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Letter to the Editor
Leriche syndrome as a rare cause of cauda equina syndrome
Síndrome de Leriche como causa inhabitual del síndrome de la cola de caballo
E. Casasa,
Corresponding author
elena.caspe@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, F. Vázquezb, N.P. Witekc
a Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja San José y Santa Adela, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
c Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Program, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cauda equina syndrome is caused by lesions to the nerve roots emerging from below the conus medullaris &#40;lumbar&#44; sacral&#44; and coccygeal nerve roots&#41;&#46; It generally manifests as low back pain irradiating to the gluteus muscles&#44; weakness of the lower limbs&#44; saddle anaesthesia&#44; and sexual and sphincter dysfunction&#46; Cauda equina syndrome is an infrequent entity but requires urgent aetiological diagnosis and early treatment in order to minimise the potentially severe and irreversible sequelae&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 72-year-old man&#44; a former smoker&#44; with a diagnosis of arterial hypertension and atrial fibrillation treated with Sintrom&#174; and antihypertensive drugs&#46; The patient presented sudden weakness and hypoaesthesia of the lower limbs&#44; accompanied by severe bilateral pain in the gluteus muscles&#44; irradiating to both legs&#46; He reported no history of intermittent claudication or changes in skin colour or temperature in the distal region of the lower limbs&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neurological examination showed weakness of the lower limbs &#40;hip flexion 3&#47;5&#44; knee flexion 3&#47;5&#44; knee extension 4&#47;5&#44; dorsiflexion and plantar flexion 0&#47;5&#41; and no weakness in the upper limbs&#46; He presented tactile hypoaesthesia of the dorsal region of the feet and lateral region of the legs &#40;L5&#41;&#44; the external face of the thighs &#40;L2&#8211;L3&#41;&#44; and groin area &#40;L1&#8211;L2&#41;&#59; apallaesthesia up to the knees&#59; and abolished positional sensitivity in the toes&#46; The right Achilles and patellar reflexes were abolished&#44; whereas the remaining stretch reflexes were normal&#46; The plantar reflex was abolished bilaterally&#46; The abdominal and cremasteric reflexes were absent on both sides&#46; In conclusion&#44; neurological examination findings were compatible with cauda equina syndrome&#46; Furthermore&#44; the peripheral pulses were not palpable&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Blood analysis revealed mild thrombocytopaenia&#44; an International Normalised Ratio of 1&#46;4&#44; and prothrombin activity of 60&#37;&#46; An emergency lumbosacral spinal CT scan revealed no spinal cord anomalies or signs of haemorrhage&#46; An MRI scan of the thoracolumbosacral spine detected no haemorrhages&#44; spinal signal alterations&#44; or cauda equina compression&#46; However&#44; the image showed aortic wall irregularities&#44; continuing throughout both common iliac arteries&#46; Diagnosis of Leriche syndrome was confirmed with a CT angiography&#44; which revealed occlusion of the inferior mesenteric artery&#44; infrarenal abdominal aorta&#44; and both common iliac arteries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient underwent an emergency bilateral aortoiliac thrombectomy and a stent was placed in the left iliac artery&#46; Peripheral pulses became palpable and the patient progressed favourably&#59; anticoagulant treatment was maintained and antiplatelet treatment started&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At 2 months&#44; strength and tactile sensitivity were completely normal&#46; The patient presented distal apallaesthaesia &#40;up to the malleoli&#41; and recovered the abdominal and cremasteric reflexes bilaterally&#44; with only abolished Achilles reflexes persisting&#46; A motor nerve conduction study showed sensorimotor anomalies in the affected nerve roots&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent aetiology of cauda equina syndrome is compression &#40;hernias&#44; tumours&#44; cysts&#44; aneurysms&#44; haemorrhages&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> which should be ruled out in the first instance&#46; Ischaemic aetiology is less frequent&#44; with embolisms being the main cause within this group&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This case is of particular interest as Leriche syndrome is a very infrequent cause of cauda equina syndrome&#46; We reviewed the literature and found only one another reported case&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> When Leriche syndrome is accompanied by paraparesis&#44; it is typically explained by spinal cord ischaemia&#44; and not by damage to the nerve roots&#46; Furthermore&#44; onset of acute paraparesis represents a diagnostic challenge&#44; as Leriche syndrome generally causes intermittent claudication with a progressive course&#46; In case of paraparesis or sensory symptoms&#44; a vascular origin should be suspected and peripheral pulses should always be examined&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally&#44; onset of paraparesis without anomalies in imaging studies may suggest cauda equina syndrome as the cause&#46; Contrast-enhanced imaging studies assessing vascular damage may be very useful&#44; as this rare but incapacitating disease requires early diagnosis and urgent treatment&#44; with the aim of minimising possible sequelae&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46; This study has received no funding of any kind&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21735808
Original language: English
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