Review article
Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology
Vínculos existentes entre cefalea y epilepsia: terminología y conceptos actuales
A. Caminero
, R. Manso-Calderón
Corresponding author
Sección de Neurología, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila, Ávila, Spain
Read
16841
Timeswas read the article
1777
Total PDF
15064
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:25 [ "pii" => "S2173580814001138" "issn" => "21735808" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.10.015" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-10-01" "aid" => "314" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neurología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2011" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Neurologia. 2014;29:453-63" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 5138 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 71 "HTML" => 4167 "PDF" => 900 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S0213485311004476" "issn" => "02134853" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nrl.2011.10.016" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-10-01" "aid" => "314" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neurología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Neurologia. 2014;29:453-63" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 13379 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 71 "HTML" => 10477 "PDF" => 2831 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Revisión</span>" "titulo" => "Vínculos existentes entre cefalea y epilepsia: terminología y conceptos actuales" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "453" "paginaFinal" => "463" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1264 "Ancho" => 2131 "Tamanyo" => 275231 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mutaciones genéticas implicadas en la migraña hemipléjica familiar (MHF) asociadas a epilepsia. Adaptado de Haan J<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>.</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">*Crisis epilépticas independientes de los ataques de migraña hemipléjica.</p> <p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AE2: ataxia episódica tipo 2; Aus: crisis de ausencia; CIFB: convulsiones infantiles familiares benignas; EE: estatus epiléptico; GTC: crisis generalizadas tónico-clónicas; MHF: migraña hemipléjica familiar; PC: crisis parciales complejas; PS: crisis parciales simples.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Caminero, R. Manso-Calderón" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Caminero" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Manso-Calderón" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173580814001138" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.10.015" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173580814001138?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213485311004476?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/02134853/0000002900000008/v1_201410010144/S0213485311004476/v1_201410010144/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S2173580814001175" "issn" => "21735808" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.03.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-10-01" "aid" => "484" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neurología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Neurologia. 2014;29:464-72" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3803 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 67 "HTML" => 2930 "PDF" => 806 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia: Clinical and therapeutic approaches" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "464" "paginaFinal" => "472" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Demencia frontotemporal variante conductual: aproximación clínica y terapéutica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Fernández-Matarrubia, J.A. Matías-Guiu, T. Moreno-Ramos, J. Matías-Guiu" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Fernández-Matarrubia" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A." "apellidos" => "Matías-Guiu" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Moreno-Ramos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Matías-Guiu" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0213485313000662" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nrl.2013.03.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213485313000662?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173580814001175?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735808/0000002900000008/v1_201409280030/S2173580814001175/v1_201409280030/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:20 [ "pii" => "S2173580814001229" "issn" => "21735808" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.06.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-10-01" "aid" => "542" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Neurología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Neurologia. 2014;29:451-2" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3712 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 75 "HTML" => 2963 "PDF" => 674 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Oxidative stress in neurological diseases: Cause or effect?" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "451" "paginaFinal" => "452" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El estrés oxidativo en las enfermedades neurológicas: ¿Causa o consecuencia?" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M.L. Díaz-Hung, M.E. González Fraguela" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.L." "apellidos" => "Díaz-Hung" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.E." "apellidos" => "González Fraguela" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0213485313002090" "doi" => "10.1016/j.nrl.2013.06.022" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213485313002090?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173580814001229?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735808/0000002900000008/v1_201409280030/S2173580814001229/v1_201409280030/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Links between headaches and epilepsy: current knowledge and terminology" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "453" "paginaFinal" => "463" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Caminero, R. Manso-Calderón" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Caminero" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "acaminero@saludcastillayleon.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Manso-Calderón" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Neurología, Complejo Asistencial de Ávila, Ávila, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Vínculos existentes entre cefalea y epilepsia: terminología y conceptos actuales" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1258 "Ancho" => 2052 "Tamanyo" => 232074 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Genetic mutations involved in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) and associated with epilepsy. Adapted from Haan J.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> *Epileptic seizures independent from episodes of hemiplegic migraine. EA2: episodic ataxia type 2; Abs: absence seizure: BFIE: benign familial infantile epilepsy; SE: status epilepticus; GTC: generalised tonic–clonic seizures; FHM: familial hemiplegic migraine; CP: complex partial seizures; SP: simple partial seizures.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For centuries, people have been aware of a link between epilepsy and migraines (or headaches in general), but the relationship between the two is not yet fully understood. In 1898, an editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association underlined the need to find “a plausible explanation of the long recognised affinities of migraine and epilepsy”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> More than 100 years later, these affinities are still clinically and scientifically relevant. Migraine and epilepsy are both episodic disorders that are characterised by paroxysmal bursts of transient cerebral dysfunction. These conditions have a high rate of comorbidity and they are sometimes mistaken for each other in clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term ‘comorbidity’ does not imply progression or causality, but rather the co-presence of diseases that cannot be explained by chance alone. The association between epilepsy and migraine (or other types of headache) is two-way: either may precede or follow the other, and they may also appear simultaneously.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Furthermore, these disorders share pathophysiological mechanisms and genetic and/or environmental risk factors.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For purposes of this study, we completed a medical literature search on PubMed using the keyword ‘migralepsy’ or a combination of the terms ‘epilepsy’ or ‘epileptic seizure’ with ‘headache’, ‘migraine’, or ‘aura’. No time limits were imposed other than those inherent to the database. We then selected the most relevant original studies and reviews from the search results to write this review.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Epidemiology and relationship between epilepsy and headache (especially migraine)</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of epilepsy in the migraine population ranges from 1% to 17%, with a median of 5.9%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> This figure is significantly higher than the prevalence of epilepsy in the general population (0.5%–1%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Migraine prevalence in the epileptic population is also high, ranging between 8.4% and 23%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> One retrospective Icelandic study carried out in epileptic children aged 5 to 15 years showed a fourfold risk of experiencing migraine, especially migraine with aura.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ottman and Lipton studied migraine–epilepsy comorbidity using a structured telephone interview. The cumulative incidence rate of migraine in subjects with epilepsy was 24%. Among their relatives with epilepsy, 23% also had a history of migraine compared to 12% of their non-epileptic relatives. Epilepsy increased the relative risk of migraine by a factor of 2.4 (Cox proportional hazard) in both subjects and their relatives compared to family members without epilepsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leniger et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> pointed out that headache as a symptom during epileptic seizures is often overlooked. That team studied 341 consecutive patients with epilepsy over a 15-month period. Within that group, 34% (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>115) experienced headache associated with seizures; headaches were preictal in 3%, peri-ictal in 27%, and postictal in 70%. Headaches were classified as migraines in 55.7% of those 115 patients, and as tension-type headaches in 36.5%. There were no significant associations with sex, type of seizure, or epileptic syndrome. In contrast, there was an association between presence of a migraine-type headache associated with seizures and history of migraine.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Different types of association can be found between headache and epilepsy, giving rise to different temporal relationships between the conditions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Casual co-presence in the same individual.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Common underlying aetiology explaining both disorders (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In both cases, we refer to interictal headache, since the 2 types of attacks present at different moments in time.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Headache is part of the seizure itself (or, less frequently, the sole manifestation): hemicrania epileptica and ictal epileptic headache. Headaches and seizures present simultaneously.