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Original article
Sociodemographic characteristics of a cohort of patients with chronic migraine from a health district in Asturias
Características sociodemográficas de una cohorte de pacientes con migraña crónica en un área sanitaria de Asturias
C. García-Cabo Fernández
Corresponding author
C.garciacabo@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, P. Sánchez-Lozano, A. Pérez-Álvarez, J.M. Martínez-Ramos, L. Martínez-Rodríguez, J. Pascual
Área de Neurociencias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias e Ineuropa, Oviedo, Asturias
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic migraine &#40;CM&#41; is the most incapacitating type of migraine&#46; The annual rate of progression to CM is estimated at 2&#46;5&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> According to the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders &#40;ICHD-III&#946;&#41;&#44; CM is a type of headache presenting in patients with a history of migraine and no medication overuse and occurring on at least 15 days per month&#44; for at least 3 months&#44; with the features of migraine headache on at least 8 days per month&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the aetiology of CM is unclear&#44; certain risk factors are statistically associated with headache chronification&#46; Among those considered non-modifiable are such sociodemographic characteristics as sex&#44; race&#44; marital status&#44; and education level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> Considering these factors&#44; the classic profile of a CM patient is a middle-aged woman with a low level of education&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Migraine pain may appear at early ages &#40;even during childhood or adolescence&#41;&#44; limiting patients&#8217; educational or professional development&#46; Studying and analysing these factors is therefore of particular importance because of the socio-economic and personal impact that CM can have&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following this line of thinking&#44; we conducted a descriptive analysis of a cohort of patients with CM in a health district in Asturias&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study compares CM patients with the general Asturian population&#44; of which 65&#37; had not completed secondary education and over 20&#37; were unemployed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ad hoc telephone interviews allowed us to build a cohort of 150 patients who had previously been diagnosed with CM according to ICHD-III&#946; criteria at the headache unit in the neurology department of the Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The survey took place during the first half of 2014 and was carried out by third- and fourth-year neurology residents who had been trained at the headache unit&#46; They systematically registered such patient data as marital status&#44; education level&#44; and occupational status&#46; Our data was descriptively compared with data from the Third Health Survey of Asturias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In this 2012 survey&#44; detailed sociodemographic data were collected on 2100 residents of Asturias&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Demographic data</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority &#40;142&#59; 95&#37;&#41; of the CM patients included in this study were women&#46; Mean age was 45 years &#40;range&#44; 17-74&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Marital status</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding marital status&#44; 89 patients &#40;59&#46;3&#37;&#41; were married&#44; 33 &#40;22&#37;&#41; single&#44; 19 &#40;12&#46;6&#37;&#41; divorced or separated&#44; and 9 &#40;6&#37;&#41; widowed&#46; According to data from the Third Health Survey of the region&#44; 51&#46;3&#37; of Asturians were married&#44; 30&#37; single&#44; 6&#46;7&#37; divorced or separated&#44; and 12&#37; widowed&#46; Due to the high percentage of women in our sample&#44; we analysed them separately and found that 59&#46;9&#37; were married&#44; 19&#46;3&#37; single&#44; 6&#46;3&#37; widowed&#44; and 11&#46;97&#37; divorced or separated&#46; According to the results of the Third Health Survey for the same subgroup&#44; in 2012 48&#46;8&#37; of women in Asturias were married&#44; 24&#46;8&#37; were single&#44; 18&#46;9&#37; widowed&#44; and 7&#46;4&#37; divorced or separated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Education level</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 38 &#40;25&#46;3&#37;&#41; patients had finished primary school&#59; 54 &#40;36&#37;&#41; had completed secondary school&#44; and 55 &#40;36&#46;7&#37;&#41; had attained university studies&#46; In Asturias in general&#44; 49&#37; of those surveyed had completed primary school&#44; 24&#37; had secondary education&#44; and 19&#46;4&#37; had finished university&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considering the subgroup of women with CM in our sample&#44; 26&#46;1&#37; had finished primary school&#44; 37&#46;3&#37; had a secondary education&#44; and 34&#46;5&#37; had concluded university studies&#44; whereas according to the health survey&#44; 36&#46;8&#37; of Asturian women had completed primary education&#44; 42&#46;9&#37; had finished secondary school&#44; and 20&#46;3&#37; had obtained university studies&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Employment status</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ninety &#40;60&#37;&#41; of the CM patients interviewed were employed&#44; 14 &#40;9&#46;3&#37;&#41; unemployed&#44; 9 &#40;6&#37;&#41; retired&#44; 2 &#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41; students&#44; and 32 &#40;21&#46;3&#37;&#41; did unpaid domestic work&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the Asturians interviewed for the Third Health Survey&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> 33&#37; were employed&#44; 19&#37; unemployed&#44; 29&#37; retired&#44; 7&#37; students&#44; and 