Original article
Consensus statement on the use of alemtuzumab in daily clinical practice in Spain
Consenso de expertos sobre el uso de alemtuzumab en la práctica clínica diaria en España
J.E. Meca-Lallanaa,
, M. Fernández-Pradab, E. García Vázquezc, S. Moreno Guillénd, S. Otero Romeroe, M. Rus Hidalgof, L.M. Villar Guimeransd, S. Eichau Madueñof, Ó. Fernández Fernándezg, G. Izquierdo Ayusoh, J.C. Álvarez Cermeñod, C. Arnal Garcíai, R. Arroyo Gonzálezj, L. Brieva Ruizk, C. Calles Hernándezl, A. García Merinom, M. González Platan, M.Á. Hernández Pérezo, E. Moral Torresp, J. Olascoaga Urtazaq..., P. Oliva-Nacarinor, C. Oreja-Guevaras, R. Ortiz Castillot, A. Oterinou, J.M. Prieto Gonzálezv, L. Ramió-Torrentáw, A. Rodríguez-Antigüedadx, A. Saizy, M. Tintorée, X. Montalbán GairineVer más
Corresponding author
a CSUR Esclerosis Múltiple, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-ARRIXACA), Cátedra de Neuroinmunología Clínica y Esclerosis Múltiple, UCAM, Universidad Católica San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
b Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Hospital Vital Álvarez-Buylla, Mieres (Asturias), Spain
c Servicio de MI-Infecciosas. Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
d Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
e Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Servicio de Neurología/Neuroinmunología, Hospital Universitario Vall de Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
f Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
g Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
h Unidad de Investigación y Tratamiento de Esclerosis Múltiple, Hospital Vithas Nisa, Castilleja de la Cuesta (Sevilla), Spain
i Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Hospital General, Granada, Spain
j Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
k Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, IRBLLEIDA, Lérida, Spain
l Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
m Servicio de Neurología, Unidad de Neuroinmunología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
n Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Cuesta (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), Spain
o Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
p Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Moisés Broggi y Hospital General de l’Hospitaletí, Sant Joan Despí (Barcelona), Spain
q Unidad de EM Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación BIODONOSTIA, San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa), Spain
r Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
s Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
t Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple, Sanofi-Genzyme, Madrid, Spain
u Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
v Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain
w Unidad de Neuroinmunología y Esclerosis Múltiple Territorial de Gerona, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Josep Trueta, Grupo Neurodegeneración y Neuroinflamación, IDIBGI, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Gerona, Gerona, Spain
x Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain
y Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Esclerosis Múltiple de Cataluña (Cemcat), Servicio de Neurología/Neuroinmunología, Hospital Universitario Vall de Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Investigación y Tratamiento de Esclerosis Múltiple, Hospital Vithas Nisa, Castilleja de la Cuesta (Sevilla), Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Hospital General, Granada, Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, IRBLLEIDA, Lérida, Spain" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Unidad de Neuroinmunología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain" "etiqueta" => "m" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] 13 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Cuesta (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), Spain" "etiqueta" => "n" "identificador" => "aff0070" ] 14 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain" "etiqueta" => "o" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] 15 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Moisés Broggi y Hospital General de l’Hospitaletí, Sant Joan Despí (Barcelona), Spain" "etiqueta" => "p" "identificador" => "aff0080" ] 16 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de EM Hospital Universitario Donostia-Instituto de Investigación BIODONOSTIA, San Sebastián (Guipúzcoa), Spain" "etiqueta" => "q" "identificador" => "aff0085" ] 17 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "r" "identificador" => "aff0090" ] 18 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "s" "identificador" => "aff0095" ] 19 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Esclerosis Múltiple, Sanofi-Genzyme, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "t" "identificador" => "aff0100" ] 20 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "u" "identificador" => "aff0105" ] 21 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña), Spain" "etiqueta" => "v" "identificador" => "aff0110" ] 22 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neuroinmunología y Esclerosis Múltiple Territorial de Gerona, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Josep Trueta, Grupo Neurodegeneración y Neuroinflamación, IDIBGI, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Gerona, Gerona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "w" "identificador" => "aff0115" ] 23 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Cruces, Baracaldo, Spain" "etiqueta" => "x" "identificador" => "aff0120" ] 24 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "y" "identificador" => "aff0125" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Consenso de expertos sobre el uso de alemtuzumab en la práctica clínica diaria en España" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1550 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 288946 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proposed checklist of symptoms indicating complications and adverse reactions.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The growing number of therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis (MS) and their increasing efficacy have led to a rise in the complexity of treatment management. Consequently, there is a need for consensus documents that standardise the use of these treatments and enable adequate interpretation of their effectiveness, monitoring, and benefit/risk balance.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alemtuzumab is a recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody which was approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in September 2013 as a disease-modifying treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS); it was first marketed in March 2015.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high efficacy of alemtuzumab in treating MS, its innovative action mechanism, and the increasing level of management required in its administration have given rise to the need for an in-depth analysis regarding its use. To date, several authors have published recommendations and guidelines on specific aspects of the management of alemtuzumab.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main aim of this consensus statement is to contribute to the knowledge of the practical management of alemtuzumab, addressing questions related to effectiveness, tolerability, and the management of possible adverse effects, as well as the selection of candidate patients. This consensus document includes recommendations based on evidence from observational studies, case series, and expert recommendations.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Action mechanism</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alemtuzumab is a humanised monoclonal antibody that recognises CD52, a molecule that is abundantly expressed in mature T and B lymphocytes but not in their precursors, and that is expressed in very low amounts in innate response cells such as granulocytes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alemtuzumab binds to CD52 molecules present in the membrane of circulating lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and induces their lysis via complement action or via antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. This induces marked lymphocytopaenia; the drug's effect is less pronounced in secondary lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes and the spleen, and nearly absent in bone marrow.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The preservation of lymphoid progenitors in bone marrow enables the reconstitution of blood lymphocyte populations. During this reconstitution, the new immune response is reprogrammed, with an increase in the ratio of regulatory to effector cells, a marked increase in the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> This induces prolonged stabilisation or improvement of the disease in a high percentage of patients, despite occasionally provoking new autoimmune pathology. The preservation of the innate immune response, and the fact that lymphocytes not eliminated by the treatment remain fully functional,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> may account for the low rate of severe infections after treatment with alemtuzumab.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, alemtuzumab causes depletion of circulating lymphocytes, with a subsequent repopulation that instigates a change in the pathological inflammatory response towards a more tolerogenic phenotype. As a result, a high percentage of patients present prolonged disease remission.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Clinical development of alemtuzumab</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg have previously been evaluated in 3 clinical trials in which it was compared against subcutaneous interferon beta-1a (44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg) in patients with active RRMS. The first 2 trials included treatment naïve patients (CAMMS223, phase II,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> 3-year duration, and CARE-MS I, phase III,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> 2-year duration), while the third was based on patients showing inadequate response to previous treatment (CARE-MS II, phase III,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> 2-year duration).