
2024 August	34	5	39
2024 July	25	4	29
2024 June	31	3	34
2024 May	45	6	51
2024 April	39	14	53
2024 March	52	10	62
2024 February	29	5	34
2024 January	22	5	27
2023 December	30	16	46
2023 November	37	10	47
2023 October	26	12	38
2023 September	25	4	29
2023 August	32	5	37
2023 July	18	7	25
2023 June	34	3	37
2023 May	38	3	41
2023 April	48	6	54
2023 March	26	2	28
2023 February	25	3	28
2023 January	41	11	52
2022 December	65	10	75
2022 November	43	11	54
2022 October	32	15	47
2022 September	32	17	49
2022 August	26	12	38
2022 July	42	6	48
2022 June	56	8	64
2022 May	34	7	41
2022 April	37	6	43
2022 March	21	10	31
2022 February	14	7	21
2022 January	37	5	42
2021 December	35	15	50
2021 November	41	9	50
2021 October	22	12	34
2021 September	19	8	27
2021 August	21	11	32
2021 July	16	5	21
2021 June	21	10	31
2021 May	12	14	26
2021 April	18	14	32
2021 March	18	14	32
2021 February	18	13	31
2021 January	15	22	37
2020 December	17	12	29
2020 November	20	9	29
2020 October	12	4	16
2020 September	10	6	16
2020 August	15	4	19
2020 July	11	11	22
2020 June	4	4	8
2020 May	10	14	24
2020 April	16	3	19
2020 March	25	2	27
2020 February	15	10	25
2020 January	10	3	13
2019 December	20	10	30
2019 November	10	6	16
2019 October	9	5	14
2019 September	7	5	12
2019 August	10	4	14
2019 July	17	11	28
2019 June	59	7	66
2019 May	147	22	169
2019 April	69	15	84
2019 March	12	2	14
2019 February	14	4	18
2019 January	14	7	21
2018 December	18	3	21
2018 November	22	5	27
2018 October	14	11	25
2018 September	57	4	61
2018 August	57	0	57
2018 July	7	7	14
2018 June	4	1	5
2018 May	8	1	9
2018 April	6	0	6
2018 March	8	2	10
2018 February	2	2	4
2018 January	12	5	17
2017 December	2	1	3
2017 November	14	2	16
2017 October	11	1	12
2017 September	15	15	30
2017 August	18	6	24
2017 July	18	7	25
2017 June	22	7	29
2017 May	19	3	22
2017 April	14	1	15
2017 March	9	17	26
2017 February	13	2	15
2017 January	13	1	14
2016 December	23	9	32
2016 November	31	2	33
2016 October	22	6	28
2016 September	23	5	28
2016 August	27	6	33
2016 July	9	3	12
2016 June	22	14	36
2016 May	23	15	38
2016 April	22	14	36
2016 March	27	22	49
2016 February	23	9	32
2016 January	17	2	19
2015 December	16	4	20
2015 November	14	7	21
2015 October	25	5	30
2015 September	13	6	19
2015 August	9	6	15
2015 July	22	5	27
2015 June	10	1	11
2015 May	17	6	23
2015 April	39	9	48
2015 March	44	5	49
2015 February	48	5	53
2015 January	79	7	86
2014 December	84	12	96
2014 November	56	1	57
2014 October	68	5	73
2014 September	54	2	56
2014 August	59	5	64
2014 July	55	4	59
2014 June	26	2	28
2014 May	21	2	23
2014 April	26	3	29
2014 March	38	4	42
2014 February	30	3	33
2014 January	27	6	33
2013 December	25	3	28
2013 November	38	2	40
2013 October	45	7	52
2013 September	42	3	45
2013 August	41	7	48
2013 July	19	2	21

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