Driving ability after a stroke: Evaluation and recovery

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Murie-Fernandez, S. Iturralde, M. Cenoz, M. Casado, R. Teasell" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Murie-Fernandez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "manumurie@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Iturralde" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Cenoz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Casado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Teasell" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neurorrehabilitación, Departamento de Neurología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Rehabilitación y Medicina Física, St Joseph's Health Care London, Parkwood Hospital, Universidad de Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Capacidad de conducción tras un ictus: evaluación y recuperación" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionStroke is a catastrophic illness. In developed countries, it is listed as one of the main causes of death and the leading cause of disability. In addition to its considerable repercussions on patients and their families,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> it also has an elevated social impact.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a> Direct and indirect costs of stroke account for at least 3% of all healthcare costs in a developed country.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> Future projections are not very encouraging. The ageing population is associated with a higher incidence of stroke, while advances in the understanding of pathophysiology in brain damage and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques are associated with rising stroke prevalence. Given this panorama, neurorehabilitation units are crucial for minimising stroke sequelae.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a>Strokes have a negative effect on patients’ social activities and quality of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> The ability to drive after a stroke has been recognised by many authors as an indicator of independence, and it demonstrates a strong association with good social reintegration. In particular, it is significantly associated with appropriate social reintegration at one year after stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> Nevertheless, it remains unclear how ability to drive should be evaluated in a stroke patient, and who should be entrusted with the task. The difficulty resides in the complexity of the act of driving, which requires full function of multiple systems that may be damaged totally or partially, and permanently or temporarily, in stroke patients. Some of the most important systems are visual function, motor function, and cognitive ability (including executive functions, response time, praxis and knowledge, decision-making, attention, planning, etc.).Patients who have experienced stroke have greater deficiencies when driving than stroke-free subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> Stroke patients older than 65 years have a higher risk of being involved in accidents while driving, regardless of the medication they take, compared to patients with other chronic diseases (cancer, diabetes, cognitive impairment, glaucoma, other).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> This being the case, it is of vital importance to determine which individuals with a history of stroke should not drive, especially when it has been shown that stroke patients and their families tend to overestimate their driving ability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a>In practice, many patients who have experienced stroke resume driving without medical advice or evaluation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> while others choose not to drive again for safety reasons.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025">5,11,12</a>The purpose of this article is to present a literature review with current evidence on methods for evaluating driving ability and the interventions that have been performed so that patients can recover their abilities.ProcedureUsing a variety of databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PSYCHINFO), we performed a literature search for the years 1980–2011. We selected published studies on assessing driving ability in stroke patients, or studies analysing interventions designed to improve patients’ driving abilities. Those studies not detected by our original literature search, but cited in review articles, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews, were also included.Evaluating driving abilityIn some countries, doctors are responsible for assessing a patient's ability to drive after a stroke, but few clinical guidelines indicate how this ability should be measured. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> provides a summary of studies examining how driving ability is evaluated.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>In 1993, Lincoln et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a> showed that general practitioners’ interpretations of results from cognitive tests allowed them to predict the result of a road test in only 56% of the patient sample.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a> In contrast, a multidisciplinary team made up of a neurologist and neuropsychologist was able to predict safe driving ability in 75% of the cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a>The road test seems to be the most valid measurement, but this test remains subjective; there are no standard guidelines for what the test is intended to measure. Akinwuntan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> used a 13-item list to evaluate this test. These authors concluded that the 13-item list was reliable and that results were good. Furthermore, results from non-road tests in the SDSA (Stroke Drivers’ Screening Assessment) coincided with results on road tests in 78.9% of the sample.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a>Some have suggested that a combination of non-road tests (neurological and neuropsychological evaluation) and a road test would provide the most precise information about driving ability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">17,26</a> It is understood that non-road tests select the patients who are prepared to take the road test, the step which to some extent provides the definitive answer regarding the patient's driving ability. Although researchers have identified 111 different predictors of the road test result, cut-off points are not sensitive or specific enough to support their utility in stroke patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a> Nevertheless, the SDSA is considered the most feasible way of performing an initial non-road assessment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">30</a>Interventions for improving driving abilityNeurorehabilitation should be tailored to the individual. Sufficient scientific evidence is available for some areas of the process, such as management of shoulder pain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">31</a> Nevertheless, despite the importance of resuming driving for social integration and adopting a normal lifestyle after stroke, there have been few studies on interventions designed to improve driving ability post-stroke.