</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Effectiveness of alemtuzumab</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Effectiveness in randomised trials</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to data from these studies, patients treated with alemtuzumab 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg showed a significant reduction in relapses (69%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> 55%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and 49% of patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> respectively; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001), as well as a significant reduction in confirmed disability progression (hazard ratios 0.25 [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.001]<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and 0.58 [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.008]),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,14</span></a> compared to patients receiving interferon beta-1a (the CARE-MS I study showed a hazard ratio of 0.70 [<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.22]).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0350">Table A.1 (Appendix A)</a> shows the main clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results of the two CARE-MS pivotal studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Long-term effectiveness in extension studies</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the CARE-MS extension studies (5 years of follow-up), the patient retention rates were 96%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and 91%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> from the beginning of the extension phase, and 89%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and 82%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> from the beginning of the pivotal studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Given these high retention rates, data on the efficacy of alemtuzumab are very robust when compared to long-term studies into other disease-modifying treatments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18–20</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reduction observed in the annual relapse rate persisted over time, shifting from 0.18 and 0.28 at the end of the pivotal studies (year 2, cumulative annual rate for years 0-2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> to 0.16 and 0.21 in the extension studies (year 5, cumulative annual rate for years 3-5)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At 5 years, 94%-95% of patients remained free of confirmed disability progression and 33%-43% showed confirmed disability improvement (CDI), over a period of 6 months.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> The data demonstrate an increase in the proportion of patients with CDI from year 2 to year 5 (CDI in years 2, 3, 4 and 5: 24%, 28%, 30%, and 33% in CARE-MS I and 29%, 35%, 41%, and 43% in CARE-MS II).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data on MRI lesions (in gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequences) from the extension studies showed an absence of new lesions or worsening of existing ones in >75% of patients in all studies (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The annualised percentage of patients displaying “no evidence of disease activity” (NEDA) status (composed variable of: absence of clinical [relapses or disease progression] or radiological progression [absence of lesions with contrast uptake, new lesions, or lesions increasing in size on T2 sequences]) remained stable at approximately 60% throughout the extension studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the TOPAZ study (joint extension of CARE-MS I and II after 7 years of follow-up), presented at the 7th Joint ECTRIMS-ACTRIMS Meeting, consolidates the previous findings on efficacy in the absence of continued treatment, both in treatment naïve patients and non-responders to previous disease-modifying treatments, showing a sustained reduction in MRI activity and loss of brain volume<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21,22</span></a> and an improvement in clinical variables.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of patients did not receive additional courses of alemtuzumab after the second course (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). In those who did require additional courses, the reasons, over a 7-year period, were (for CARE-MS I and II, respectively) relapse in 50% and 57% of patients, radiological activity in 28% and 19%, and both in 20% and 21%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clear long-term benefits are reported for treatment with 2 courses of alemtuzumab in patients presenting relapses between the first and second courses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,26</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New data suggest that a third course of alemtuzumab also has clear benefits for patients presenting disease activity after the first 2 courses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,27</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Safety data for alemtuzumab</span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Safety in randomised trials</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alemtuzumab has a good safety profile, with an effective protocol for detecting and treating adverse events.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CAMMS223, CARE-MS I and CARE-MS II studies mainly report reactions associated with perfusion (> 90%), infections (66%, 67%, and 77%, respectively), and secondary autoimmune diseases, with thyroid disorders in 26%, 16%, and 18% of patients, immune thrombocytopaenia in 1.9%, 1%, and 1%, and nephropathies in 0.3% of patients (all 3 groups).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Long-term safety in extension studies</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alemtuzumab presents good long-term safety, with the annual incidence of adverse events decreasing after the first year of treatment.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exposure-adjusted incidence rate for all adverse events was lower in the extension studies than in the pivotal studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most adverse events were of mild or moderate severity; no study participant dropped out due to adverse events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> Adverse events related to perfusion were minor and none were serious. The main reactions associated with perfusion were headache, pyrexia, and rash.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> The incidence of infections also did not increase, and most were mild or moderate (99.2% and 97.7%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a> The most frequent reactions were nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, and herpes infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common autoimmune adverse events were thyroid disorders, with peak incidence occurring in the third year (16.7% and 16.5%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 7-year safety studies point to a reduction in adverse events compared to pivotal studies. The incidence of thyroid disorders and infections was 1.6% and 30.8% in year 7, vs. 6.4% and 56.1% in year 1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Similar results are reported for patients not responding to previous disease-modifying treatments (CARE-MS II).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Safety findings from the CAMMS223 extension study (10-year follow-up) are consistent with those from the main study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Consensus process</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A formal consensus methodology was followed in the preparation of this consensus statement (modified nominal group technique).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The consensus process was performed in two stages and a threshold of 80% agreement was established a priori for accepting a recommendation.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the first stage, participants were sent an email containing a summary of the available evidence on the different priorities for the statement (efficacy, safety and effectiveness, infection screening, vaccination, administration, and monitoring) and a list of possible recommendations proposed by the multidisciplinary panel, based on the evidence available and their clinical experience. Participants also received a general explanation of the methodology and a form for classifying their level of agreement on a 9-point Likert-type scale: 1-3 (inappropriate strategy), 4-6 (uncertain), and 7-9 (appropriate strategy) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0350">Appendix B</a>). During this phase, recommendations were submitted to a first round of individual voting in which all members of the working group used this scale to rate their level of agreement. Participants were also able to add new recommendations or modify the proposed ones in the event of disagreement.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subsequently, the working group received an email including a summary of the available evidence about the proposed recommendations and the percentage of agreement during the first round (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0350">Appendix B</a>).</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the second stage, the members of the coordinating group and the working group met at a face-to-face consensus meeting led by 2 moderators belonging to the coordinating group (XM and OF). At the meeting, the results of the first round of voting were presented anonymously. Recommendations with less than 80% agreement were redrafted, and a second round of voting was carried out by show of hands. Those recommendations that could not be approved during the face-to-face meeting due to time constraints were subsequently agreed upon via email. Finally, recommendations not approved during this stage were excluded from the consensus statement.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Recommendations</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Selection of candidate patients for treatment with alemtuzumab</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the summary of product characteristics, alemtuzumab can be used in adult patients with RRMS presenting clinical or radiological disease activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> In the CARE-MS II study, the most frequent disease-modifying treatments previously used were interferon beta and glatiramer acetate; natalizumab only accounted for 3% of previous treatments and fingolimod had not been approved at the time of the trial.