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Headache appears after the seizure (seizure-headache/migraine sequence): post-ictal headache. In these cases, epileptic manifestations may resemble migraine aura, as occurs in benign childhood epilepsy. Seizure and headache appear one after the other.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epileptic seizure begins during or after a migraine aura (migraine/headache-seizure sequence): migralepsy. The migraine and seizure episodes appear consecutively or simultaneously.</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These last 3 types of headache presenting near the time of onset of a seizure will be described in the next section.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Headaches related to epileptic seizures</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between 40% and 60% of all patients with epilepsy present peri-ictal headache at some time during the course of the disease. These headaches may be preictal, ictal, or postictal. However, types are not mutually exclusive; the same patient may experience more than one type of peri-ictal headache, or even concurrent interictal headaches. Peri-ictal headaches may have diagnostic significance; for example, in temporal lobe epilepsy, the location of the headache is correlated with the side of the epileptogenic focus and therefore displays lateralising value.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Preictal headache</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Preictal headaches precede an epileptic seizure without forming part of the seizure itself; they occur more than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes before seizure onset.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Although there are few systematic studies of these headaches, they have been described in 5% to 15% of all patients with epilepsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> Yankovsky et al. found 11 cases of preictal headache when studying 100 patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy. In 7 cases, headache appeared in the 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes prior to the seizure (early preictal headache); in the 4 remaining cases, it appeared between 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes and 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours earlier, with irregular presence throughout that time (prodromal headache). Except for one case of frontal lobe epilepsy, all patients in this group had temporal lobe epilepsy. Headache was in a frontotemporal location in all cases and ipsilateral to the epileptogenic focus in most cases with temporal lobe epilepsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Headache preceded epileptic seizures in 75% of this patient group. In 36%, headache showed migraine-like characteristics but was less intense than a typical migraine headache. When epilepsy surgery stopped the seizures, headaches disappeared as well.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A different type of preictal headache refers to seizures triggered by migraine (migralepsy); in these cases, seizures appear during or soon after the migraine aura. While its prevalence is unknown, it has been associated with basilar migraine and menstrual migraines in particular.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The term ‘migralepsy’ was first used by Lennox and Lennox<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> to describe “ophthalmic migraine with perhaps nausea and vomiting followed by symptoms characteristic of epilepsy”.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Migralepsy is a controversial entity. The ICHD-II (second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders) includes it among the complications of migraine (epigraph 1.5.1) and establishes its diagnostic characteristics (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Nevertheless, the term does not appear in the ILAE classification (International League Against Epilepsy), nor does it appear among the recent recommendations of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact, doctors today consider a clinical sequence like that described in migralepsy (migraine aura-epileptic seizure or migraine-epileptic seizure) to be quite unlikely.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,21</span></a> The existence of this nosological entity is now questioned for various reasons.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In one study of more than 1500 individuals with epilepsy, none experienced seizures after a migraine aura or concomitantly with aura.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A review of the approximately 50 cases of migralepsy published in the literature before 2010 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) shows the diagnosis to be quite questionable in most cases, and none demonstrates a clear migraine–epilepsy sequence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Only two patients of these 50 (4%) strictly comply with ICHD-II diagnostic criteria. Instead, some of the cases described are associated with migraine without aura; in other cases, the epileptic seizure manifested more than an hour after migraine with aura.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although an ictal EEG during the migraine phase is only available for 32% of these 50 described cases, they do display an elevated prevalence of pure epileptic disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> MRI scans showed transient cerebral anomalies in 6% of the patients with migralepsy. This was probably caused by changes to the blood–brain barrier eliciting oedema, which explains why the changes are reversible. In addition, several of the patients described as having this diagnosis responded rapidly to intravenous diazepam administration; response was both clinical and detectable by EEG.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2011, clinical and EEG characteristics were published for a series of patients diagnosed with migralepsy. These 16 patients were selected retrospectively from among 4600 epileptic children who had experienced a seizure less than an hour after having had a migraine with or without aura. It included only those subjects whose data included an EEG recording taken during the migraine phase (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> While 69% of these children had complex partial seizures, the other 31% presented primary generalised epilepsy. Visual symptoms such as amaurosis or visual, elemental, or complex hallucinations affected 56% of the patients. Forty-four per cent had migraine without aura, another 44% migraine with aura, and 12% experienced both types. Neuroimaging studies (MRI) yielded normal results in 75%, whereas the remaining 25% exhibited anomalies such as neuronal migration disorder, hydrocephalus, leukoencephalopathy, and periventricular gliosis. The 16 patients included in the study showed focal or generalised EEG anomalies during their migraine episodes, including spike-waves, spikes only, or theta waves at different topographies. Most patients (88%) also showed anomalies in interictal EEG.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> No correlations have been found between the type and/or cortical localisation of ictal EEG anomalies and synchronic migraine onset, or episodes of migraine with or without aura.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has therefore been suggested that the migraine–epilepsy sequence defined as ‘migralepsy’ might possibly be an epileptic seizure that begins with an ictal headache, i.e. headache is part of the seizure itself. The headache may or may not be followed by a sensory, motor, autonomic, or generalised partial seizure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ictal headache</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Headache as a manifestation of epileptic seizure has been documented in less than 5% of all patients with epilepsy, and it does not meet diagnostic criteria for migraine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> One reason for this small percentage may be that if headache coincides with the seizure, it may go unnoticed, especially in patients with altered cognition or consciousness. When headache does appear, it is generally only for a few minutes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ictal headache manifests with multiple, varied symptoms, such as a bilateral sensation of pressure across the frontal region, dull headache, piercing retro-orbital pain, or an electric sensation with various intensities and localisations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> It is often accompanied by other symptoms<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> but in rare cases it may be the sole symptom of a seizure or focal status epilepticus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> This phenomenon is even less likely to present in all seizures experienced by the same patient. According to some authors, this manifestation is similar to pain in other parts of the body, and they suggest that it may be of parietal origin (ictal headache).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Nevertheless, clinical experience finds this symptom to be exceptional in parietal epilepsy.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The only type of ictal headache described in the ICHD-II<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> is hemicrania epileptica, included in section 7 (headache attributed to non-vascular intracranial disorder) under heading 7.6 (headache attributed to epileptic seizure). The condition is extremely rare, and when it does appear, it is unlikely to meet all proposed diagnostic criteria (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Hemicrania epileptica is not listed among the nosological or terminological recommendations of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In an introductory article, Isler et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> studied 91 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy; of the total, 18 presented hemicranial headache with migraine-like characteristics lasting seconds to minutes at the time of onset of epileptic activity, which was partial seizure in all patients. In rare cases, ictal headache lasted for hours.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between 1988 and the present, researchers reported 5 cases of status epilepticus migrainosus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,30–33</span></a> None met the current ICHD-II criteria for hemicrania epileptica (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,34</span></a> In all cases, headache seemed to be the sole manifestation of non-convulsive status epilepticus, whether partial<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30–33</span></a> or generalised.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> The nature of this state can only be revealed by an EEG recording.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32–36</span></a> There are no reports of any specific patterns or localisations of the epileptic discharges. Intriguingly, diffusion MRI has shown changes in the region of critical activity, which confirms the technique's usefulness for determining the epileptic nature of these events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32,33</span></a> On the other hand, studies have also shown that complete resolution of the headache and epileptic anomalies is achieved by using antiepileptic drugs, not anti-migraine drugs, in most of these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32,33</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnostic difficulty is inherent to the description of an epileptic seizure presenting with ictal pain. The situations listed below contribute to making the diagnostic scenario even more complicated.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If ictal headache is associated with other ictal epileptic manifestations, especially visual or sensory manifestations, without generalisation of the seizures, it is easy to conclude that the headache is migraine with aura.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If ictal headache is the sole epileptic manifestation, the mere step of considering this rare possibility and detecting any epileptiform anomalies in an ictal EEG will be helpful in the diagnostic process. However, we must be mindful of the difficulty involved in taking an ictal recording.