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents articles that examine interventions aiming to improve patients’ driving ability after a stroke.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Visual attention training is not more effective than traditional visual perception training as a means of improving driving ability in stroke patients. Lastly, use of a simulator-based training programme presenting complex adapted scenarios that resemble those in real life is associated with better driving, increased ability, and success on road tests.ConclusionsIf a stroke patient's driving ability is questionable, it must be thoroughly evaluated. If patients are unfit to drive, they should begin a neurorehabilitation programme designed to recover driving ability.An assessment of driving ability should not be based solely on the road test or solely on a neurological/neuropsychological evaluation. The assessment should be considered in 2 steps: first, a multidisciplinary evaluation (neurological/neuropsychological assessment) to determine if the patient is ready for the road test, and the road test as the second and final step.Patients may improve their driving ability by using simulators that reproduce real situations.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres327701" "titulo" => array:4 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction" 2 => "Development" 3 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec309370" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres327702" "titulo" => array:4 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Introducción" 2 => "Desarrollo" 3 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec309371" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Procedure" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Evaluating driving ability" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Interventions for improving driving ability" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-05-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-05-28" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec309370" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Stroke" 1 => "Driving licence" 2 => "Hemiplegia" 3 => "Neurorehabilitation" 4 => "Social reintegration" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec309371" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Ictus" 1 => "Carnet de conducir" 2 => "Hemiplejia" 3 => "Neurorrehabilitación" 4 => "Reintegración social" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionThe ability to drive after a stroke has been recognised by many authors as a sign of independence and it is closely associated with proper social reintegration. However, it remains unclear how the driving ability of an individual who has suffered a stroke should be evaluated, and by whom. Neurorehabilitation can produce improvements in patients who have suffered a stroke, and patients may therefore be able to resume driving at the end of an appropriate neurorehabilitation programme.The aim of this article is to present a literature review in order to highlight current evidence regarding methods for assessing driving ability and therapeutic methods applied in order to recover a patient's ability to drive. DevelopmentA literature search was performed in different databases for the period between 1993 and 2011. Studies were analysed individually based on methods for assessing driving ability and neurorehabilitation measures. ConclusionsIf there are any doubts regarding stroke patients’ ability to drive, patients should be assessed appropriately. The proper way to assess these patients according to the literature is by employing a multidisciplinary evaluation to determine who is able to take a road test. Neurorehabilitation exercises currently in use may be able to improve driving ability in stroke patients." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLa habilidad para conducir después de un ictus ha sido reconocida por muchos autores como un indicador de independencia y se asocia de forma significativa con una reintegración social adecuada. Sin embargo, no queda claro quién y como debe valorarse la capacidad de conducción de un individuo que ha sufrido un ictus. El proceso Neurorrehabilitador es capaz de obtener mejorías en los pacientes que han sufrido un ictus y por lo tanto un paciente puede volver a estar capacitado para conducir tras un tratamiento Neurorrehabilitador adecuado.El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión de la literatura, con el fin de poner de manifiesto la evidencia actual respecto a los métodos de evaluación de la capacidad para conducir y de aquellas intervenciones llevadas a cabo para recuperar la capacidad de conducir. DesarrolloSe llevó a cabo una búsqueda de la literatura de diferentes bases de datos entre los años 1993 y 2011. Se analizaron de forma individual los estudios realizados en base a los métodos de evaluación de la capacidad de conducir y de intervención neurorrehabilitadora. ConclusionesSe debe valorar de forma apropiada a todos los pacientes con un ictus en los que existen dudas sobre su capacidad de conducir. La forma adecuada de valorar estos pacientes según la literatura es mediante una valoración multidisciplinar que determine quien esta capacitado para someterse a un test en carretera. Los ejercicios de Neurorrehabilitación existentes pueden mejorar la capacidad de conducir de los pacientes con ictus." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Murie-Fernandez M, Iturralde S, Cenoz M, Casado M, Teasell R. Capacidad de conducción tras un ictus: evaluación y recuperación. Neurología. 2014:29:161–167." ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors, year, location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nouri and Lincoln,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> 1992, United Kingdom. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cognitive evaluation (11 tests) and road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4-test predictive model: SDSA (Stroke Drivers’ Screening Assessment). The test categorised 82% of the patients correctly. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mazer et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> 1998, Canada \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Evaluated with the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT), Trail Making Test part B, and a road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients who were successful on the road test showed better results on the perception tasks. Poor results on the MVPT and Trail Making Test part B meant that the patient was 22 times more likely to fail the road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Heikkila et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> 1999, Finland \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Neurologist's and psychologist's assessment of driving ability. Patients and their spouses rated their driving habits. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stroke patients had more driving deficiencies.The neurologist and the neuropsychologist found 60% of the patients unable to drive. Both patients and their spouses overestimate their driving ability. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Klavora et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> 2000, Canada \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dynavision Performance Assessment Battery (DPAB) and Cognitive Behavioural Driver's Inventory (CBDI), plus road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DPAB was a better tool for predicting success or failure on the road test (71%). Good results on both tests significantly increased the probability of passing the road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Korner-Bitensky et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> 2000, Canada \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">269 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Subjects assessed with MVPT and road test. Scores <30 indicate poor visual perception; scores >30 indicate optimal visual perception. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 patients scored <24 on the MVPT; 72% did not pass the road test. The success rate was higher than the failure rate among patients with scores >30.82% of the patients scoring 35 or 36/36 on the MVPT passed the road test. In the full group, PPV was 60.9% and NPV was 64.2%. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> 2002, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">104 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients completed a clinical evaluation and practical exam. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39.4% were rated fit to drive, while 43.3% were not immediately fit to drive and 17.3% were declared unfit. The best predictors were side of stroke, visual capacity, and the road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> 2003, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Road test. Assessed by the Centre for Determination of Fitness to Drive and Car Adaptation (CARA). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">More standardised road tests deliver more reliable results. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Radford et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> 2004, United Kingdom \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Subjects were evaluated using SDSA, Visual Object and Space Perception (VOSP), Stroop, Trail-Making Test (TMT), Recognition Memory Tests (RMT), and Verbal Description of Road Signs (VDRS). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SDSA subtest results correlated significantly with Stroop and TMT results. Items on the SDSA Dot Cancellation test (DC) showed a significant correlation to VDRS; SDSA Square Matrices (SM) correlated to the VOSP Cube task and the Face subtest of the RMT. Results for Road Sign Recognition (RSR, an SDSA subtest) correlated to VOSP results. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> 2005, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The study used the SDSA and a road test (TRIP check-list; 13 road-test items). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The road test showed high reliability (ICC=.83). Results from SDSA correlated to the examiner's findings on the road test in 78.9% of the sample. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> 2006, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Visual and neuropsychological tests; road test Patients were classified as ‘fit’, ‘temporarily unfit’, or ‘unfit’. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The combination of a spatial neglect test, Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test, and road test yielded the best predictive model. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Smith-Arena et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a> 2006, USA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MMSE, motor weakness, impairment, proprioceptive impairment, and FIM. Patients completed a road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients who completed the clinical examination had fewer cognitive problems and more physical deficiencies. The group that passed the road test contained a larger (but not significant) percentage of subjects with a normal visual field. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bouillon et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> 2006, Canada \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">172 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cognitive Behavioural Driver's Inventory (CBDI) from the MVPT, Bells Test, road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Only the CBDI was able to distinguish between stroke patients determined by the road test to be ‘fit’ or ‘unfit’ drivers. Right CVA only (P=.003). CBDI has been proposed as a predictive tool for subjects with right HT or CVA. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Söderström et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> 2006, Sweden \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Link between neuropsychological tests and road test (34 patients, 20 controls). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients had lower scores on all tests except the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Differences were more marked on processing speed and divided attention tests. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Innes et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> 2007, New Zealand \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 men and 14 women; sensorimotor and cognitive tests, and a road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Road test failed by 64% of the subjects. Significant differences were identified between subjects who passed the road test and those who did not for all SMC test results except for visuospatial tests. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> 2007, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Determine if 3 tests (Rey–Osterrieth complex figure, spatial neglect test, and road test) predicted driving test results. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">86% of the participants were classified correctly as ‘fit’ or ‘unfit’. Sensitivity and specificity levels were 77% and 92%, respectively. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ponsford et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a> 2008, United Kingdom \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Analysis of the evaluation process to certify driving ability. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Of the total, 54% were rated fit to drive and 9% were able to drive a modified vehicle (after training). Cognitive impairment was the leading cause of not passing the exam. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab479652.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Studies addressing driving ability after a stroke." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors, year, location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Klavora et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">32</a> 1995, Canada \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ten stroke patients (at 6–17 months post stroke) who had not passed the road test previously and who had completed 6 weeks of training with Dynavision (3 sessions/week, 20min each). New road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6/10 were rated ‘fit’ on the road test. All patients under 65 were rated ‘fit’, compared to only 1 of 5 patients older than 65. Dynavision results for patients rated ‘fit’ and ‘unfit’ showed statistically significant differences. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mazer et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">33</a> 2003, Canada \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients 6 months post-stroke or less with valid driver licences. Patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group with visual tests employing Useful Field of View (UFOV) to analyse visual attention, or else to a control group with software-based visual perception tests Both groups completed 20 sessions (2–4 per week, 30–60min per session). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Results showed no statistically significant intergroup differences. Nevertheless, the success rate for the road test after UFVO training nearly doubled (from 28.6% to 52.4%) for patients with right hemisphere lesions. Results showed better possibilities for subjects with a right-sided stroke. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> 2005, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients 3 months post-stroke or less with valid driver licences Patients were randomly assigned to simulator-based training groups (n=42) or a control group and assessed with driving-related cognitive tasks (n=41). The training programme consisted of hour-long sessions 3 times a week over 5 weeks. Alls subjects completed visual and neuropsychological evaluations and a road test. Patients were classified as ‘fit’, ‘temporarily unfit’, or ‘unfit’. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There were no significant cognitive or visual differences between groups for either pre-training or post-training evaluation results. Both groups showed significant improvements (P<.05) in post-intervention evaluations. More subjects were rated ‘unfit to drive’ than ‘fit to drive’. Most subjects improved their results. In follow-up, 73% of the experimental group passed the road test, compared to only 42% of the controls (P=.03). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Devos et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">34</a> 2009, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">This study is a fresh analysis of data gathered by Akinwuntan et al. (2005) in their project examining the driver training programme. The authors examined the impact of the 2 training regimens (specific simulator vs cognitive training) on the 13 sections of the road test. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In general, performance on the road test and its 4 items improved significantly in patients who received similar training, compared to those in the cognitive group. Furthermore, simulator training had more of an impact than cognitive training. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Crotty et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">35</a> 2009, Australia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients randomly assigned to Dynavision training or a physiotherapy waiting list. Participants in the intervention group received 3 Dynavision training sessions/week for 6 weeks. The purpose of the study was to assess subjects’ driving capacity at 6 weeks. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There were no significant differences between the 2 groups’ results on the road test (P=.22). More subjects in the intervention group than in the control group passed the test, but the difference was not statistically significant (76.9% vs. 46.2%). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">36</a> 2010, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Patients were monitored and tested over a 6-month period. The following measures were used: Barthel index, number of km/year, and number of traffic fines and accidents. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">At 5 years of follow-up, 60% of patients with simulator training had been declared fit to drive, vs. 48% in the cognitive training group. 85% of the patients who had resumed driving at 6 months were still driving after 5 years. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">36</a> 2010, Belgium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Additional report/analysis of Akinwuntan et al., 2005. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">There were no significant intergroup differences for UFOV, although intragroup differences were present. Gains remained throughout follow-up (3 months). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hitosugi et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">37</a> 2011, Japan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 stroke patients and 20 controls completed a simulated driving experience. They were then given a test in which they had to avoid a 40km/h collision with a lorry. Participants had 3 opportunities to brake. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">On their first attempt, significantly fewer patients than controls were able to prevent a collision. Likewise, reaction time was significantly longer in patients than in the control group. Among patients with CVA, reaction times decreased on the second and third attempts (P<.001). \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab479653.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Studies addressing interventions intended to recover driving ability after a stroke." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:37 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cost of informal care for stroke victims in a non-institutionalized general population" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A. Hervas" 1 => "J. Cabases" 2 => "T. 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Capacidad de conducción tras un ictus: evaluación y recuperación

M. Murie-Fernandeza,

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manumurie@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, S. Iturraldea, M. Cenoza, M. Casadoa, R. Teasellb

a Unidad de Neurorrehabilitación, Departamento de Neurología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain

b Departamento de Rehabilitación y Medicina Física, St Joseph's Health Care London, Parkwood Hospital, Universidad de Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Driving ability after a stroke&#58; Evaluation and recovery"
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        "titulo" => "Capacidad de conducci&#243;n tras un ictus&#58; evaluaci&#243;n y recuperaci&#243;n"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stroke is a catastrophic illness&#46; In developed countries&#44; it is listed as one of the main causes of death and the leading cause of disability&#46; In addition to its considerable repercussions on patients and their families&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> it also has an elevated social impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Direct and indirect costs of stroke account for at least 3&#37; of all healthcare costs in a developed country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Future projections are not very encouraging&#46; The ageing population is associated with a higher incidence of stroke&#44; while advances in the understanding of pathophysiology in brain damage and the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques are associated with rising stroke prevalence&#46; Given this panorama&#44; neurorehabilitation units are crucial for minimising stroke sequelae&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Strokes have a negative effect on patients&#8217; social activities and quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The ability to drive after a stroke has been recognised by many authors as an indicator of independence&#44; and it