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Therefore, the current evidence on the management of patients receiving alemtuzumab after treatment with fingolimod, natalizumab, and other immunosuppressants is mainly from published case series from clinical practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Recommendation 1</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we combine the recommendations of the summary of product characteristics and the baseline clinical profiles of patients included in the CARE-MS I and II clinical trials, we may conclude that the characteristics of the candidate patient for alemtuzumab should be similar to the following: clinical or radiological disease activity and/or suboptimal response to a full course of disease-modifying treatment and/or rapid and aggressive disease progression.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Recommendation 2</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the use of alemtuzumab in patients with MS previously receiving selective disease-modifying treatment with immunosuppressants has not been associated with safety problems in clinical case series published to date, additional safety measures should be adopted beyond those established in the summary of product characteristics in patients who have previously been treated with other immunosuppressants.</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Questions to be considered before treatment onset</span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Infections associated with the use of alemtuzumab</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no increase in the incidence of severe or opportunistic infections in the patients included in the CARE-MS I and II studies. However, cases were described of patients with active tuberculosis (0.3%), mainly from endemic areas. Clinical series report isolated cases of listeriosis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32,33</span></a> nocardiosis of the central nervous system,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> pneumonitis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> and pneumonitis associated with pericarditis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> No cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) have been reported. No data are available on the potential reactivation of chronic infections due to hepatitis B or C virus as these patients were excluded from the clinical trials.</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No specific risk factors for infection have been identified in patients with RRMS treated with alemtuzumab. Although there is a somewhat higher incidence rate in the first month after administration of the drug, infections are distributed evenly over the follow-up period and tend to decrease over time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> Lymphocyte count (total and CD4+ T lymphocytes) has not been correlated with the appearance of infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Infections preventable by vaccination</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vaccination of patients with MS receiving treatment with immunosuppressants or immunomodulators is part of the multidisciplinary management of the disease. The effect of these drugs on the immune system may increase the risk of such infections as encephalitis and meningitis due to herpes simplex virus or varicella zoster.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38,39</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From a legal perspective, indicating vaccination in these patients in accordance with official vaccination recommendations does not require written informed consent.</p><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Recommendation 3</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vaccination early in the course of the disease is recommended to ensure greater vaccine response. For instance, it has been shown that in the case of vaccination against pneumococcus, immunogenicity is lower in patients receiving immunosuppressants in monotherapy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> As a rule, live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated in pregnant women and in patients receiving immunosuppressants. On the contrary, there is no contraindication for inactivated vaccines in patients receiving disease-modifying treatment,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> although it is important to assess the drug's mechanism of action to select the optimal moment for vaccination, with a view to ensuring the greatest protective effect.</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Vaccination strategies with alemtuzumab</span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Recommendation 4</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable to evaluate the need for vaccination before starting treatment with alemtuzumab. To this end, it is essential that we (1) know the patient's serological status against measles, varicella, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B; and (2) document the patient's vaccination history, with special emphasis on seasonal influenza, pneumococcus, hepatitis A and B virus, tetanus/diphtheria, varicella, measles and human papillomavirus.</p></span><span id="sec0105" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0165">Recommendation 5</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable to evaluate vaccination in patients starting alemtuzumab treatment, as specified in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The table describes the vaccines to be evaluated, their composition, and the pattern of both primary vaccination and booster doses.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0170">Recommendation 6</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vaccination processes can extend from 2 months to a year; clinicians must therefore assess the risks/benefits of vaccination. If onset of alemtuzumab treatment cannot be delayed, safety intervals should be observed between vaccination and treatment onset, as established in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0115" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0175">Minimising the risk of infection: recommendations</span><span id="sec0120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0180">Before administrating alemtuzumab</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Active infections should be excluded through clinical history taking, physical examination, and appropriate complementary tests. The presence of an active infection requires proper treatment and postponement of alemtuzumab treatment until the infection resolves.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0125" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0185">Recommendation 7</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening for latent tuberculosis infection is recommended, preferably by means of interferon-gamma release assays and/or tuberculin test, in accordance with each hospital's protocols. Patients positive for tuberculous infection should be treated with isoniazid (300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day under fasting conditions, for 6 months) supplemented with vitamin B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>. Treatment of the tuberculous infection should not delay the onset of treatment with alemtuzumab. Depending on the circumstances, a delay of 2-4 weeks is recommended to check the tolerability and non-toxicity of isoniazid.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0190">Recommendation 8</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening for other infections is recommended to inform decisions about the most appropriate vaccine and the possible risk of complications (hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster, human papillomavirus, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides</span> in immigrants from certain endemic areas, such as Latin America and North Africa).</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0135" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0195">During administration of alemtuzumab</span><span id="sec0140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0200">Recommendation 9</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prevention of herpes infection: during phase III clinical trials, aciclovir showed a protective effect against these infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,42</span></a> Oral prophylaxis with aciclovir should be administered from the first dose of alemtuzumab (200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours for 4-8 weeks). Alternatively, valaciclovir (500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day) may be administered for the same period.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0145" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0205">Recommendation 10</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Listeria infection risk reduction: consumption of raw or undercooked meat and unpasteurised dairy foods should be avoided for two weeks before treatment onset and for at least one month after administration or until systemic immune reconstitution, on an individual basis.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0150" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0210">After the administration of alemtuzumab</span><span id="sec0155" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0215">Recommendation 11</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the administration of alemtuzumab, systematic use of specific preventive measures against bacterial, fungal or parasitic infections is not advised. However, in patients with suggestive symptoms, it is necessary to rule out severe infections, whether opportunistic or otherwise.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0160" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0220">Periods of treatment with alemtuzumab</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this consensus document we differentiate three periods of alemtuzumab treatment: pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment.</p></span><span id="sec0165" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0225">Pretreatment</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients should be informed about the balance of risks and benefits of the treatment and the importance of the follow-up plan (risk minimisation plan).