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Postictal headache</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This headache type is also included in the ICHD-II under heading 7.6 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> It presents in 50% of all patients with epilepsy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> and constitutes the type of headache most frequently linked to epileptic seizures. A list of circumstances promote or act as risk factors for the condition: young adulthood and prior history of headache, especially migraine (in this case, postictal headache is typically migrainous); experiencing epileptic seizures at a young age; longer histories of epilepsy; drug-resistant epilepsy; generalised tonic–clonic seizures; and occipital epilepsy, whether idiopathic or symptomatic.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> A study by Ito et al. found that 41% of all patients with temporal lobe epilepsy had postictal headache. This was also true in 40% of the cases of frontal epilepsy and in 59% of the cases of occipital epilepsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postictal headaches tend to appear 3 to 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes after an epileptic seizure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,22</span></a> and may be accompanied by vomiting and photophobia. Their duration varies, although it is usually less than 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours; headache intensity is moderate and typically requires analgesics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,40</span></a> Postictal headache presenting after an occipital seizure will require differential diagnosis to rule out typical migraine with aura or basilar migraine.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general, postictal headache is underestimated and undertreated. This occurs because the epileptic seizure is a much more eloquent symptom than pain. However, this condition does decrease quality of life considerably for those patients who present it.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Differential diagnosis for epileptic seizures and migraine: clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Clinical aspects</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Visual symptoms of occipital seizures can be mistaken for visual auras in migraine, even though most cases display typical traits that differentiate them (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>). Visual auras in migraine appear as colourless blinking lights, or often as zig-zagging lines that begin in the centre of the visual field and progress to the edge of the hemifield in 4 to 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes. They are frequently followed by scotoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The total duration of aura is usually 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes or less. In contrast, elemental visual hallucinations in occipital lobe epilepsy are mainly colourful and circular; they develop in a few seconds and are of short duration (2–3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min). They frequently appear on the edge of a temporal hemifield and they expand and multiply during the seizure, often moving horizontally towards the contralateral side.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Nevertheless, it is not always easy to distinguish migraine from epilepsy based on the above criteria. Alice in Wonderland syndrome may present as macropsia, micropsia, metamorphopsia, or size distortion phenomena. It has been described in both temporal-occipital epilepsy and migraine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Electroencephalographic findings</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While EEG is not useful for routine evaluation of headache, 24-hour video-EEG studies may play a useful role in specific cases. Marks and Ehrenberg<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> employed this technique on 2 patients with migralepsy and observed EEG changes that were not typical of epilepsy during the migraine aura (burst of spikes resembling EEG findings in an epileptic seizure). In most cases, this activity did not display the timeline typical of ictal epileptiform activity with its progressive increases and decreases in frequency and amplitude.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42,43</span></a> EEG during migraine aura may also show ‘alternating’ patterns separated by completely normal activity despite the persistence of clinical symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In published cases of ictal epileptic headache,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,30–33</span></a> EEG during headache did not show a specific pattern. Some cases displayed high-voltage rhythmic activity at 11 to 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz with alternating spikes in the right temporal-occipital region,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32,33</span></a> while others showed high-voltage theta wave activity alternating with acute waves in the occipital region,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30,31</span></a> or discharges of spikes and continuous bilateral slow spike-waves.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Intermittent light stimulation has evoked photoparoxysmal responses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> together with low-intensity pulsating headache.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> On some occasions, no anomalies may be found on a surface EEG during the ictal headache. This finding is common in certain types of epilepsy, such as those originating in deep-structure focal epilepsy, for example, in the orbitomedial frontal region,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,36,45–47</span></a> or in epileptic syndromes such as Panayiotopoulos syndrome that have autonomic manifestations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> This means that absence of clear spike-wave epileptic activity does not rule out a diagnosis of epilepsy. In these cases, using deep electrodes greatly improves the diagnostic sensitivity of the technique.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Common pathogenic and genetic mechanisms in migraine and epilepsy</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The causes that explain the high rate of comorbidity between epilepsy and headaches, especially migraines, are completely unknown. Although the pathophysiology of the migraine–epilepsy sequence has not yet been clarified, one hypothesis is that the threshold for cortical excitation in migraine patients is lower than in healthy subjects, and that this situation fosters onset of seizures. This cerebral hyperexcitability may be due to several factors, whether isolated or combined, including mitochondrial alterations, magnesium metabolism disorders, or ion channel anomalies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a></p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cortical spreading depression (CSD) may constitute the link between migraine and epilepsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35,49</span></a> This phenomenon consists of a wave of neuronal and glial depolarisation that begins in the occipital cortex and propagates at a velocity of 2 to 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm/minute towards the anterior regions of the cortex. During this process, chemical mediators including glutamate are released into the extravascular and perivascular space.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> CSD is able to activate the trigeminal-vascular system (TVS), inducing the release of vasoactive peptides (CGRP and substance P) in the leptomeningeal area. This produces the vasodilation and sterile inflammation that together cause migraine pain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48,50</span></a> Glutamate and NMDA receptors are also active participants in epileptic seizures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> On the other hand, the biochemical mechanism in CSD (transient loss of membrane ion gradients and increase in extracellular potassium, neurotransmitters, and intracellular calcium) produces a state of local hyperexcitability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless, most cases of temporary association of migraine with epilepsy are in fact genuine occipital epileptic seizures. Researchers postulate that critical discharges in the occipital lobes trigger a genuine migraine by initiating the CSP phenomenon and activating the TVS, as well as other mechanisms mediated by brainstem nuclei.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most plausible pathophysiological explanation for presence of ictal migraine is that the epileptic focus activating TVS might be a purely autonomic focus, and discharge at that site manifests with the development of a migraine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35,45</span></a> Another possibility involves a subclinical focus that initiates CSP by activating TVS, but with discharges below the symptomatic threshold required to elicit sensory-motor manifestations since underlying depolarisation would not propagate to these other cortical areas. In such cases, migraine would be the only epileptic manifestation. Another hypothesis is that the threshold required to initiate CSP might be lower than that required to elicit an epileptic seizure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35,45</span></a> In fact, we know that central autonomic circuits have a lower threshold for epileptogenic activation than circuits producing cortical focal sensory-motor signs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,35</span></a> This explains why, in a clinical context, we are more likely to observe epileptic patients with perictal or interictal migraines than migraine patients with epileptic seizures.</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly, mutations that give rise to channelopathies change neuronal or glial ionic homeostasis or affect GABA-ergic or glutamatergic systems or mitochondrial functions. These mutations may explain the association between migraine and epilepsy. Regarding familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> an autosomal dominant form of migraine with aura, doctors have described co-presence of epilepsy in all 3 of its genetic subtypes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(a)</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The FHM1 gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1A</span> (chromosome 19p) codes for the pore-forming Cav2.1 subunit of P/Q type calcium channels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> These mutations may affect CSP given that P/Q calcium channels mediate glutamate release in cortical neurons.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(b)</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The FHM2 gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ATP1A2</span> (chromosome 1q)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a> encodes subunit α<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> Na<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span>/K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> ATPase, which is responsible for pumping K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> ions to the cell interior and Na<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> ions out of the cell.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a> An imbalance between Na<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> and K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> ions triggers CSD.