Original article
Determination of the temperature causing a nociceptive response in the tail of albino BALB/c mice
Determinación de la temperatura de respuesta nociceptiva sobre la cola de ratones albinos de la cepa Balb/c
E.E. Aguirre Siancasa,b,c,
, N.M. Lam Figueroaa,d, J.C. Delgado Riosa,b, E. Ruiz Ramirezc, O.S. Portilla Floresa,b, L.J. Crispín Huamanía,b, L. Alarcón Velásquezb,e
Corresponding author
a Grupo de Investigación NEURON, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
b Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
c Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
d Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
e Grupo de Investigación ORALRES, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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"apellidos" => "Alarcón Velásquez" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Investigación NEURON, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Investigación ORALRES, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Determinación de la temperatura de respuesta nociceptiva sobre la cola de ratones albinos de la cepa Balb/c" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1117 "Ancho" => 1274 "Tamanyo" => 197133 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The instruments used in the experiment.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pain is a highly subjective, multifaceted experience influenced by psychological and emotional factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Rodent experimental models of nociception are pivotal in various areas of the health sciences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> Pain research is particularly relevant in biomedicine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–8</span></a> since pain is a frequent manifestation of a wide range of diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9–11</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The latency of tail withdrawal from a thermal stimulus in mice is one of the most widely used paradigms in experimental research. Several sources of thermal stimulation have been used, including a light beam or hot water.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,12,13</span></a> Given the wide range of temperatures used in the tail immersion test,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14–19</span></a> our study aimed to determine the optimal temperature for triggering a nociceptive response in the tails of male albino BALB/c mice.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Animals</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used 8 male albino BALB/c mice (body weight, 30-35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g); animals were obtained from the laboratory animal facilities of the Peruvian National Institute of Health (Chorrillos, Lima province, Peru). The animals were housed in the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos medical school's vivarium, where they were allowed to adapt for one week. Food and water were available ad libitum, the light/dark cycle was 12:12, and humidity and temperature (22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C) were kept within the parameters stipulated in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Procedure</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. All evaluations were conducted in a single day, between 08:00 and 12:00, using an Isolab® beaker (14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm high<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter) and a Mastrad® digital thermometer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The beaker was filled with water at a temperature of 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C up to a depth of 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm; the water was heated with a Thomas® electric boiler. Starting at 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, water was heated in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C increments until mice responded to the thermal stimulus; the experiment was repeated once with each animal. During each trial, we immersed two-thirds of the tail into the water until the animal withdrew its tail with a sudden flick (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2 and 3</a>). The maximum immersion time was 15 seconds; animals not withdrawing their tails within that time period were considered not to have responded to the thermal stimulus. All trials were filmed with a Sony® CX330 video camera and stored on a microSD® card. Video footage was subsequently played on a Lenovo® Yoga 2 laptop and tail withdrawal latencies for each trial were determined using a digital stopwatch.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Data analysis</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We performed a statistical analysis with measures of central tendency (mean and standard deviation). For inferential data analysis, we used repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the SPSS® statistical software, version 23 for Windows®.</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trials started with water at 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. Some animals responded to the nociceptive stimulus at 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C; however, it was not until 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C that all animals withdrew their tails from the water (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given that data displayed a normal distribution (Shapiro–Wilk test: 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.296; 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.947; and 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.892) and homoscedasticity, we applied a one-factor repeated-measures ANOVA analysis to response times at 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, and 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>, no significant differences were observed between tail withdrawal latencies for the 3 temperatures (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.8; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.123).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study used 8 male albino BALB/c mice from the same litter. All animals responded to the nociceptive stimulus at temperatures 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, and 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several experimental studies in mice report nociceptive responses at temperatures ranging from 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C to 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16,19,21</span></a> In our study, response to nociceptive stimulation was observed at temperatures 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and higher; this is higher than the temperature used by de Prá et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and Bhalla et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> These researchers evaluated nociceptive response to water at 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, although they used genetically modified mice. In contrast, Desroches et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and Brown et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> tested nociceptive responses to water at 52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C in genetically modified animals. The temperatures tested vary greatly between studies.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using non–genetically modified animals, Melo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> tested tail withdrawal latency at 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C in female mice; in our study, the same temperature caused a response in some of our animals (6 of the 8 mice withdrew their tails from the water). Yemitan and Adeyemi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> tested nociceptive responses to water at 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C in male and female adult mice; Griseb et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> and García et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> used the same temperature for the tail immersion test, although they used male mice only.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As no statistically significant differences were observed between the 3 temperatures analysed, we conclude that they all may yield similar results. However, data were less dispersed for 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C (standard deviation of 1.84, vs 2.72 for 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 3.02 for 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C), which may be relevant when selecting the temperature to be used for an experiment.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was funded by the research vice-chancellorship at <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos</span>.