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dietary indications should be established for the prevention of listeria infection (see Recommendation 10).</p></li></ul></p><span id="sec0170" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0230">Recommendation 12</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">•</span></span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Written informed consent must be obtained.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0175" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0235">Recommendation 13</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">•</span></span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous (washout) and concomitant treatments should be evaluated (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline blood and urine analysis should be conducted before perfusion: renal and thyroid function, biochemistry, complete blood count, and proteinuria screening.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0180" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0240">Recommendation 14</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pregnancy test and contraception. Women of childbearing age should use effective contraceptive methods while receiving treatment with alemtuzumab and for 4 months after the course of treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Screening should be performed for active, preventable, and latent tuberculosis infections. See “Questions to be considered before treatment onset.”</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vaccination protocol (see “Questions to be considered before treatment onset”).</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0185" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0245">Recommendation 15</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electrocardiogram and recent chest radiography are recommended. In asymptomatic patients, an X-ray performed in the 2 months prior to the day of perfusion may be valid.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0190" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0250">Treatment</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recommended dose of alemtuzumab is 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day, administered by intravenous infusion in 2 initial courses of treatment, with up to 2 additional courses of treatment if needed, in accordance with the summary of product characteristics (first course: 5 days of treatment; second and posterior courses: 3 consecutive days).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><span id="sec0195" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0255">Recommendation 16</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The administration of alemtuzumab can be performed on an inpatient or an outpatient basis. Both options are valid and the choice of which approach to follow will depend on the infrastructure available at the hospital, access to hospital beds, hospital timetables, and other factors.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In accordance with the recommendations included in the section on infection risk, aciclovir (200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours) should be started before administering alemtuzumab and maintained for a minimum of 4-8 weeks.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0200" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0260">Prevention of infusion-related reactions: pre-medication</span><span id="sec0205" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0265">Recommendation 17</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pre-medication should be administered to reduce the incidence and intensity of infusion-related reactions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>, pre-medication panel).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0210" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0270">Alemtuzumab administration</span><span id="sec0215" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0275">Recommendation 18</span><span id="sec0220" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0280">Perfusion rate</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The drug should be administered in a period not shorter than 4 hours or longer than 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours; perfusion rate may be reduced if the patient presents an infusion-related reaction. The perfusion rate shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> was established by consensus.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After perfusion, patients should remain under observation for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours, with the peripheral venous catheter remaining in place.</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0225" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0285">Monitoring during perfusion and management of infusion-related reactions</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a)</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Monitoring and observation during and after perfusion.</p></li></ul></p><span id="sec0230" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0290">Recommendation 19</span><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0080"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature should be taken every hour during infusion and during the two hours of observation after perfusion. Dermatological inspections may also be conducted to detect the presence of hives, rash, and other less frequent dermatological or vascular lesions.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0085"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b)</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Management of infusion-related reactions.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0235" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0295">Recommendation 20</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0090"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infusion-related reactions should be treated according to their severity, according to the indications included in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0240" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0300">Recommendations for the post-perfusion period and after the completion of each course</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0095"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptomatic treatment with oral antihistamines and antipyretics may be used at home if symptoms such as rashes or headache present. Patient should be instructed to return to the hospital if symptoms persist or worsen after treatment.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A patient's card with the administered medication (risk minimisation plan) should be provided.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">General recommendations to reduce the risk of infection: maintaining proper bodily and hand hygiene and avoiding poorly ventilated environments and places where human overcrowding occur.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0245" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0305">Post-treatment</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0100"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dietary indications should be maintained.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood and urine analysis should be performed monthly for 48 months after the last course: complete blood count, renal function, thyroid function (quarterly), biochemistry, and proteinuria screening.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Access to other specialists (e.g., endocrinology, haematology, nephrology) should be ensured to consult about any adverse events.</p></li></ul></p><span id="sec0250" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0310">Recommendation 21</span><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0105"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients should be informed of potential symptoms suggestive of immunological alterations that may present in the long term, following the checklist proposed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0255" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0315">Recommendation 22</span><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0110"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gynaecological cytology tests for human papillomavirus should be performed annually in women treated with alemtuzumab.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A summary of the 3 periods is included in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0260" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0320">Administration of the second and subsequent courses</span><span id="sec0265" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0325">Recommendation 23</span><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0115"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twelve months must pass between the first and second courses of alemtuzumab. This period should be extended for patients not displaying systemic immune reconstitution (CD4+ T lymphocyte count >200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/μL) or in the event of some active complication due to the first course (for example, a thyroid alteration).</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In clinical trials, administration of a second course has demonstrated efficacy in patients presenting relapses after the first course.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,26</span></a> Preliminary data show that 42% of patients receiving alemtuzumab presented a significantly reduced annual relapse rate (from 1.29 to 0.34 in the first year after the second course) and did not receive additional treatment for 6 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25,26</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0270" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0330">Recommendation 24</span><p id="par0505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0120"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the second and subsequent courses of alemtuzumab, the same procedures should be followed during the three established periods as in the first course.