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">(c)</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The FHM3 gene <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SCN1A</span> (chromosome 2q24) is associated with epilepsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a> Mutations at this location may cause genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures, Dravet syndrome, and other rare epileptic syndromes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> More than 150 mutations of this gene have been described in families with epilepsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a></p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other genetic mutations suggesting a relationship between migraine and epilepsy have also been described. Examples include mutations in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SLC1A3</span>, a member of the solute carrier family that codes for transporter 1 of excitatory aminoacids,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">POLG</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C10orF2</span>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a> genes that code for mitochondrial DNA polymerase and Twinkle helicase, respectively.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Treatment</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When a patient has epilepsy and any type of headache, especially migraines, the best solution is to find a drug that effectively targets both conditions. Multiple double-blind placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs such as sodium valproate, topiramate, and gabapentin; the first 2 options have been approved by the FDA as migraine prophylaxis. Effective doses for migraine are typically lower than those for epilepsy; 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day valproate,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64,65</span></a> 1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day gabapentin,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66</span></a> or 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day topiramate<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">67,68</span></a> are often sufficient. Lamotrigine is especially effective for the aura of migraine patients, although it is less effective against pain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">69</span></a> Other antiepileptic drugs, including pregabalin, levetiracetam, and zonisamide have been proven effective in some open trials.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70–72</span></a> Antiepileptic drugs are probably effective for treating migraine due to their effect on cerebral excitability. Topiramate reduces CSP in rat brains<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">73</span></a>; a magnetoencephalographic study showed that neuronal excitability had decreased after 30 days of treatment with sodium valproate.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">74</span></a> Nevertheless, a study of epileptic patients with interictal migraines found no antiepileptic drugs to be superior to others for migraine prevention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">75</span></a> On the other hand, headache is one of the most common side effects of antiepileptic drugs.</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some preventive treatments for migraine or other headaches, such as tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptic drugs, should be avoided because they lower the epileptogenic threshold.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">76</span></a> In recent years, studies have also suggested that vagus nerve stimulation may have a preventive effect on migraines in epileptic patients. In 2 studies containing 4 and 10 patients with epilepsy and migraines, 75% of those in the first study and 80% of those in the second experienced decreased migraine frequency after stimulators had been implanted.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">77,78</span></a></p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly, between 66% and 90% of patients with postcritical headache may benefit from analgesic treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16,79</span></a> Furthermore, triptanes have been used effectively in some patients with postcritical migraine-like headaches.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">80,81</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conclusions</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further studies are needed to clarify the association between epilepsy and headache/migraine. At present, some propose discontinuing the use of ‘migralepsy’ since the term does not clearly reflect a defined nosological entity. Consensus should also be reached regarding the most appropriate terminology to be used. Meanwhile, Verrotti et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> propose the following change to both the IHS and the ILAE classifications:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term ‘ictal epileptic headache’ should be used to identify episodes in which headache is the only ictal manifestation of epilepsy. Ictal epileptic headache is a type of autonomic epilepsy.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term ‘hemicrania epileptica’ should remain in the classification schemes to identify those cases in which ictal epileptic headaches coexist and are associated with other ictal sensorimotor events occurring synchronically or sequentially.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ideally, an ictal EEG should be performed during the migraine event for all patients presenting clinical characteristics of migraine and epilepsy. The aim is to detect the pathogenic mechanism underlying these episodes, although this is not always possible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,47</span></a> However, we often find that these ideal situations are not achievable.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres372902" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction and objectives" 2 => "Method" 3 => "Description" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec351939" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres372901" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Introducción y objetivos" 2 => "Método" 3 => "Descripción" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec351938" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Epidemiology and relationship between epilepsy and headache (especially migraine)" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Headaches related to epileptic seizures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Preictal headache" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Ictal headache" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Postictal headache" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Differential diagnosis for epileptic seizures and migraine: clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Clinical aspects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Electroencephalographic findings" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Common pathogenic and genetic mechanisms in migraine and epilepsy" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Treatment" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-09-11" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-10-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec351939" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Aura" 1 => "Headache" 2 => "Epileptic seizures" 3 => "Epilepsy" 4 => "Migralepsy" 5 => "Migraine" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec351938" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Aura" 1 => "Cefalea" 2 => "Crisis epiléptica" 3 => "Epilepsia" 4 => "Migralepsia" 5 => "Migraña" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Headaches (including migraines) and epilepsy have a high level of comorbidity and may be confused during diagnosis. Although physicians have known for centuries that these two conditions are somehow linked, their relationship remains poorly understood. Herein we describe the known associations between them, their underlying physiopathologic and genetic mechanisms, and the treatments recommended for them.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We have reviewed the most relevant publication of headache/migraine and epilepsy by using the PubMed data base.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Description</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An individual can suffer both from headaches (either migraine and/or other type of headache) and epilepsy, either by chance or because of a common underlying pathology. In these cases, the headache usually occurs at a different moment than the seizure (“interictal headache”). However, headaches sometimes occur simultaneously with, or very close in time to, the seizure: one that occurs at the same time as an epileptic seizure is known as an “ictal epileptic headache” or as “hemicrania epileptica”; one that precedes a seizure is known as a “pre-ictal headache”; and one that follows a seizure is known as a “post-ictal headache”. There is a particular type of pre-ictal headache, known as “migralepsy”, which occurs during or just after a migraine aura.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The terminology and concepts employed to describe possible associations between headaches (mainly migraines) and epilepsy have evolved over time with increasing clinical and physiopathogenic knowledge. Some researchers have suggested eliminating the term migralepsy and using the terms ictal epileptic headache and hemicrania epileptica exclusively and uniformly in all classification systems.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción y objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cefalea (especialmente la migraña) y epilepsia son entidades con elevada comorbilidad que pueden confundirse desde el punto de vista clínico. Existe una relación bidireccional entre ambas, conocida desde hace siglos, pero aún no bien comprendida. Describimos las distintas modalidades de asociación existentes entre ellas, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos y genéticos subyacentes y los tratamientos recomendados.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Método</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hemos revisado las publicaciones más relevantes sobre la asociación entre migraña/cefalea y epilepsia utilizando la base de datos de PubMed.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Descripción</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En un mismo individuo, la epilepsia puede coexistir con algún tipo de cefalea (sobre todo migraña) por azar o a través de una etiología subyacente común. En ambos casos, los ataques de una y otra se presentan en diferentes momentos temporales (“cefalea interictal”). Cuando la cefalea es parte de la propia crisis, estamos ante una hemicránea epiléptica o ante una cefalea epiléptica ictal. La cefalea que aparece tras la crisis, define una cefalea post-ictal. La cefalea que la precede, se denomina cefalea preictal. Un tipo especial de esta última es la migralepsia, término que hace referencia a las crisis que aparecen durante o poco después del aura migrañosa.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La terminología y los conceptos que definen las posibles asociaciones entre cefalea/migraña y epilepsia han ido evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo, en virtud del mayor conocimiento clínico y fisiopatogénico. Se ha propuesto suprimir el término de migralepsia, y utilizar de forma restringida y uniforme los términos cefalea epiléptica ictal y hemicránea epiléptica en todos los sistemas de clasificación.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Caminero A, Manso-Calderón R. Vínculos existentes entre cefalea y epilepsia: terminología y conceptos actuales. Neurología. 2014;29:453‐463.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1195 "Ancho" => 2060 "Tamanyo" => 158040 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Timelines for headache and migraines in epilepsy. The numbers represent headache prevalence in epilepsy. Modified from Bianchin et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> 2010.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1258 "Ancho" => 2052 "Tamanyo" => 232074 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Genetic mutations involved in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) and associated with epilepsy. Adapted from Haan J.