10&#37; did unpaid domestic work&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Breaking down by age&#44; we find that 33&#46;3&#37; of CM patients from 16 to 19 years of age were unemployed&#44; while in the general Asturian population that figure was 44&#46;9&#37;&#46; For people aged 20 to 24&#44; 50&#37; of CM patients and 47&#46;4&#37; of the general Asturian population were unemployed&#44; and from 25 to 54 years of age&#44; 26&#37; of CM patients and 21&#37; of the general population were unemployed&#46; Lastly&#44; 55&#46;5&#37; of CM patients aged 55 and older were unemployed vs 13&#46;8&#37; of the general population for that age range&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the subgroup of women&#44; 59&#46;9&#37; of our female patients were employed&#44; 9&#46;9&#37; unemployed&#44; and 22&#46;5&#37; did unpaid domestic work&#46; For the same subgroup in the general Asturian population&#44; 29&#46;7&#37; were employed&#44; 19&#37; unemployed&#44; and 19&#37; did unpaid domestic work &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Migraine is a complex pathology which requires a multidisciplinary approach&#46; Multiple risk factors have been shown to be involved in the progression and chronification of migraine&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;6&#8211;8</span></a> Early detection and management of these factors&#44; when possible&#44; is of vital importance to effectively treat CM&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A number of studies have examined the association between such non-modifiable risk factors as patient sociodemographic status and the progression and transformation of migraine&#46; All of them describe a link between CM and the following factors&#58; female sex&#44; low socio-cultural level&#44; low economic status&#44; and being single or divorced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study analyses the sociodemographic characteristics of a large number of adult patients matching the diagnostic criteria for CM who visited a headache unit in our setting&#46; The type of patient attending our headache unit coincides with the classic picture of a CM patient as a middle-aged woman&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> However&#44; contrary to the typical picture of patients with this disorder having a low level of education&#44; in our sample a large majority had secondary studies or higher&#46; In fact&#44; the percentage was higher in our sample than in the general population of Asturias&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to some articles&#44; a low socio-economic level and unemployment are not non-modifiable risk factors but rather risk factors which are difficult to modify&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;10&#44;11</span></a> Currently&#44; the unemployment rate in Spain is among the highest in the European Union&#46; Nonetheless&#44; a detailed analysis of our cohort by age and sex shows that&#58; &#40;1&#41; for all age groups&#44; the employment rate is higher in our sample than in the general population&#44; and &#40;2&#41; the employment rate among women in our sample doubles that of the general Asturian population&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies of the epidemiological characteristics of patients with migraine have found that this disorder is more likely to become chronic if the patient was previously married&#44; that is&#44; currently divorced&#44; separated&#44; or widowed&#46; In our sample&#44; though&#44; the tendency is the opposite&#46; Also&#44; the percentage of patients who were married&#44; single&#44; or divorced is comparable to that of the control population&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study we provide data about the marital status&#44; education level&#44; and employment status of a cohort of patients with CM and compare them to data from a health survey including a sample representative of the general population&#46; It would have been interesting to statistically analyse any potential differences between the distributions of each variable evaluated in both samples&#44; but we do not have access to the raw data from the Third Health Survey&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over the years&#44; many authors have supported the necessity for educational campaigns about CM aimed at the general population<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> because of the negative impact of this disabling condition on patients&#8217; quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The campaign to raise awareness of this disease has resulted in the creation of specialist clinics&#44; with professionals trained in CM patient management&#46; The patient sample analysed in this study came from a clinic specialising in refractory migraine&#46; The greater sociocultural status and employment rate observed in this sample may be linked to these patients&#8217; higher cultural background&#44; which resulted in greater resources to find solutions to a specific problem &#40;in this case&#44; headache&#41;&#46; Seeking solutions in a highly specialised clinic normally leads to improvements in patients&#8217; quality of life and sociocultural level&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a> which may also partially explain the results of our descriptive study&#46; In addition&#44; the majority of studies analysing the relationship between CM and sociodemographic variables have been conducted in North America&#44; so it may not be possible to extrapolate their results to our setting&#46; Future studies should compare the sociodemographic characteristics of patients who go to specialised clinics and those who do not&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Demographic data"
            1 => "ICHD-III&#946;"
            2 => "Chronic migraine"
            3 => "Episodic migraine"
            4 => "Occupational status"
            5 => "Educational level"
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            0 => "Datos sociodemogr&#225;ficos"