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0275" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0335">Evaluation of treatment response. Criteria for further courses after the second course</span><p id="par0515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the CARE-MS extension studies, the administration of additional courses of alemtuzumab was permitted 12 months or more after the last course, according to the following clinical criteria: ≥ 1 relapses as defined by protocol or ≥ 2 new hyperintense lesions/increases in size of pre-existing lesions on the T2-weighted sequence, or lesions showing gadolinium uptake on the T1-weighted sequence. Decisions around whether to administer additional courses in eligible patients were taken by physicians and patients, as was the decision to start other disease-modifying therapies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span></a></p><p id="par0520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An analysis of patients receiving a third course of alemtuzumab showed that the annualised relapse rate in these patients decreased from 0.74 in the year prior to this course to less than 0.1 in the following 3 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Similar figures are observed in patients who did not receive an additional course. The average score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale in the 12 months after the third course decreased by 0.12, with 71% of patients scoring the same or better after this course of treatment. The safety profile in the patients receiving a third course did not change with respect to the first 2 courses.</p><p id="par0525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present, up to 2 additional courses of treatment can be administered if needed: the third or fourth course (12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day for 3 consecutive days) must be administered at least 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>months after the previous course of treatment in patients presenting evidence of disease activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0280" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0340">Special situations</span><span id="sec0285" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0345">Vaccination of cohabitants</span><span id="sec0290" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0350">Recommendation 25</span><p id="par0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0125"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cohabitants and people in the immediate environment of patients treated with such immunosuppressants as alemtuzumab can be a potential source of infection. In patients with negative serology findings who have already begun treatment with alemtuzumab, it is advisable to evaluate vaccination of susceptible cohabitants against varicella and/or measles.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0295" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0355">Pregnancy and breastfeeding</span><span id="sec0300" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0360">Recommendation 26</span><p id="par0540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0130"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data on the use of alemtuzumab in pregnant women are limited. Alemtuzumab should only be administered during pregnancy if the potential benefits justify the potential risks to the foetus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0305" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0365">Recommendation 27</span><p id="par0550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0135"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0555" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Women of childbearing age receiving alemtuzumab should use adequate contraception during the 4 months following the infusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0310" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0370">Recommendation 28</span><p id="par0560" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0140"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0565" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is unclear whether alemtuzumab is excreted in human breast milk. Risks for nursing infants cannot be ruled out. Therefore, breastfeeding should be interrupted during each course of treatment with alemtuzumab and for the 4 months after the last infusion of each course of treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0315" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0375">Paediatric populations</span><p id="par0570" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The safety and efficacy of alemtuzumab in patients with MS between 0 and 18 years of age are yet to be established. There is no specific recommendation for alemtuzumab use in children aged between 0 and 10 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0320" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0380">Surgical interventions</span><span id="sec0325" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0385">Recommendation 29</span><p id="par0575" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0145"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0580" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the transient immunosuppression caused by alemtuzumab, it seems reasonable to delay any type of surgical intervention until adequate systemic immune reconstitution is achieved, if the clinical reason for surgery allows it. If the patient urgently requires surgical intervention during the period of severe lymphocytopaenia, the usual protocol for immunosuppressed patients should be applied.</p></li></ul></p></span></span></span><span id="sec0330" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0390">Conclusions</span><p id="par0585" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0150"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0590" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high efficacy of alemtuzumab and its rapid implementation into MS management give rise to the need for consensus on the practical clinical management of patients receiving this treatment.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0595" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This consensus statement on the use of the drug in patients with MS should not be used as guidelines for its management, but is intended to optimise and facilitate its use and follow-up in routine clinical practice.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0600" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 29 recommendations have been agreed upon by the panel of MS experts, and mainly cover the following aspects of treatment with alemtuzumab: characteristics of candidate patients, safety measures, vaccination of patients and cohabitants, risk of infections, previous and concomitant treatments and washout periods, contraception, complementary tests (electrocardiography and chest x-rays), cytology testing with human papillomavirus determination, infusion-related reactions, pregnancy and lactation, surgical intervention, perfusion of the drug, and the administration of successive courses after the first course of treatment.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0605" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This consensus document does not address the management of possible adverse effects. This question is consulted in previous consensus documents on the management of adverse autoimmune effects with alemtuzumab.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43–46</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0335" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0395">Funding</span><p id="par0610" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Sanofi-Genzyme</span> provided financial support to this project.</p></span><span id="sec0340" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0400">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0615" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José E Meca-Lallana has received consulting fees as a consultant and lecture honoraria from Biogen-Idec, Celgene, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Teva; María Fernández-Prada has participated in teaching activities supported by Pfizer, in expert meetings promoted by Sanofi-Genzyme and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), and collaborated in the creation of educational material for GSK; Elisa García Vázquez has received consulting fees from Sanofi-Genzyme; Santiago Moreno Guillén has received research funding and spoken at activities promoted by Abbvie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, GSK, Janssen Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche, and Viiv Healthcare; Susana Otero Romero has received consulting fees from Sanofi-Genzyme and lecture honoraria from Biogen-Idec and Merck Sharp & Dohme, as well as research funding from Novartis; Macarena Rus Hidalgo has received consulting fees from Novartis, Merck-Serono, Sanofi-Genzyme, Biogen-Idec, Almirall, and Bayer; Luisa M Villar Guimerans has received fees for speaking, research, and meeting and conference attendance from Merck, Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche, and Novartis; Sara Eichau Madueño has received consulting fees and lecture honoraria from Biogen-Idec, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Roche, and Almirall; Óscar Fernández has received fees for consulting, moderating, speaking, and clinical trial and research project participation from Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Merck-Serono, Teva, Novartis, Allergan, Almirall, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Roche; Guillermo Izquierdo Ayuso has received consulting fees and lecture honoraria from Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Almirall, Roche, Actelion, Celgene, and Teva. He has also received fees for research projects promoted by Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Almirall, and Teva. José Carlos Álvarez Cermeño has received consulting fees from Sanofi-Genzyme, Celgene, and Merk; Carmen Arnal García has received consulting fees from Sanofi-Genzyme; Rafael Arroyo González has spoken at meetings promoted by Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Teva, Roche, Biogen-Idec, Merck-Serono, and Almirall; Luis Brieva Ruíz has received research funding and honoraria for meetings promoted by Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Roche, Merck, Novartis, Allmirall, and Sanofi-Genzyme; Carmen Calles Hernández has received consulting fees from Sanofi-Genzyme; Antonio García Merino has received consulting fees and travel and meeting expenses from Bayer, Merck-Serono, Teva, Biogen-Idec, Novartis, Roche, Almirall, and Sanofi-Genzyme, and research funding from Novartis and Biogen-Idec; Montserrat González Plata has received lecture honoraria and