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> *Epileptic seizures independent from episodes of hemiplegic migraine. EA2: episodic ataxia type 2; Abs: absence seizure: BFIE: benign familial infantile epilepsy; SE: status epilepticus; GTC: generalised tonic–clonic seizures; FHM: familial hemiplegic migraine; CP: complex partial seizures; SP: simple partial seizures.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Metabolic disorders \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Brain tumours \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Alexander disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Head trauma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Neurocutaneous syndromes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Post-traumatic syndromes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Sturge-Weber syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ MELAS syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Tuberous sclerosis complex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Idiopathic childhood occipital epilepsy of Gastaut \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Vascular malformations (AVM, cavernomas) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Idiopathic photosensitive occipital lobe epilepsy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Infection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Idiopathic epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Encephalitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Familial hemiplegic migraine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Cerebral abscesses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Episodic ataxia type 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Post-meningitis syndromes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">□ Hydrocephalus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab563806.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diseases that may present with headache and epilepsy.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1.5.5 Migraine-triggered seizure (migralepsy): episode triggered by a migraine aura. Must meet the following criteria:</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A. Migraine fulfilling criteria for ‘migraine with aura’ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B. A seizure fulfilling diagnostic criteria for one type of epileptic attack occurs during or within 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hour after a migraine aura \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab563807.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagnostic criteria for migralepsy (ICHD-II).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sances et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Verrotti et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sex</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Men \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Women \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age at onset</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean age (range) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 (3–51) years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (5–18) years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18 years or younger \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Not available \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Migraine type</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Migraine with aura (MA) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Migraine without aura (MO) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Basilar-type migraine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Probable migraine with aura \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seizure type</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Partial simple (PS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Partial complex (PC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Generalised tonic–clonic (GTC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GTC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GTC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>GTC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>+<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Epilepsia partialis continua \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ictal EEG</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Not available \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anomalies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Interictal EEG</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Not available \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Localised anomalies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Generalised anomalies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neuroimaging study</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Not available \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Structural changes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Transient changes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnosis</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Meets ICHD-II criteria for migralepsy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Does not meet ICHD-II criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Questionable (ictal headache) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Uncertain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab563809.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data from cases of migralepsy reported in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24</span></a></p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemicrania epileptica</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A. Headache lasting seconds to minutes, with features of migraine, fulfilling criteria C and D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B. The patient is having a partial epileptic seizure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C. Headache develops synchronously with the seizure and is ipsilateral to the ictal discharge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D. Headache resolves immediately after the seizureThis diagnosis requires headache onset to be simultaneous with the ictal discharge shown by the EEG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Postictal headache</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A. Headache with features of tension-type headache or, in a patient with migraine, of migraine headache and fulfilling criteria C and D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>B. The patient has had a partial or generalised epileptic seizure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>C. Headache develops within 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours following the seizure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>D. Headache resolves within 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours after the seizure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab563810.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagnostic criteria for hemicrania epileptica and postictal headache (ICHD-II).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">HE: hemicrania epileptica; NCSE: non-convulsive status epilepticus; NA: not available.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ICHD-II criteria for HE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Walker et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ghofrani et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parisi et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Perucca et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Belcastro et al. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">A. Headache lasting seconds to minutes, with features of migraine, fulfilling criteria C and D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">B. The patient is having a partial epileptic seizure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCSE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCSE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCSE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCSE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NCSE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">C. Headache is ipsilateral to the ictal discharge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">D. Headache resolves immediately after the seizure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab563808.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Review of 5 cases of ictal epileptic headache described in the literature, compared to current ICHD-II criteria for hemicrania epileptica (HE).</p> <p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Modified from Belcastro et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> 2011.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Modified from Panayiotopoulos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>, 1999." "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Migraine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Epilepsy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aura duration</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15–60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Brief (less than 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Visual disorder</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Colours \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Black and white \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Colours \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Shapes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zig-zag or fortification spectrum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Circular, complex, or amaurosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Centre of the visual field \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Periphery of the visual field; they may move to the contralateral side \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paraesthesia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequent (5–60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequent (seconds to a few minutes) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dysphasia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Infrequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Déjà-vu</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Infrequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gastrointestinal aura</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nausea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rising epigastric sensation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Olfactory</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Very rare \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">More frequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Automatisms</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Infrequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Altered consciousness</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Headache</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">More intense and pulsating \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate, non-pulsating \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hemisphere</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">May vary in different episodes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Same side always \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Repetition</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spread out over time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frequent, including same day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab563805.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Useful clinical data in the differential diagnosis of aura in migraines and in epilepsy.