            1 => "International classification of headache disorders-III beta"
            2 => "Migra&#241;a cr&#243;nica"
            3 => "Migra&#241;a epis&#243;dica"
            4 => "Situaci&#243;n laboral"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Chronic migraine &#40;CM&#41;&#44; with or without medication overuse&#44; is a common condition in the general population&#46; It has traditionally been assumed that suffering CM has an impact on a patient&#39;s socio-occupational and educational level&#46; Our goal was to analyse these characteristics in a cohort of patients with CM and compare them to the general population&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We used a telephone interview and an ad hoc questionnaire to record and analyse the sociodemographic characteristics of 150 patients with a diagnosis of CM according to the criteria of the International Headache Classification&#46; Results were compared to those obtained by the Third Health Survey of Asturias&#44; conducted in 2012&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of the 150 patients&#44; 142 were women &#40;95&#37;&#41;&#46; Married patients accounted for 59&#46;3&#37; of the total interviewees&#44; while 22&#37; were single&#44; 12&#46;6&#37; divorced&#44; and 6&#37; were widowed&#46; Regarding educational level&#44; we found that 73&#37; of our patients had completed secondary or higher education and 25&#37; had completed only primary education&#46; Sixty per cent of these patients are occupationally active&#44; while the rest are not actively employed&#46; Overall&#44; these figures do not differ from those published by the Third Health Survey of Asturias&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Discussion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The classic idea that CM has a negative impact on patients&#8217; educational&#44; personal&#44; and occupational situations was not confirmed in our series&#46; In fact&#44; most patients with CM reported a medium-high educational level and a good socio-occupational status&#46; However&#44; since our series includes only CM patients attended in a specialist clinic&#44; our results are not necessarily applicable to all patients with CM&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          2 => array:2 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La migra&#241;a cr&#243;nica &#40;MC&#41; con o sin abuso de f&#225;rmacos es una patolog&#237;a frecuente en la poblaci&#243;n general&#46; Tradicionalmente se ha asumido que presentarla conlleva un detrimento del nivel socio-laboral y educacional&#46; Nuestro objetivo ha sido analizar descriptivamente estas caracter&#237;sticas en una cohorte de pacientes con MC y compararlas con las de nuestra poblaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizamos&#44; mediante una entrevista telef&#243;nica y una encuesta dise&#241;ada ad hoc&#44; las caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas de 150 pacientes diagnosticados de MC en nuestra consulta de cefaleas seg&#250;n los criterios de la Clasificaci&#243;n Internacional de Cefaleas&#46; Los resultados se compararon con los obtenidos en la III Encuesta de Salud de Asturias llevada a cabo en el a&#241;o 2012&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De los 150 pacientes&#44; 142 &#40;95&#37;&#41; eran mujeres&#46; El 59&#44;3&#37; de los pacientes entrevistados estaban casados&#44; 22&#37; solteros&#44; 12&#44;6&#37; divorciados y 6&#37; eran viudos&#46; Con respecto al nivel educacional encontramos que un 73&#37; de nuestros pacientes hab&#237;an cursado estudios secundarios o superiores frente a un 25&#37; que hab&#237;an cursado solo estudios primarios&#46; Un 60&#37; de los pacientes est&#225; activo laboralmente&#44; mientras que el resto se encuentra inactivo&#46; En global&#44; estas cifras no difieren de las arrojadas por la III Encuesta de Salud de Asturias&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Discusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La idea cl&#225;sica de que la MC causa un deterioro en la situaci&#243;n laboral&#44; personal y educacional de los pacientes que la presentan no se confirma en nuestra serie&#44; en la que la mayor&#237;a de pacientes con MC tienen un nivel educacional medio-alto y una buena situaci&#243;n socio-laboral&#46; Es posible que estos resultados se deban a que nuestra serie comprende solo a pacientes con MC que acuden a una consulta especializada y&#44; por tanto&#44; no sean necesariamente aplicables al global de pacientes con MC&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Garc&#237;a-Cabo Fern&#225;ndez C&#44; S&#225;nchez-Lozano P&#44; P&#233;rez-&#193;lvarez A&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Ramos JM&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Rodr&#237;guez L&#44; Pascual J&#46; Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas de una cohorte de pacientes con migra&#241;a cr&#243;nica en un &#225;rea sanitaria de Asturias&#46; Neurolog&#237;a&#46; 2016&#59;31&#58;157&#8211;160&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Employment rates for the CM group and the general Asturian population&#44; broken down by age&#46; Note that the percentage of employed CM patients is not less than that of the Asturian population&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Chronic daily headache with analgesic overuse&#58; epidemiology and impact on quality of life"
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                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Col&#225;s"
                            1 => "P&#46; Mu&#241;oz"
                            2 => "R&#46; Temprano"
                            3 => "C&#46; G&#243;mez"
                            4 => "J&#46; Pascual"
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neurology"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "62"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1338"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1342"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111671"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos