Letter to the Editor
Emotional memory: Synthesis of a study proposal
La memoria emocional: síntesis de una propuesta de estudio
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Gordillo León, J.M. Arana Martínez, L. Mestas Hernández" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Gordillo León" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "fgordilloleon@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Arana Martínez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "arana@usal.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Mestas Hernández" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "lilia_mestas@yahoo.com.mx" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Psicología Básica, Psicobiología y Metodología, Universidad de Salamanca, Facultad de Psicología, Salamanca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, Mexico" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "La memoria emocional: síntesis de una propuesta de estudio" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Affective responses are evolutionarily prior to or more primitive than cognitive ones. For example, basic responses (pleasure, aversion) may be experienced before the individual is aware of the object provoking the reaction, that is, before classifying and recognising that object.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This means that emotion plays an unmistakeable role in the adaptation process by allowing us to attach importance to stimuli or events that could either jeopardise or favour survival.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> We attach importance to such stimuli based on the way that emotion evokes memory.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The amygdala and the hippocampus are the brain structures responsible for facilitating memory. Both structures are located in the medial temporal lobe, and they are related to independent memory systems that interact with each other in emotionally charged situations. In this sense, the amygdala is able to modify the way memories dependent on the hippocampus are encoded and stored. Likewise, the hippocampus can influence the amygdala's response by creating episodic representations of the emotional meaning and interpretation of events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Different neuroimaging studies have found correlations between the activity registered in the amygdala and the hippocampus while emotional information is being encoded.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–6</span></a> At the same time, patients with atrophy of the amygdala exhibit an inverse correlation between the degree of atrophy and the level of activity in the hippocampus while emotions are being processed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This interaction is reflected by the way that emotion facilitates memory. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in animal experiments<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> demonstrating that chimpanzees were better able to recognise negative (aggressive) photographed images than those that would be neutral in that animal's social context. It has also been observed in humans<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> through incidental recognition tasks with short retention intervals in which negative information was recognised more accurately than positive information. The authors explain why it is that negative emotional content of the photographs is more relevant to survival, and state that this tendency is also reflected in tasks in which the subject does not deliberately encode the information (incidental recognition).</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This brief summary of the theoretical background and the experimental data mentioned above allow us to speculate on the possibility of drawing on the most basic emotional levels (pleasure, aversion) in order to understand how those levels facilitate the evoking of memory in its most primitive and survival-promoting form. This may be done using the multi-level method for inducing emotions developed by Lang et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">International Affective Picture System</span> (IAPS), which induces emotions according to the levels of valence and arousal associated with an array of visual stimuli (photographs). This standardised system of emotion induction has been widely used in a number of different research projects. Most of these projects are oriented towards the study of basic psychological processes – learning, emotion, motivation, and attention – by measuring electrodermal response,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> evoked potentials,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and heart rate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The emotion induction system has also been used to study different research topics related to illnesses such as Alzheimer,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> anxiety,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> depression,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and schizophrenia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and in these studies, it was shown to mark specific patterns of emotional response to stimuli for different mental disorders, including mood disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data obtained for Alzheimer disease (AD) are especially relevant. Damage caused by this disease to the independent memory systems constituted by the amygdala and hippocampus give rise to symptoms that describe both the functional delimitations of each structure and the way the 2 structures interact in emotionally charged situations. To date, various studies have addressed this topic. Some authors have reported absence of the memory-facilitating effect in forms of AD,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> or facilitation of positive emotions but not of negative ones.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The latter phenomenon was recently linked to spatial memory.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> These discrepancies arise from the different numbers and types of stimuli employed, stimulus exposure time, and means of information recovery (recognition vs free memory).</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to shed light on such findings, Gordillo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> provided a series of recommendations that may be useful in detecting impaired interaction between the amygdala and the hippocampus, that is, between emotion and memory. We propose using a multi-level induction method such as IAPS, incidental recognition memory tasks, and use of analytical measurements based on signal detection theory (SDT). These suggestions will allow us to exert better control over the stimuli that are used, and will also result in a less demanding experience for participants, during both encoding and retrieval (recognition), due to the task being incidental. Lastly, using a method for measuring stimulus detectability will be much more precise than recurring to the percentage of correct responses as is typically done.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These methodological suggestions should be applied in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease since the sensitivity of a study of this type plus data from other longitudinal studies will allow us to verify its predictive value. Using this method on patients diagnosed with AD reveals impairment, as has been demonstrated by certain studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a> An alternative explanation may reside in the deficits that these patients display in multiple cognitive processes. Lastly, we should mention that variables such as the number of stimuli employed, the valance and arousal levels associated with them, and exposure time are all very relevant and must be determined in pilot studies that match the study group's abilities to the purposes of the research.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Gordillo León F, et al. La memoria emocional: síntesis de una propuesta de estudio. Neurología. 2012;27:513–5.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Feeling and thinking: preferences need no inferences" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.B. Zajonc" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am Psychol" "fecha" => "1980" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "151" "paginaFinal" => "175" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2024 October | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2024 September | 28 | 17 | 45 |
| 2024 August | 24 | 15 | 39 |
| 2024 July | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2024 June | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2024 May | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2024 April | 19 | 6 | 25 |
| 2024 March | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2024 February | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2024 January | 17 | 6 | 23 |
| 2023 December | 17 | 10 | 27 |
| 2023 November | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2023 October | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2023 September | 18 | 2 | 20 |
| 2023 August | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2023 July | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2023 June | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| 2023 May | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2023 April | 25 | 4 | 29 |
| 2023 March | 24 | 4 | 28 |
| 2023 February | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2023 January | 14 | 14 | 28 |
| 2022 December | 29 | 4 | 33 |
| 2022 November | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2022 October | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2022 September | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2022 August | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2022 July | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2022 June | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2022 May | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2022 April | 29 | 11 | 40 |
| 2022 March | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2022 February | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2022 January | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2021 December | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2021 November | 21 | 9 | 30 |
| 2021 October | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2021 September | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2021 August | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2021 July | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2021 June | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2021 May | 29 | 8 | 37 |
| 2021 April | 35 | 12 | 47 |
| 2021 March | 49 | 4 | 53 |
| 2021 February | 27 | 10 | 37 |
| 2021 January | 21 | 21 | 42 |
| 2020 December | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2020 November | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2020 October | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2020 September | 23 | 6 | 29 |
| 2020 August | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2020 July | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2020 June | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2020 May | 8 | 12 | 20 |
| 2020 April | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2020 March | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2020 February | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2020 January | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2019 December | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2019 November | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2019 October | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2019 September | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2019 August | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2019 July | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2019 June | 24 | 17 | 41 |
| 2019 May | 86 | 52 | 138 |
| 2019 April | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2019 March | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2019 February | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2019 January | 8 | 11 | 19 |
| 2018 December | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2018 November | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 2018 October | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2018 September | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2018 August | 16 | 0 | 16 |
| 2018 July | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 May | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 April | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2018 March | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 February | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2018 January | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2017 December | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2017 November | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2017 October | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2017 September | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2017 August | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2017 July | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2017 June | 19 | 2 | 21 |
| 2017 May | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2017 April | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2017 March | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2017 February | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2017 January | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2016 December | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2016 November | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2016 October | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2016 September | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2016 August | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2016 July | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2016 June | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2016 May | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2016 April | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2016 March | 23 | 18 | 41 |
| 2016 February | 13 | 8 | 21 |
| 2016 January | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2015 December | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2015 November | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2015 October | 17 | 10 | 27 |
| 2015 September | 21 | 14 | 35 |
| 2015 August | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2015 July | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2015 June | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2015 May | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2015 April | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2015 March | 12 | 13 | 25 |
| 2015 February | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2015 January | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2014 December | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2014 November | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2014 October | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| 2014 September | 20 | 1 | 21 |
| 2014 August | 45 | 6 | 51 |
| 2014 July | 26 | 3 | 29 |
| 2014 June | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2014 May | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2014 April | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2014 March | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2014 February | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2014 January | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2013 December | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2013 November | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2013 October | 26 | 11 | 37 |
| 2013 September | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2013 August | 33 | 4 | 37 |
| 2013 July | 17 | 1 | 18 |
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