demonstrates a strong association with good social reintegration&#46; In particular&#44; it is significantly associated with appropriate social reintegration at one year after stroke&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; it remains unclear how ability to drive should be evaluated in a stroke patient&#44; and who should be entrusted with the task&#46; The difficulty resides in the complexity of the act of driving&#44; which requires full function of multiple systems that may be damaged totally or partially&#44; and permanently or temporarily&#44; in stroke patients&#46; Some of the most important systems are visual function&#44; motor function&#44; and cognitive ability &#40;including executive functions&#44; response time&#44; praxis and knowledge&#44; decision-making&#44; attention&#44; planning&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who have experienced stroke have greater deficiencies when driving than stroke-free subjects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Stroke patients older than 65 years have a higher risk of being involved in accidents while driving&#44; regardless of the medication they take&#44; compared to patients with other chronic diseases &#40;cancer&#44; diabetes&#44; cognitive impairment&#44; glaucoma&#44; other&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This being the case&#44; it is of vital importance to determine which individuals with a history of stroke should not drive&#44; especially when it has been shown that stroke patients and their families tend to overestimate their driving ability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In practice&#44; many patients who have experienced stroke resume driving without medical advice or evaluation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> while others choose not to drive again for safety reasons&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;11&#44;12</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this article is to present a literature review with current evidence on methods for evaluating driving ability and the interventions that have been performed so that patients can recover their abilities&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Procedure</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using a variety of databases &#40;CINAHL&#44; EMBASE&#44; MEDLINE and PSYCHINFO&#41;&#44; we performed a literature search for the years 1980&#8211;2011&#46; We selected published studies on assessing driving ability in stroke patients&#44; or studies analysing interventions designed to improve patients&#8217; driving abilities&#46; Those studies not detected by our original literature search&#44; but cited in review articles&#44; meta-analyses&#44; or systematic reviews&#44; were also included&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Evaluating driving ability</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In some countries&#44; doctors are responsible for assessing a patient&#39;s ability to drive after a stroke&#44; but few clinical guidelines indicate how this ability should be measured&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> provides a summary of studies examining how driving ability is evaluated&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1993&#44; Lincoln et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> showed that general practitioners&#8217; interpretations of results from cognitive tests allowed them to predict the result of a road test in only 56&#37; of the patient sample&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In contrast&#44; a multidisciplinary team made up of a neurologist and neuropsychologist was able to predict safe driving ability in 75&#37; of the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The road test seems to be the most valid measurement&#44; but this test remains subjective&#59; there are no standard guidelines for what the test is intended to measure&#46; Akinwuntan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> used a 13-item list to evaluate this test&#46; These authors concluded that the 13-item list was reliable and that results were good&#46; Furthermore&#44; results from non-road tests in the SDSA &#40;Stroke Drivers&#8217; Screening Assessment&#41; coincided with results on road tests in 78&#46;9&#37; of the sample&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some have suggested that a combination of non-road tests &#40;neurological and neuropsychological evaluation&#41; and a road test would provide the most precise information about driving ability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;26</span></a> It is understood that non-road tests select the patients who are prepared to take the road test&#44; the step which to some extent provides the definitive answer regarding the patient&#39;s driving ability&#46; Although researchers have identified 111 different predictors of the road test result&#44; cut-off points are not sensitive or specific enough to support their utility in stroke patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; the SDSA is considered the most feasible way of performing an initial non-road assessment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Interventions for improving driving ability</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neurorehabilitation should be tailored to the individual&#46; Sufficient scientific evidence is available for some areas of the process&#44; such as management of shoulder pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Nevertheless&#44; despite the importance of resuming driving for social integration and adopting a normal lifestyle after stroke&#44; there have been few studies on interventions designed to improve driving ability post-stroke&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents articles that examine interventions aiming to improve patients&#8217; driving ability after a stroke&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Visual attention training is not more effective than traditional visual perception training as a means of improving driving ability in stroke patients&#46; Lastly&#44; use of a simulator-based training programme presenting complex adapted scenarios that resemble those in real life is associated with better driving&#44; increased ability&#44; and success on road tests&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusions</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If a stroke patient&#39;s driving ability is questionable&#44; it must be thoroughly evaluated&#46; If patients are unfit to drive&#44; they should begin a neurorehabilitation programme designed to recover driving ability&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An assessment of driving ability should not be based solely on the road test or solely on a neurological&#47;neuropsychological evaluation&#46; The assessment should be considered in 2 steps&#58; first&#44; a multidisciplinary evaluation &#40;neurological&#47;neuropsychological assessment&#41; to determine if the patient is ready for the road test&#44; and the road test as the second and final step&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients may improve their driving ability by using simulators that reproduce real situations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            1 => "Driving licence"
            2 => "Hemiplegia"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The ability to drive after a stroke has been recognised by many authors as a sign of independence and it is closely associated with proper social reintegration&#46; However&#44; it remains unclear how the driving ability of an individual who has suffered a stroke should be evaluated&#44; and by whom&#46; Neurorehabilitation can produce improvements in patients who have suffered a stroke&#44; and patients may therefore be able to resume driving at the end of an appropriate neurorehabilitation programme&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this article is to present a literature review in order to highlight current evidence regarding methods for assessing driving ability and therapeutic methods applied in order to recover a patient&#39;s ability to drive&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Development</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A literature search was performed in different databases for the period between 1993 and 2011&#46; Studies were analysed individually based on methods for assessing driving ability and neurorehabilitation measures&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">If there are any doubts regarding stroke patients&#8217; ability to drive&#44; patients should be assessed appropriately&#46; The proper way to assess these patients according to the literature is by employing a multidisciplinary evaluation to determine who is able to take a road test&#46; Neurorehabilitation exercises currently in use may be able to improve driving ability in stroke patients&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La habilidad para conducir despu&#233;s de un ictus ha sido reconocida por muchos autores como un indicador de independencia y se asocia de forma significativa con una reintegraci&#243;n social adecuada&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no queda claro qui&#233;n y como debe valorarse la capacidad de conducci&#243;n de un individuo que ha sufrido un ictus&#46; El proceso Neurorrehabilitador es capaz de obtener mejor&#237;as en los pacientes que han sufrido un ictus y por lo tanto un paciente puede volver a estar capacitado para conducir tras un tratamiento Neurorrehabilitador adecuado&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo de este art&#237;culo es realizar una revisi&#243;n de la literatura&#44; con el fin de poner de manifiesto la evidencia actual respecto a los m&#233;todos de evaluaci&#243;n de la capacidad para conducir y de aquellas intervenciones llevadas a cabo para recuperar la capacidad de conducir&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Desarrollo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se llev&#243; a cabo una b&#250;squeda de la literatura de diferentes bases de datos entre los a&#241;os 1993 y 2011&#46; Se analizaron de forma individual los estudios realizados en base a los m&#233;todos de evaluaci&#243;n de la capacidad de conducir y de intervenci&#243;n neurorrehabilitadora&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se debe valorar de forma apropiada a todos los pacientes con un ictus en los que existen dudas sobre su capacidad de conducir&#46; La forma adecuada de valorar estos pacientes seg&#250;n la literatura es mediante una valoraci&#243;n multidisciplinar que determine quien esta capacitado para someterse a un test en carretera&#46; Los ejercicios de Neurorrehabilitaci&#243;n existentes pueden mejorar la capacidad de conducir de los pacientes con ictus&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Nouri and Lincoln&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> 1992&#44; United Kingdom&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cognitive evaluation &#40;11 tests&#41; and road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4-test predictive model&#58; SDSA &#40;Stroke Drivers&#8217; Screening Assessment&#41;&#46; The test categorised 82&#37; of the patients correctly&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mazer et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> 1998&#44; Canada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Evaluated with the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test &#40;MVPT&#41;&#44; Trail Making Test part B&#44; and a road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients who were successful on the road test showed better results on the perception tasks&#46; Poor results on the MVPT and Trail Making Test part B meant that the patient was 22 times more likely to fail the road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Heikkila et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> 1999&#44; Finland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neurologist&#39;s and psychologist&#39;s assessment of driving ability&#46; Patients and their spouses rated their driving habits&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Stroke patients had more driving deficiencies&#46;The neurologist and the neuropsychologist found 60&#37; of the patients unable to drive&#46; Both patients and their spouses overestimate their driving ability&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Klavora et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> 2000&#44; Canada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dynavision Performance Assessment Battery &#40;DPAB&#41; and Cognitive Behavioural Driver&#39;s Inventory &#40;CBDI&#41;&#44; plus road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">DPAB was a better tool for predicting success or failure on the road test &#40;71&#37;&#41;&#46; Good results on both tests significantly increased the probability of passing the road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Korner-Bitensky et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> 2000&#44; Canada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">269&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Subjects assessed with MVPT and road test&#46; Scores &#60;30 indicate poor visual perception&#59; scores &#62;30 indicate optimal visual perception&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 patients scored &#60;24 on the MVPT&#59; 72&#37; did not pass the road test&#46; The success rate was higher than the failure rate among patients with scores &#62;30&#46;82&#37; of the patients scoring 35 or 36&#47;36 on the MVPT passed the road test&#46; In the full group&#44; PPV was 60&#46;9&#37; and NPV was 64&#46;2&#37;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> 2002&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients completed a clinical evaluation and practical exam&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&#46;4&#37; were rated fit to drive&#44; while 43&#46;3&#37; were not immediately fit to drive and 17&#46;3&#37; were declared unfit&#46; The best predictors were side of stroke&#44; visual capacity&#44; and the road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> 2003&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Road test&#46; Assessed by the Centre for Determination of Fitness to Drive and Car Adaptation &#40;CARA&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">More standardised road tests deliver more reliable results&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Radford et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> 2004&#44; United Kingdom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Subjects were evaluated using SDSA&#44; Visual Object and Space Perception &#40;VOSP&#41;&#44; Stroop&#44; Trail-Making Test &#40;TMT&#41;&#44; Recognition Memory Tests &#40;RMT&#41;&#44; and Verbal Description of Road Signs &#40;VDRS&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SDSA subtest results correlated significantly with Stroop and TMT results&#46; Items on the SDSA Dot Cancellation test &#40;DC&#41; showed a significant correlation to VDRS&#59; SDSA Square Matrices &#40;SM&#41; correlated to the VOSP Cube task and the Face subtest of the RMT&#46; Results for Road Sign Recognition &#40;RSR&#44; an SDSA subtest&#41; correlated to VOSP results&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> 2005&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The study used the SDSA and a road test &#40;TRIP check-list&#59; 13 road-test items&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The road test showed high reliability &#40;ICC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;83&#41;&#46; Results from SDSA correlated to the examiner&#39;s findings on the road test in 78&#46;9&#37; of the sample&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> 2006&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Visual and neuropsychological tests&#59; road test Patients were classified as &#8216;fit&#8217;&#44; &#8216;temporarily unfit&#8217;&#44; or &#8216;unfit&#8217;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The combination of a spatial neglect test&#44; Rey&#8211;Osterrieth complex figure test&#44; and road test yielded the best predictive model&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Smith-Arena et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> 2006&#44; USA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MMSE&#44; motor weakness&#44; impairment&#44; proprioceptive impairment&#44; and FIM&#46; Patients completed a road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients who completed the clinical examination had fewer cognitive problems and more physical deficiencies&#46; The group that passed the road test contained a larger &#40;but not significant&#41; percentage of subjects with a normal visual field&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bouillon et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> 2006&#44; Canada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">172&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cognitive Behavioural Driver&#39;s Inventory &#40;CBDI&#41; from the MVPT&#44; Bells Test&#44; road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Only the CBDI was able to distinguish between stroke patients determined by the road test to be &#8216;fit&#8217; or &#8216;unfit&#8217; drivers&#46; Right CVA only &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;003&#41;&#46; CBDI has been proposed as a predictive tool for subjects with right HT or CVA&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#246;derstr&#246;m et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> 2006&#44; Sweden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Link between neuropsychological tests and road test &#40;34 patients&#44; 20 controls&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients had lower scores on all tests except the Rey&#8211;Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test&#46; Differences were more marked on processing speed and divided attention tests&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Innes et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> 2007&#44; New Zealand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 men and 14 women&#59; sensorimotor and cognitive tests&#44; and a road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Road test failed by 64&#37; of the subjects&#46; Significant differences were identified between subjects who passed the road test and those who did not for all SMC test results except for visuospatial tests&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> 2007&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Determine if 3 tests &#40;Rey&#8211;Osterrieth complex figure&#44; spatial neglect test&#44; and road test&#41; predicted driving test results&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#37; of the participants were classified correctly as &#8216;fit&#8217; or &#8216;unfit&#8217;&#46; Sensitivity and specificity levels were 77&#37; and 92&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ponsford et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> 2008&#44; United Kingdom&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">200&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Analysis of the evaluation process to certify driving ability&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Of the total&#44; 54&#37; were rated fit to drive and 9&#37; were able to drive a modified vehicle &#40;after training&#41;&#46; Cognitive impairment was the leading cause of not passing the exam&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies addressing driving ability after a stroke&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:7 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors&#44; year&#44; location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Klavora et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> 1995&#44; Canada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ten stroke patients &#40;at 6&#8211;17 months post stroke&#41; who had not passed the road test previously and who had completed 6 weeks of training with Dynavision &#40;3 sessions&#47;week&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min each&#41;&#46; New road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#47;10 were rated &#8216;fit&#8217; on the road test&#46; All patients under 65 were rated &#8216;fit&#8217;&#44; compared to only 1 of 5 patients older than 65&#46; Dynavision results for patients rated &#8216;fit&#8217; and &#8216;unfit&#8217; showed statistically significant differences&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mazer et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> 2003&#44; Canada&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients 6 months post-stroke or less with valid driver licences&#46; Patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group with visual tests employing Useful Field of View &#40;UFOV&#41; to analyse visual attention&#44; or else to a control group with software-based visual perception tests Both groups completed 20 sessions &#40;2&#8211;4 per week&#44; 30&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min per session&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Results showed no statistically significant intergroup differences&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the success rate for the road test after UFVO training nearly doubled &#40;from 28&#46;6&#37; to 52&#46;4&#37;&#41; for patients with right hemisphere lesions&#46; Results showed better possibilities for subjects with a right-sided stroke&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> 2005&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients 3 months post-stroke or less with valid driver licences Patients were randomly assigned to simulator-based training groups &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42&#41; or a control group and assessed with driving-related cognitive tasks &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#41;&#46; The training programme consisted of hour-long sessions 3 times a week over 5 weeks&#46; Alls subjects completed visual and neuropsychological evaluations and a road test&#46; Patients were classified as &#8216;fit&#8217;&#44; &#8216;temporarily unfit&#8217;&#44; or &#8216;unfit&#8217;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">There were no significant cognitive or visual differences between groups for either pre-training or post-training evaluation results&#46; Both groups showed significant improvements &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; in post-intervention evaluations&#46; More subjects were rated &#8216;unfit to drive&#8217; than &#8216;fit to drive&#8217;&#46; Most subjects improved their results&#46; In follow-up&#44; 73&#37; of the experimental group passed the road test&#44; compared to only 42&#37; of the controls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;03&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Devos et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> 2009&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">This study is a fresh analysis of data gathered by Akinwuntan et al&#46; &#40;2005&#41; in their project examining the driver training programme&#46; The authors examined the impact of the 2 training regimens &#40;specific simulator vs cognitive training&#41; on the 13 sections of the road test&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">In general&#44; performance on the road test and its 4 items improved significantly in patients who received similar training&#44; compared to those in the cognitive group&#46; Furthermore&#44; simulator training had more of an impact than cognitive training&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Crotty et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> 2009&#44; Australia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients randomly assigned to Dynavision training or a physiotherapy waiting list&#46; Participants in the intervention group received 3 Dynavision training sessions&#47;week for 6 weeks&#46; The purpose of the study was to assess subjects&#8217; driving capacity at 6 weeks&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">There were no significant differences between the 2 groups&#8217; results on the road test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;22&#41;&#46; More subjects in the intervention group than in the control group passed the test&#44; but the difference was not statistically significant &#40;76&#46;9&#37; vs&#46; 46&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> 2010&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Patients were monitored and tested over a 6-month period&#46; The following measures were used&#58; Barthel index&#44; number of km&#47;year&#44; and number of traffic fines and accidents&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">At 5 years of follow-up&#44; 60&#37; of patients with simulator training had been declared fit to drive&#44; vs&#46; 48&#37; in the cognitive training group&#46; 85&#37; of the patients who had resumed driving at 6 months were still driving after 5 years&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> 2010&#44; Belgium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Additional report&#47;analysis of Akinwuntan et al&#46;&#44; 2005&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">There were no significant intergroup differences for UFOV&#44; although intragroup differences were present&#46; Gains remained throughout follow-up &#40;3 months&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hitosugi et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> 2011&#44; Japan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 stroke patients and 20 controls completed a simulated driving experience&#46; They were then given a test in which they had to avoid a 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#47;h collision with a lorry&#46; Participants had 3 opportunities to brake&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">On their first attempt&#44; significantly fewer patients than controls were able to prevent a collision&#46; Likewise&#44; reaction time was significantly longer in patients than in the control group&#46; Among patients with CVA&#44; reaction times decreased on the second and third attempts &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies addressing interventions intended to recover driving ability after a stroke&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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            0 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                            1 => "P&#46; Irimia"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735808
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.nrleng.2012.05.008

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	14	1	15
2024 October	53	16	69
2024 September	79	16	95
2024 August	65	13	78
2024 July	59	19	78
2024 June	53	7	60
2024 May	51	10	61
2024 April	65	7	72
2024 March	79	18	97
2024 February	85	13	98
2024 January	77	3	80
2023 December	83	21	104
2023 November	94	16	110
2023 October	83	27	110
2023 September	67	13	80
2023 August	49	7	56
2023 July	65	14	79
2023 June	50	6	56
2023 May	107	7	114
2023 April	67	3	70
2023 March	45	8	53
2023 February	53	10	63
2023 January	73	23	96
2022 December	63	14	77
2022 November	75	16	91
2022 October	49	13	62
2022 September	49	19	68
2022 August	67	9	76
2022 July	37	13	50
2022 June	39	17	56
2022 May	43	14	57
2022 April	35	19	54
2022 March	51	11	62
2022 February	60	11	71
2022 January	75	11	86
2021 December	62	14	76
2021 November	69	17	86
2021 October	83	16	99
2021 September	81	18	99
2021 August	89	8	97
2021 July	63	18	81
2021 June	51	16	67
2021 May	53	14	67
2021 April	136	65	201
2021 March	95	22	117
2021 February	149	22	171
2021 January	55	20	75
2020 December	68	19	87
2020 November	66	19	85
2020 October	60	17	77
2020 September	50	18	68
2020 August	42	15	57
2020 July	37	10	47
2020 June	34	9	43
2020 May	30	19	49
2020 April	28	17	45
2020 March	40	8	48
2020 February	50	7	57
2020 January	51	13	64
2019 December	37	15	52
2019 November	20	11	31
2019 October	32	6	38
2019 September	28	7	35
2019 August	29	12	41
2019 July	41	24	65
2019 June	64	36	100
2019 May	187	68	255
2019 April	77	7	84
2019 March	37	11	48
2019 February	57	16	73
2019 January	45	23	68
2018 December	68	7	75
2018 November	69	17	86
2018 October	53	16	69
2018 September	75	6	81
2018 August	56	5	61
2018 July	19	2	21
2018 June	17	1	18
2018 May	19	5	24
2018 April	8	9	17
2018 March	11	2	13
2018 February	15	4	19
2018 January	15	3	18
2017 December	25	3	28
2017 November	18	8	26
2017 October	27	8	35
2017 September	27	11	38
2017 August	44	4	48
2017 July	27	3	30
2017 June	29	4	33
2017 May	26	12	38
2017 April	35	6	41
2017 March	22	12	34
2017 February	12	8	20
2017 January	25	3	28
2016 December	38	12	50
2016 November	31	11	42
2016 October	26	5	31
2016 September	49	9	58
2016 August	26	10	36
2016 July	25	4	29
2016 June	33	24	57
2016 May	24	8	32
2016 April	28	37	65
2016 March	41	16	57
2016 February	34	11	45
2016 January	30	11	41
2015 December	35	8	43
2015 November	50	8	58
2015 October	63	13	76
2015 September	31	8	39
2015 August	38	6	44
2015 July	26	18	44
2015 June	13	9	22
2015 May	20	9	29
2015 April	40	23	63
2015 March	32	12	44
2015 February	32	9	41
2015 January	42	10	52
2014 December	37	10	47
2014 November	24	7	31
2014 October	55	14	69
2014 September	34	8	42
2014 August	39	14	53
2014 July	46	12	58
2014 June	46	7	53
2014 May	46	22	68
2014 April	50	20	70

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