travel expenses from Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Roche, and Merck; Miguel Ángel Hernández Pérez has received consulting fees from Almirall, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Teva, and Sanofi-Genzyme; Ester Moral Torres has received fees for consulting, speaking, and clinical trial participation from Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Merck-Serono, Teva, Novartis, Almirall, Sanofi-Genzyme, Actelion, and Roche; Javier Olascoaga Urtaza has received consulting fees from Biogen-Idec, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Genzyme, and fees for moderating, speaking, and organising meetings and for involvement in research and clinical trials from Almirall, Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva; Pedro Oliva Nacarino has received consulting fees from Biogen-Idec, Bayer, and Sanofi-Genzyme, and lecture honoraria from Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Merck-Serono, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, and Almirall; Celia Oreja-Guevara has received consulting fees and lecture honoraria from Biogen-Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, and Teva; Rafa Ortiz Castillo is a medical consultant for Sanofi-Genzyme; Agustín Oterino has received lecture honoraria from Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Biogen-Idec, Almirall, Allergan, and Teva, and has received research funding through IDIVAL from Novartis and Sanofi-Genzyme; José María Prieto González is a consultant for Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Teva, Roche, Merck-Serono, and Almirall. He has spoken at meetings promoted by Almirall, Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva. He has received research funding from Almirall, Biogen-Idec, Novartis, and Sanofi-Genzyme. Lluís Ramió-Torrentá has received consulting fees, lecture honoraria, and travel expenses from Biogen, Merck, Teva, Sanofi-Genzyme, Roche, Bayer, Almirall, and Mylan; Alfredo Rodríguez-Antigüedad has received lecture honoraria and fees for moderating and participating in clinical trials and other research projects from Bayer-Schering, Biogen-Idec, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck, Novartis, Teva, and Roche; Albert Sáiz has received consulting fees and lecture honoraria from Bayer-Schering, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Teva, Sanofi-Genzyme, Biogen-Idec, and Roche; Mar Tintoré has received consulting fees and lecture honoraria from Almirall, Bayer, Schering, Biogen-Idec, Sanofi-Genzyme, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, and Teva; Xavier Montalbán Gairin has received fees for consulting in clinical trials and organising meetings from Actelion, Bayer, Biogen-Idec, Celgene, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Teva, Excemed, MSIF, and NMSS.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:16 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1780802" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Development" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1562749" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1780803" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Desarrollo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1562748" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Action mechanism" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Clinical development of alemtuzumab" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Effectiveness of alemtuzumab" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Effectiveness in randomised trials" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Long-term effectiveness in extension studies" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Safety data for alemtuzumab" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Safety in randomised trials" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Long-term safety in extension studies" ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Consensus process" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Recommendations" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Selection of candidate patients for treatment with alemtuzumab" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Recommendation 1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Recommendation 2" ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Questions to be considered before treatment onset" "secciones" => array:17 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Infections associated with the use of alemtuzumab" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Infections preventable by vaccination" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Recommendation 3" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Vaccination strategies with alemtuzumab" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Recommendation 4" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0105" "titulo" => "Recommendation 5" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0110" "titulo" => "Recommendation 6" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0115" "titulo" => "Minimising the risk of infection: recommendations" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0120" "titulo" => "Before administrating alemtuzumab" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0125" "titulo" => "Recommendation 7" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0130" "titulo" => "Recommendation 8" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0135" "titulo" => "During administration of alemtuzumab" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0140" "titulo" => "Recommendation 9" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0145" "titulo" => "Recommendation 10" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0150" "titulo" => "After the administration of alemtuzumab" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0155" "titulo" => "Recommendation 11" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0160" "titulo" => "Periods of treatment with alemtuzumab" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0165" "titulo" => "Pretreatment" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0170" "titulo" => "Recommendation 12" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0175" "titulo" => "Recommendation 13" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0180" "titulo" => "Recommendation 14" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0185" "titulo" => "Recommendation 15" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0190" "titulo" => "Treatment" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0195" "titulo" => "Recommendation 16" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0200" "titulo" => "Prevention of infusion-related reactions: pre-medication" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0205" "titulo" => "Recommendation 17" ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0210" "titulo" => "Alemtuzumab administration" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0215" "titulo" => "Recommendation 18" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0220" "titulo" => "Perfusion rate" ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0225" "titulo" => "Monitoring during perfusion and management of infusion-related reactions" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0230" "titulo" => "Recommendation 19" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0235" "titulo" => "Recommendation 20" ] ] ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0240" "titulo" => "Recommendations for the post-perfusion period and after the completion of each course" ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0245" "titulo" => "Post-treatment" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0250" "titulo" => "Recommendation 21" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0255" "titulo" => "Recommendation 22" ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0260" "titulo" => "Administration of the second and subsequent courses" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0265" "titulo" => "Recommendation 23" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0270" "titulo" => "Recommendation 24" ] ] ] 16 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0275" "titulo" => "Evaluation of treatment response. Criteria for further courses after the second course" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0280" "titulo" => "Special situations" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0285" "titulo" => "Vaccination of cohabitants" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0290" "titulo" => "Recommendation 25" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0295" "titulo" => "Pregnancy and breastfeeding" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0300" "titulo" => "Recommendation 26" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0305" "titulo" => "Recommendation 27" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0310" "titulo" => "Recommendation 28" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0315" "titulo" => "Paediatric populations" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0320" "titulo" => "Surgical interventions" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0325" "titulo" => "Recommendation 29" ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0330" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0335" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0340" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 14 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack629150" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 15 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-09-27" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-11-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1562749" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Alemtuzumab" 1 => "Effectiveness" 2 => "Multiple sclerosis" 3 => "Daily clinical practice" 4 => "Safety" 5 => "Spain" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1562748" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Alemtuzumab" 1 => "Eficacia" 2 => "Esclerosis múltiple" 3 => "España" 4 => "Práctica clínica habitual" 5 => "Seguridad" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alemtuzumab is a highly effective drug approved by the European Medicines Agency as a disease-modifying drug for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A consensus document was drafted on the management of alemtuzumab in routine clinical practice in Spain.