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:81 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "JAMA 100 years ago: a slander on the medical profession" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "B.P. Pace" 1 => "M. Sullivan-Fowler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "276" "paginaInicial" => "1222" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8849748" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Headache as an epileptic manifestation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Laplante" 1 => "J.M. Saint-Hilaire" 2 => "G. Bouvier" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "1983" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "1493" "paginaFinal" => "1495" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6685243" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migraine-related seizures in adults with epilepsy, with EEG correlation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.A. Marks" 1 => "B.L. Ehrenberg" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "2476" "paginaFinal" => "2483" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8255443" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comorbidity of migraine: the connection between migraine and epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R.B. Lipton" 1 => "R. Ottman" 2 => "B.L. Ehrenberg" 3 => "W.A. Hauser" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "44" "numero" => "Suppl. 7" "paginaInicial" => "S28" "paginaFinal" => "S32" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7969943" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Chronic disorders with episodic manifestations: focus on epilepsy and migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S.R. Haut" 1 => "M.E. Bigal" 2 => "R.B. Lipton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70348-9" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Neurol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "148" "paginaFinal" => "157" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426991" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migraine–epilepsy relationships" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. Andermann" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsy Res" "fecha" => "1987" "volumen" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "213" "paginaFinal" => "226" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3332867" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizure in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935–1984" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A.W. Hauser" 1 => "J.F. Annegers" 2 => "E.V. Anderson" 3 => "L.T. Kurlan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "453" "paginaFinal" => "468" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8504780" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0266613809001247" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "02666138" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migraine with aura is a risk factor for unprovoked seizures in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "P. Ludvigsson" 1 => "D. Hesdorffer" 2 => "E. Olafsson" 3 => "O. Kjartansson" 4 => "W.A. Hauser" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/ana.20745" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Neurol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "210" "paginaFinal" => "213" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16374824" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comorbidity of migraine and epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Ottman" 1 => "R.B. Lipton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "2105" "paginaFinal" => "2110" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7969967" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Seizure-associated headache in epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T. Leniger" 1 => "K. Isbruch" 2 => "S. Von Den Driesch" 3 => "H.C. Diener" 4 => "A. Hufnagel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "1176" "paginaFinal" => "1179" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11580767" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migraine and epilepsy: a focus on overlapping clinical, pathophysiological, molecular, and therapeutic aspects" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M.M. Bianchin" 1 => "R.G. Londero" 2 => "J.E. Lima" 3 => "M.E. Bigal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11916-010-0121-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Pain Headache Rep" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "276" "paginaFinal" => "283" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495966" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics of patients with comorbidity of migraine and epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T. Leniger" 1 => "S. Von den Driesch" 2 => "K. Isbruch" 3 => "H.C. Diener" 4 => "A. Hufnagel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Headache" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "672" "paginaFinal" => "673" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12786928" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lateralizing value of peri-ictal headache: a study of 100 patients with partial epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Bernasconi" 1 => "F. Andermann" 2 => "N. Bernasconi" 3 => "D.C. Reutens" 4 => "F. Dubeau" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "56" "paginaInicial" => "130" "paginaFinal" => "132" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11148254" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characteristics of headache associated with intractable partial epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.E. Yankovsky" 1 => "F. Andermann" 2 => "A. Bernasconi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.64804.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "46" "paginaInicial" => "1241" "paginaFinal" => "1245" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16060934" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Peri-ictal headache in children: prevalence and character" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Cai" 1 => "L.D. Hamiwka" 2 => "E.C. Wirrell" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.05.012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Neurol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "91" "paginaFinal" => "96" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18639751" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preictal headache in partial epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A.E. Yankovsky" 1 => "F. Andermann" 2 => "S. Mercho" 3 => "F. Dubeau" 4 => "A. Bernasconi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1212/01.wnl.0000188820.17776.cd" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "65" "paginaInicial" => "1979" "paginaFinal" => "1981" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380625" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epilepsy and related disorders" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "W.G. Lennox" 1 => "M.A. Lennox" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "1960" "editorial" => "Little, Brown and Company" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Boston" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The international classification of headache, disorders. 2nd ed." "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "Headache Classification Subcomittee of The International Headache Society" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "2004" "numero" => "24 Suppl." "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "160" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A.T. Berg" 1 => "S.F. Berkovic" 2 => "M.J. Brodie" 3 => "J. Buchhalter" 4 => "J.H. Cross" 5 => "W. Van Emde Boas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "676" "paginaFinal" => "685" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20196795" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Differentiating occipital epilepsies from migraine with aura, acephalgic migraine and basilar migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "C.P. Panayiotopoulos" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Benign childhood partial seizures and related epileptic syndromes" "paginaInicial" => "281" "paginaFinal" => "302" "serieFecha" => "1999" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migralepsy and related conditions: advances in pathophysiology and classification" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Verrotti" 1 => "P. Striano" 2 => "V. Belcastro" 3 => "S. Matricardi" 4 => "M.P. Villa" 5 => "P. Parisi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.seizure.2011.02.012" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Seizure" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "271" "paginaFinal" => "275" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21429767" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Visual phenomena and headache in occipital epilepsy: a review, a systematic study and differentiation from migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "C.P. Panayiotopoulos" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epileptic Disord" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "205" "paginaFinal" => "216" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10937155" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migralepsy: a call for a revision of the definition" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G. Sances" 1 => "E. Guaschino" 2 => "P. Perucca" 3 => "M. Allena" 4 => "N. Ghiotto" 5 => "R. Manni" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02265.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "2487" "paginaFinal" => "2496" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19694799" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Should “migralepsy” be considered an obsolete concept? A multicenter retrospective clinical/EEG study and review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Verrotti" 1 => "G. Coppola" 2 => "A. Di Fonzo" …3 ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.03.004" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsy Behav" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "52" "paginaFinal" => "59" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migraine triggered seizures and epilepsy triggered headache and migraine attacks: a need for re-assessment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10194-011-0344-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Headache Pain" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "287" "paginaFinal" => "288" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Autonomic headache with autonomic seizures: a case report" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10194-006-0326-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Headache Pain" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "347" "paginaFinal" => "350" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Headache as a sole manifestation in nonconvulsive status epilepticus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Child Neurol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "981" "paginaFinal" => "983" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Headache associated with epileptic seizures: epidemiology and clinical characteristics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Headache" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "649" "paginaFinal" => "655" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Hemicrania epileptica: synchronous ipsilateral ictal headache with migraine features" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Migraine and epilepsy" "paginaInicial" => "249" "paginaFinal" => "263" "serieFecha" => "1987" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Case of simple partial status epilepticus in occipital lobe epilepsy misdiagnosed as migraine: clinical, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "1233" "paginaFinal" => "1236" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A case with atypical childhood occipital epilepsy “Gastaut type”: an ictal migraine manifestation with a good response to intravenous diazepam" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01265.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "48" "paginaInicial" => "2181" "paginaFinal" => "2186" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Status epilepticus migrainosus: clinical, electrophysiologic, and imaging characteristics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ea1612" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "75" "paginaInicial" => "373" "paginaFinal" => "374" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ictal epileptic headache mimicking status migrainosus: EEG and DWIMRI findings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01709.