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare with regard to this study.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1586722" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1427588" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1586723" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1427589" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Animals" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Procedure" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Data analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-12-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-03-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1427588" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Experimental neuroscience" 1 => "Thermal stimulation" 2 => "BALB/c mice" 3 => "Nociceptive response" 4 => "Pain" 5 => "Nociception" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1427589" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Respuesta nociceptiva" 1 => "Estímulo térmico" 2 => "Ratones Balb/c" 3 => "Neurociencias experimentales" 4 => "Dolor" 5 => "Nocicepción" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Designs for determining nociceptive response in rodents are of great use in neurology and experimental neuroscience. Immersing mice's tails in warm water is one of the most widely used procedures to evaluate this response; however, a wide range of temperatures are used in different studies. Knowing the temperature that produces a powerful nociceptive response in the tail of BALB/c mice is extremely useful.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eight 2-month-old male BALB/c mice were used. A 14-cm high beaker was filled with water up to 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm. The animals’ tails were immersed in the container with a starting temperature of 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. The water temperature was raised in 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C increments until we identified the temperatures that produced nociceptive responses. That response was determined by counting the time taken before the mouse shook its tail to remove it from the water.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Six of the 8 mice began shaking their tails at the temperature of 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. All animals removed their tails from the water at the temperatures of 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, and 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, taking a mean time of 8.54, 7.99, and 5.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds, respectively. ANOVA applied to the response times for each of the 3 temperatures indicated revealed a value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.8 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.123).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The response time was statistically similar for the temperatures of 54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, and 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C; however, the data were less dispersed for the latter temperature.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los diseños para determinar la respuesta nociceptiva en roedores son de gran utilidad en neurología y en neurociencias experimentales. El paradigma de inmersión de la cola de ratón en agua temperada es uno de los más empleados para evaluar dicha respuesta; sin embargo, existe amplia variación en la temperatura utilizada en las diversas investigaciones. Resulta sumamente útil determinar la temperatura que produce una mejor respuesta nociceptiva sobre la cola de ratones de la cepa Balb/c.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se emplearon 8 ratones machos Balb/c de 2 meses de edad. Un <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">beaker</span> de 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm de alto se llenó de agua hasta 13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm. Partiendo desde los 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span> se empezó a sumergir la cola del animal dentro del recipiente. Se comenzó a elevar en 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C el agua hasta encontrar las temperaturas que produzcan las respuestas nociceptivas. Dicha respuesta se determinó contabilizando el tiempo que el ratón tardó en sacudir su cola retirándola del agua.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los ratones empezaron a sacudir su cola a los 51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C (6 de los 8 roedores). El total de la muestra retiró su cola del agua a los 54, 55 y 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C en el tiempo promedio de 8,54, 7,99 y 5,33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, respectivamente. Al aplicar ANOVA a los tiempos de las 3 temperaturas señaladas se obtuvo el valor F<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2,8 y p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,123.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El tiempo de respuesta fue similar estadísticamente ante las temperaturas de 54, 55 y 56<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C; sin embargo se encontró menor dispersión de los datos ante esta última.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as: Aguirre Siancas EE, Lam Figueroa NM, Delgado Rios JC, Ruiz Ramirez E, Portilla Flores OS, Crispín Huamaní LJ, et al. Determinación de la temperatura de respuesta nociceptiva sobre la cola de ratones albinos de la cepa Balb/c. Neurología. 2021;36:584–588.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1117 "Ancho" => 1274 "Tamanyo" => 197133 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The instruments used in the experiment.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1092 "Ancho" => 1274 "Tamanyo" => 230004 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The tail is lowered toward the hot water.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1094 "Ancho" => 1274 "Tamanyo" => 198584 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The tail is immersed into the water.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1215 "Ancho" => 1604 "Tamanyo" => 62507 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tail withdrawal latencies at different temperatures.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Temperature \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. mice tested \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean latency (s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard deviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2024 October | 44 | 1 | 45 |
| 2024 September | 49 | 4 | 53 |
| 2024 August | 48 | 2 | 50 |
| 2024 July | 48 | 6 | 54 |
| 2024 June | 41 | 8 | 49 |
| 2024 May | 53 | 5 | 58 |
| 2024 April | 60 | 13 | 73 |
| 2024 March | 47 | 3 | 50 |
| 2024 February | 34 | 8 | 42 |
| 2024 January | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2023 December | 38 | 15 | 53 |
| 2023 November | 42 | 17 | 59 |
| 2023 October | 46 | 5 | 51 |
| 2023 September | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2023 August | 65 | 5 | 70 |
| 2023 July | 47 | 7 | 54 |
| 2023 June | 73 | 5 | 78 |
| 2023 May | 59 | 5 | 64 |
| 2023 April | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2023 March | 33 | 3 | 36 |
| 2023 February | 35 | 6 | 41 |
| 2023 January | 30 | 11 | 41 |
| 2022 December | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2022 November | 38 | 13 | 51 |
| 2022 October | 33 | 9 | 42 |
| 2022 September | 46 | 12 | 58 |
| 2022 August | 47 | 6 | 53 |
| 2022 July | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2022 June | 41 | 7 | 48 |
| 2022 May | 41 | 7 | 48 |
| 2022 April | 47 | 10 | 57 |
| 2022 March | 95 | 11 | 106 |
| 2022 February | 93 | 5 | 98 |
| 2022 January | 61 | 10 | 71 |
| 2021 December | 52 | 7 | 59 |
| 2021 November | 71 | 13 | 84 |
| 2021 October | 59 | 16 | 75 |
| 2021 September | 31 | 12 | 43 |
| 2021 August | 44 | 6 | 50 |
| 2021 July | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2021 June | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2021 May | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2021 April | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2021 March | 13 | 4 | 17 |
| 2021 February | 12 | 7 | 19 |
| 2021 January | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2020 December | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2020 November | 8 | 8 | 16 |
| 2020 October | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2020 September | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2020 August | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2020 July | 17 | 11 | 28 |
| 2020 June | 15 | 16 | 31 |
| 2020 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
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