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Development</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A group of multiple sclerosis specialists reviewed articles addressing treatment with alemtuzumab in patients with multiple sclerosis and published before December 2017. The included studies assessed the drug's efficacy, effectiveness, and safety; screening for infections and vaccination; and administration and monitoring aspects. The initial proposed recommendations were developed by a coordinating group and based on the available evidence and their clinical experience. The consensus process was carried out in 2 stages, with the initial threshold percentage for group agreement established at 80%. The final document with all the recommendations agreed by the working group was submitted for external review and the comments received were considered by the coordinating group.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The present document is intended to be used as a tool for optimising the management of alemtuzumab in routine clinical practice.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Development" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Alemtuzumab es un fármaco de alta eficacia aprobado por la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos como tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Elaborar un documento de consenso sobre el manejo de alemtuzumab en la práctica clínica habitual, que sea de aplicación en el ámbito español.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Desarrollo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un grupo de expertos en esclerosis múltiple revisó las publicaciones disponibles hasta diciembre de 2017, de tratamiento con alemtuzumab y esclerosis múltiple. Se incluyeron trabajos sobre eficacia, efectividad y seguridad, despistaje de infecciones y vacunación, administración y monitorización. La propuesta inicial de recomendaciones fue desarrollada por un grupo coordinador con base en la evidencia disponible y en su experiencia clínica. El proceso de consenso se llevó a cabo en 2 etapas; se estableció como porcentaje inicial de acuerdo grupal el 80%. El documento final con todas las recomendaciones acordadas por el grupo de trabajo se sometió a revisión externa y los comentarios recibidos fueron considerados por el grupo coordinador.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El documento aportado pretende ser una herramienta útil para facilitar el manejo del fármaco en condiciones de práctica clínica habitual.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Desarrollo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Please cite this article as: Meca-Lallana JE, Fernández-Prada M, García Vázquez E, Moreno Guillén S, Otero Romero S, Rus Hidalgo R, et al. Consenso de expertos sobre el uso de alemtuzumab en la práctica clínica diaria en España. Neurología. 2022;37:615–630.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0630" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0350" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2332 "Ancho" => 3187 "Tamanyo" => 391138 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Main efficacy results for alemtuzumab: pivotal and extension studies.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 826 "Ancho" => 2783 "Tamanyo" => 122215 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of patients receiving successive courses of alemtuzumab over 7 years of follow-up.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1598 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 582008 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Perfusion characteristics and proposed perfusion rate.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1550 "Ancho" => 2917 "Tamanyo" => 288946 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Proposed checklist of symptoms indicating complications and adverse reactions.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1984 "Ancho" => 3333 "Tamanyo" => 503964 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of recommendations for the first 3 courses of alemtuzumab. CMV: cytomegalovirus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HPV: human papillomavirus; IRR: infusion-related reactions; VZV: varicella zoster virus.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Anti-HBs: Hepatitis B surface antibody; HAV: Hepatitis A virus; Ig: immunoglobulin.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vaccine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Type \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Indication \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Schedule \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Booster dose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Seasonal influenza \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">InactivatedFractional or subunits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 annual dose during influenza vaccination campaign (October-December) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not required \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pneumococcal 13-valent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">InactivatedProtein-conjugate polysaccharide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 dose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not required \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pneumococcal 23-valent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">InactivatedPolysaccharide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 doseAt least 2 months after administration of the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">At 5 years \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hepatitis B<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">InactivatedSurface antigen \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes, provided anti-HBs<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU/mL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0-1-2-6 months<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not required \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hepatitis A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">InactivatedWhole viruses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes, provided IgG HAV (–) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0-6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not required \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tetanus/diphtheria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">InactivatedTetanus toxoid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes. Primary vaccination should be started if not received in the past, or complemented with booster dosing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Primary vaccination (3 doses):0-1-6 months or 0-1-12 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Two doses: the first should be administered 10 years after primary vaccination and the second 10 years after the first booster dose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Human papillomavirus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">InactivatedSubunits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0-1-6 months or 0-2-6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not required \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Varicella<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Live attenuatedWhole virus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes, provided IgG varicella (–) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0-1 month \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not required \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Triple viral (Measles, mumps, and rubella<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Live attenuatedWhole virus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes, provided IgG measles (–) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0-1 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Not required \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Clinicians may consider administering AS04C adjuvanted vaccine, high-load (40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg) HBV vaccine, or double dose of the conventional vaccine, maintaining the same vaccination schedule.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Preferably in women under 26 years of age who have not received the vaccine according to the systematic calendar for children. Also in women scheduled to undergo cervical excision procedures due to high-grade lesions (HSIL/CIN 2-3). In this case, the vaccine should be administered early after diagnosis of the lesion, before the intervention if possible and up to 12 months thereafter.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">If vaccination with more than one live attenuated vaccine is indicated, they should be administered at the same consultation in different anatomical regions. If they are not administered together, an interval of at least 4 weeks between vaccinations should be observed.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Post-vaccination serology tests should be performed one month after completion of the vaccination schedule to confirm correct response to the vaccine (anti-HBs titre >10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI/mL). In patients not showing seroconversion, vaccination should be repeated with three additional doses at monthly intervals. Revaccination should use AS04 adjuvanted vaccine or a high-load vaccine (40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg). Patients not showing seroconversion after revaccination will be considered non-responders, and post-exposure prophylaxis should be considered in situations of risk.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vaccinations to consider before alemtuzumab administration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47,48</span></a></p>" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DMF: dimethyl fumarate.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vaccination before alemtuzumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Live attenuated vaccines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Inactivated vaccines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No previous disease-modifying treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination protocol should be completed at least 6 weeks before starting alemtuzumab. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication to vaccination and no minimum interval for the start of treatment, although the response may be less than expected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Recent corticosteroid therapy (treatment of a relapse) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination should be started at least one month after the last dose in patients receiving prednisone >20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day (or equivalent) for more than 15 days.If the patient has received a corticosteroid bolus in the last three months, individual assessment of immune condition is advised. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication to vaccination, although the response may be less than expected when corticosteroids are used at immunosuppressive doses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination protocol should be completed at least 6 weeks before starting alemtuzumab. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active treatment with interferon beta or glatiramer acetate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication to vaccination during treatment with these drugs (except when combined with immunosuppressants), although the response may be less than expected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination protocol should be completed at least 6 weeks before starting alemtuzumab. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication to vaccination, although the response may be less than expected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active treatment with teriflunomide or dimethyl fumarate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination should be started once the washout period has been completed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication to vaccination, although the response may be less than expected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination protocol should be completed at least 6 weeks before starting alemtuzumab. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active treatment with specific immunosuppressors: natalizumab or fingolimod \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination should be started at least three months after the last dose of any of these drugs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication to vaccination, although the response may be less than expected \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination protocol should be completed at least 6 weeks before starting alemtuzumab. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Active treatment with alemtuzumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Contraindicated during treatment. Vaccination should be administered after alemtuzumab. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication to vaccination, although the response may be less than expectedVaccination should be postponed (until after alemtuzumab) to ensure effective immunisation. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vaccination after alemtuzumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Live attenuated vaccines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Inactivated vaccines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Contraindicated for 6 months and until systemic immune reconstitution is achieved<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No contraindication, although the response may be less than expected. Systemic immune reconstitution should be achieved<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">As the window period can be prolonged, physicians should consider starting alemtuzumab and proceed to the post-alemtuzumab vaccination section. This should not be a limitation for starting alemtuzumab, since the appropriate vaccination/immunisation schedule should have been confirmed before starting treatment with interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide, DMF, natalizumab or fingolimod. Each case should be assessed individually.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">Starting 6 months after completion and only if CD4+ T lymphocyte count is greater than 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/μL.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vaccination strategy when alemtuzumab treatment is indicated.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; IRIS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; JC: John Cunningham virus; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PML: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Other recommendations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Waiting time \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Other recommendations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Without previous treatmentInterferon betaGlatiramer acetate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Teriflunomide \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Accelerated elimination procedure 11 days after end of treatment:8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of cholestyramine orally, 3 times a day, or 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g activated charcoal orally, twice a dayBlood levels should be below 0.02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dimethyl fumarate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Provided that lymphocyte count is above 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/μL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fingolimod \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Provided that lymphocyte count is above 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/μL<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Natalizumab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">JC (–), 12 weeks after the last infusion of natalizumab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>; a gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI should be performed before perfusion of alemtuzumab to screen for PML.JC (+) the window period should allow for latent PML to be ruled out before the perfusion of alemtuzumab, although the excessive duration could favour additional relapses (also called “IRIS-like”) due to natalizumab withdrawal. In these cases, a study of the number of JC copies in the CSF should be considered to rule out latent PML.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> A gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI should also be performed to screen for PML before perfusion of alemtuzumab, and 6 months and a year after the administration of alemtuzumab.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">51</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Other immunosuppressants (azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, rituximab) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Between 3 and 6 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Provided lymphocyte count is >800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/μL and the CD4 count >200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells/μL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation of previous treatments (washout) and concomitant treatments.</p>" ] ] 8 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 570568 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:51 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "La Comisión Europea aprueba Lemtrada® (alemtuzumab) de Genzyme, para el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "European Medicines Agency" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2013" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Alemtuzumab in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: patient selection and special considerations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. 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Matta" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s40120-016-0058-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neurol Ther" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "145" "paginaFinal" => "152" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27915429" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack629150" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" "texto" => "<p id="par0620" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors thank Mónica Giménez for her help in drafting, reviewing, and submitting the manuscript</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735808/0000003700000008/v2_202210110613/S2173580820300158/v2_202210110613/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "9491" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original Articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735808/0000003700000008/v2_202210110613/S2173580820300158/v2_202210110613/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173580820300158?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2024 October | 60 | 1 | 61 |
| 2024 September | 87 | 6 | 93 |
| 2024 August | 79 | 7 | 86 |
| 2024 July | 49 | 1 | 50 |
| 2024 June | 67 | 9 | 76 |
| 2024 May | 56 | 18 | 74 |
| 2024 April | 35 | 10 | 45 |
| 2024 March | 120 | 4 | 124 |
| 2024 February | 120 | 10 | 130 |
| 2024 January | 45 | 6 | 51 |
| 2023 December | 94 | 7 | 101 |
| 2023 November | 84 | 10 | 94 |
| 2023 October | 122 | 20 | 142 |
| 2023 September | 100 | 16 | 116 |
| 2023 August | 44 | 20 | 64 |
| 2023 July | 66 | 20 | 86 |
| 2023 June | 110 | 22 | 132 |
| 2023 May | 130 | 8 | 138 |
| 2023 April | 105 | 21 | 126 |
| 2023 March | 60 | 44 | 104 |
| 2023 February | 50 | 32 | 82 |
| 2023 January | 56 | 25 | 81 |
| 2022 December | 56 | 10 | 66 |
| 2022 November | 82 | 20 | 102 |
| 2022 October | 58 | 29 | 87 |
| 2022 September | 11 | 26 | 37 |
| 2022 August | 14 | 17 | 31 |
| 2022 July | 13 | 13 | 26 |
| 2022 June | 16 | 20 | 36 |
| 2022 May | 14 | 22 | 36 |
| 2022 April | 22 | 15 | 37 |
| 2022 March | 15 | 14 | 29 |
| 2022 February | 18 | 13 | 31 |
| 2022 January | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2021 December | 16 | 12 | 28 |
| 2021 November | 19 | 13 | 32 |
| 2021 October | 31 | 24 | 55 |
| 2021 September | 11 | 11 | 22 |
| 2021 August | 28 | 12 | 40 |
| 2021 July | 28 | 22 | 50 |
| 2021 June | 21 | 10 | 31 |
| 2021 May | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2021 April | 69 | 24 | 93 |
| 2021 March | 19 | 13 | 32 |
| 2021 February | 12 | 29 | 41 |
| 2021 January | 19 | 15 | 34 |
| 2020 December | 13 | 15 | 28 |
| 2020 November | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2020 October | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2020 September | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2020 August | 21 | 14 | 35 |
| 2020 July | 27 | 14 | 41 |
| 2020 June | 15 | 13 | 28 |
| 2020 May | 17 | 20 | 37 |
| 2020 April | 14 | 9 | 23 |
| 2020 March | 9 | 9 | 18 |
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