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Headache" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "160" "paginaFinal" => "162" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migralepsy, hemicrania epileptica, post-ictal headache and ictal epileptic headache: a proposal for terminology and classification revision" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10194-011-0318-4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Headache Pain" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "289" "paginaFinal" => "294" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Why is migraine rarely, and not usually, the sole ictal epileptic manifestation?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.seizure.2009.01.010" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Seizure" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "309" "paginaFinal" => "312" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ictal headache and visual sensitivity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01707.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "194" "paginaFinal" => "203" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Post-epileptic headache and migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry" "fecha" => "1987" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "1148" "paginaFinal" => "1152" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Postictal headache" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.023" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsy Behav" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "151" "paginaFinal" => "155" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0140673602094540" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01406736" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Multi-center study on post-ictal headache in patients with localization-related epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01136.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Psychiatry Clin Neurosci" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "57" "paginaInicial" => "385" "paginaFinal" => "389" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characteristics of postictal headache in patients with partial epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "23" "paginaFinal" => "28" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Alice-in-Wonderland syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Minerva Med" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "90" "paginaInicial" => "397" "paginaFinal" => "401" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migraine and epilepsy with infantile onset and electroencephalographic findings of occipital spike-wave complexes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Headache" "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "378" "paginaFinal" => "383" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Basilar migraine with electroencephalographic findings of occipital spike-wave complexes: a long-term study in seven children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "192" "paginaFinal" => "196" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An EEG contribution to the study of migraine and of the association between migraine and epilepsy in childhood" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Occipital seizures and epilepsy in children" "paginaInicial" => "101" "paginaFinal" => "110" "serieFecha" => "1993" ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "45" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Who's still afraid of the link between headache and epilepsy?. Some reactions to and reflections on the article by Marte Helene Bjork and co-workers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10194-009-0149-8" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Headache Pain" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "327" "paginaFinal" => "329" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "46" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migralepsy: a call for revision of the definition" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02407.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "932" "paginaFinal" => "933" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "47" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "NREM arousal parasomnias and their distinction from nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: a video EEG analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sleep" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "32" "paginaInicial" => "1637" "paginaFinal" => "1644" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0266613810001452" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "02666138" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "48" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Current opinions in headache pathogenesis: introduction and synthesis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Neurol" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "193" "paginaFinal" => "197" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "49" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Spreading depression enhances human neocortical excitability in vitro" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01556.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "558" "paginaFinal" => "562" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "50" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in migraine model" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/nm0202-136" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat Med" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "136" "paginaFinal" => "142" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 50 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "51" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Transcranial magnetic stimulation of visual area V5 in migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "1066" "paginaFinal" => "1069" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 51 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "52" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Molecular genetics of migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00439-009-0684-z" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Hum Genet" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "126" "paginaInicial" => "115" "paginaFinal" => "132" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 52 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "53" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A review of the genetic relation between migraine and epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01460.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "105" "paginaFinal" => "113" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 53 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "54" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "De novo mutations in ATP1A2 and CACNA1A are frequent in early-onset sporadic hemiplegic migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25e8f" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "75" "paginaInicial" => "967" "paginaFinal" => "972" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 54 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "55" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Biological science of headache channels" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0072-9752(10)97005-X" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Handb Clin Neurol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "97" "paginaInicial" => "73" "paginaFinal" => "83" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 55 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "56" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Haploinsufficiency of ATP1A2 encoding the Na<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span>/K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span> pump a2 subunit associated with familial hemiplegic migraine type 2" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/ng1081" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat Genet" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "33" "paginaInicial" => "192" "paginaFinal" => "196" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 56 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "57" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Novel mutations in the Na<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span>/K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">+</span>-ATPase pump gene ATP1A2 associated with familial hemiplegic migraine and benign familial infantile convulsions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/ana.10674" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Neurol" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "360" "paginaFinal" => "366" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 57 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "58" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mutations in the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel SCN1A in familial hemiplegic migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66786-4" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "366" "paginaInicial" => "371" "paginaFinal" => "377" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S026661381000104X" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "02666138" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 58 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "59" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical spectrum of SCN1A mutations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02115.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "20" "paginaFinal" => "23" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 59 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "60" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Critical review and invited commentary: sodium channel SCN1A and epilepsy: mutations and mechanisms" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02640.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "1650" "paginaFinal" => "1658" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 60 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "61" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mutations in the glutamate transporter EAAT1 causes episodic ataxia, hemiplegia, and seizures" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1212/01.wnl.0000172638.58172.5a" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "65" "paginaInicial" => "529" "paginaFinal" => "534" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 61 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "62" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The spectrum of clinical disease caused by the A467T and W748S POLG mutations: a study of 26 causes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/brain/awl097" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Brain" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "129" "paginaInicial" => "1685" "paginaFinal" => "1692" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 62 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0315" "etiqueta" => "63" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recessive twinkle mutations cause severe epileptic encephalopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/brain/awp045" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Brain" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "132" "paginaInicial" => "1553" "paginaFinal" => "1562" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 63 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0320" "etiqueta" => "64" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sodium valproate has a prophylactic effect in migraine without aura: a triple-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "1994" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "647" "paginaFinal" => "651" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 64 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0325" "etiqueta" => "65" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Divalproex sodium in migraine prophylaxis: a dose-controlled study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "on behalf of the Divalproex Sodium in Migraine Prophylaxis Study Group" "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ …1] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "103" "paginaFinal" => "108" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 65 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "66" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of migraine: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Ther" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "151" "paginaInicial" => "145" "paginaFinal" => "148" ] ] ] ] ] ] 66 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0335" "etiqueta" => "67" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Topiramate for migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/jama.291.8.965" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "291" "paginaInicial" => "965" "paginaFinal" => "973" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 67 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0340" "etiqueta" => "68" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "Topiramate in the prevention of migraine headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose study. For the MIGR-001 Study Group" "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1001/archneur.61.4.490" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Neurol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "490" "paginaFinal" => "495" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0266613808000247" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "02666138" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 68 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0345" "etiqueta" => "69" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preventing disturbing migraine aura with lamotrigine: an open study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1526-4610.2004.04198.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Headache" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "1024" "paginaFinal" => "1028" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 69 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0350" "etiqueta" => "70" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10194-011-0338-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Headache Pain" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "521" "paginaFinal" => "525" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 70 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "71" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Levetiracetam in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura: a 6-month open label study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ …6] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/01.WNF.0000236766.08409.03" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Neuropharmacol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "338" "paginaFinal" => "342" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 71 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0360" "etiqueta" => "72" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Open-label zonisamide for refractory migraine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Neuropharmacol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "278" "paginaFinal" => "280" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 72 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0365" "etiqueta" => "73" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Topiramate inhibits cortical spreading depression in rat and cat: impact in migraine aura" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neuroreport" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "1383" "paginaFinal" => "1387" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 73 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0370" "etiqueta" => "74" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Magnetoencephalographic fields from patients with spontaneous and induced migraine aura" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Neurol" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "582" "paginaFinal" => "587" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0266613807001349" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "02666138" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 74 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0375" "etiqueta" => "75" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Headaches add to the burden of epilepsy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10194-007-0398-3" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Headache Pain" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "224" "paginaFinal" => "230" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 75 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0380" "etiqueta" => "76" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Use of psychotropic drugs in patients with epilepsy: interactions and seizure risk" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1586/14737175.4.6.953" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Expert Rev Neurother" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "953" "paginaFinal" => "964" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 76 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "77" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of vagus nerve stimulation on migraines" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ …5] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Pain" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "530" "paginaFinal" => "534" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 77 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "78" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Can vagus nerve stimulation help migraine?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1468-2982.2008.01538.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cephalalgia" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "392" "paginaFinal" => "395" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0266613810000902" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "02666138" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 78 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0395" "etiqueta" => "79" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Peri and interictal headache in epilepsy: frequency, characteristics and predictors [abstract]" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ …4] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02234.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Epilepsia" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "Suppl. 6" "paginaInicial" => "37" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 79 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0400" "etiqueta" => "80" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Migraine-like symptoms triggered by occipital lobe seizures: response to sumatriptan" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Can J Neurol Sci" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "151" "paginaFinal" => "153" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 80 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0405" "etiqueta" => "81" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Use of sumatriptan in post-ictal migraine headache" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ …3] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurology" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "47" "paginaInicial" => "1104" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ …2] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735808/0000002900000008/v1_201409280030/S2173580814001138/v1_201409280030/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "9423" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Review articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735808/0000002900000008/v1_201409280030/S2173580814001138/v1_201409280030/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173580814001138?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 43 | 0 | 43 |
| 2024 October | 399 | 8 | 407 |
| 2024 September | 599 | 18 | 617 |
| 2024 August | 450 | 8 | 458 |
| 2024 July | 387 | 27 | 414 |
| 2024 June | 350 | 7 | 357 |
| 2024 May | 441 | 17 | 458 |
| 2024 April | 393 | 6 | 399 |
| 2024 March | 390 | 11 | 401 |
| 2024 February | 373 | 18 | 391 |
| 2024 January | 508 | 15 | 523 |
| 2023 December | 344 | 24 | 368 |
| 2023 November | 348 | 11 | 359 |
| 2023 October | 392 | 21 | 413 |
| 2023 September | 192 | 14 | 206 |
| 2023 August | 176 | 14 | 190 |
| 2023 July | 153 | 19 | 172 |
| 2023 June | 153 | 12 | 165 |
| 2023 May | 219 | 7 | 226 |
| 2023 April | 170 | 4 | 174 |
| 2023 March | 139 | 6 | 145 |
| 2023 February | 121 | 6 | 127 |
| 2023 January | 160 | 27 | 187 |
| 2022 December | 156 | 17 | 173 |
| 2022 November | 132 | 16 | 148 |
| 2022 October | 107 | 26 | 133 |
| 2022 September | 96 | 20 | 116 |
| 2022 August | 139 | 27 | 166 |
| 2022 July | 100 | 15 | 115 |
| 2022 June | 112 | 13 | 125 |
| 2022 May | 101 | 12 | 113 |
| 2022 April | 88 | 22 | 110 |
| 2022 March | 122 | 27 | 149 |
| 2022 February | 98 | 15 | 113 |
| 2022 January | 129 | 18 | 147 |
| 2021 December | 85 | 13 | 98 |
| 2021 November | 101 | 28 | 129 |
| 2021 October | 81 | 15 | 96 |
| 2021 September | 129 | 12 | 141 |
| 2021 August | 113 | 15 | 128 |
| 2021 July | 63 | 14 | 77 |
| 2021 June | 70 | 15 | 85 |
| 2021 May | 528 | 19 | 547 |
| 2021 April | 210 | 37 | 247 |
| 2021 March | 141 | 12 | 153 |
| 2021 February | 129 | 12 | 141 |
| 2021 January | 170 | 21 | 191 |
| 2020 December | 113 | 17 | 130 |
| 2020 November | 105 | 17 | 122 |
| 2020 October | 77 | 11 | 88 |
| 2020 September | 66 | 9 | 75 |
| 2020 August | 65 | 11 | 76 |
| 2020 July | 60 | 16 | 76 |
| 2020 June | 51 | 11 | 62 |
| 2020 May | 64 | 24 | 88 |
| 2020 April | 87 | 6 | 93 |
| 2020 March | 75 | 11 | 86 |
| 2020 February | 85 | 16 | 101 |
| 2020 January | 78 | 25 | 103 |
| 2019 December | 79 | 19 | 98 |
| 2019 November | 40 | 16 | 56 |
| 2019 October | 65 | 15 | 80 |
| 2019 September | 131 | 18 | 149 |
| 2019 August | 68 | 9 | 77 |
| 2019 July | 73 | 26 | 99 |
| 2019 June | 270 | 26 | 296 |
| 2019 May | 358 | 38 | 396 |
| 2019 April | 178 | 22 | 200 |
| 2019 March | 67 | 10 | 77 |
| 2019 February | 65 | 10 | 75 |
| 2019 January | 46 | 4 | 50 |
| 2018 December | 43 | 4 | 47 |
| 2018 November | 55 | 7 | 62 |
| 2018 October | 70 | 9 | 79 |
| 2018 September | 116 | 32 | 148 |
| 2018 August | 70 | 16 | 86 |
| 2018 July | 55 | 2 | 57 |
| 2018 June | 38 | 10 | 48 |
| 2018 May | 63 | 10 | 73 |
| 2018 April | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2018 March | 37 | 5 | 42 |
| 2018 February | 26 | 7 | 33 |
| 2018 January | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2017 December | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2017 November | 40 | 5 | 45 |
| 2017 October | 31 | 14 | 45 |
| 2017 September | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2017 August | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2017 July | 25 | 3 | 28 |
| 2017 June | 42 | 6 | 48 |
| 2017 May | 52 | 9 | 61 |
| 2017 April | 47 | 8 | 55 |
| 2017 March | 26 | 9 | 35 |
| 2017 February | 43 | 4 | 47 |
| 2017 January | 26 | 9 | 35 |
| 2016 December | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2016 November | 67 | 11 | 78 |
| 2016 October | 79 | 18 | 97 |
| 2016 September | 63 | 17 | 80 |
| 2016 August | 60 | 8 | 68 |
| 2016 July | 42 | 7 | 49 |
| 2016 June | 31 | 11 | 42 |
| 2016 May | 43 | 30 | 73 |
| 2016 April | 40 | 20 | 60 |
| 2016 March | 41 | 24 | 65 |
| 2016 February | 35 | 17 | 52 |
| 2016 January | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2015 December | 33 | 11 | 44 |
| 2015 November | 57 | 17 | 74 |
| 2015 October | 45 | 12 | 57 |
| 2015 September | 108 | 15 | 123 |
| 2015 August | 46 | 20 | 66 |
| 2015 July | 113 | 7 | 120 |
| 2015 June | 40 | 10 | 50 |
| 2015 May | 50 | 12 | 62 |
| 2015 April | 58 | 16 | 74 |
| 2015 March | 83 | 14 | 97 |
| 2015 February | 53 | 17 | 70 |
| 2015 January | 43 | 16 | 59 |
| 2014 December | 56 | 23 | 79 |
| 2014 November | 64 | 25 | 89 |
| 2014 October | 112 | 45 | 157 |
Show all
