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Letter to the Editor
Improved functional capacity in Huntington disease after Nordic walking training: A case report
Mejoría de la capacidad funcional en la enfermedad de Huntington tras un programa de marcha nórdica. A propósito de un caso
R.I. Martínez-Lemosa,
Corresponding author
ivanmartinez@uvigo.es

Corresponding author.
, C. Domínguez-Péreza,b, M. Seijo-Martínezb, C. Ayán-Péreza
a Departamento de Didáctica Especial, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, España
b Departamento de Neurología, Complejo Hospitalario de Pontevedra-Salnés, Casas Novas, Pontevedra, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Huntington disease &#40;HD&#41;&#44; the most frequent genetically determined type of chorea&#44; is an autosomal dominant&#44; progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes physical&#44; cognitive&#44; and psychological impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Physical exercise is considered a useful rehabilitation therapy in HD&#44; although it is yet to be determined what type provides the greatest potential benefits in slowing progression of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nordic walking may be an interesting physical therapy in HD due to the low level of fitness required&#44; the simplicity of the exercise&#44; and the reported effects on independence and motor symptoms in patients presenting neurodegenerative symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We describe the case of a patient with early-intermediate stage HD who presented changes in functional status after participating in a Nordic walking programme&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our patient was a 59-year-old woman who consulted due to gait and balance alterations associated with rapid&#44; involuntary dyskinetic movements&#46; Diagnosis of early-intermediate stage HD was confirmed after a genetic study revealed an abnormal CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IT15</span>&#46; Symptomatic treatment was started&#44; and improved motor control&#46; Two months after the diagnosis&#44; and after visiting the Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Vigo for information on the types of physical therapy she could receive&#44; the patient agreed to participate in a 12-week Nordic walking programme &#40;3 sessions per week&#41;&#46; We conducted a repeated measures single-case study following an A-B design&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> During the A phase&#44; the patient was assessed once per week for 4 weeks&#46; During the B phase&#44; the patient completed the Nordic walking programme&#44; with assessments performed weekly&#46; The School&#39;s Ethics Committee approved the study&#44; and the patient gave informed consent to participate&#46; In the first sessions the patient was taught the Nordic walking technique and took 12-minute walks&#44; which were gradually increased to 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes&#8217; duration&#46; The Timed Up and Go Test &#40;TUG&#41;&#44; Berg Balance Scale &#40;BBS&#41;&#44; and Physical Performance Test &#40;PPT&#41; were used to assess the effects of the programme on functional mobility&#44; balance&#44; and physical functioning&#44; respectively&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> To identify possible changes in disease progression&#44; we used the Total Functional Capacity Scale&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The patient completed all the scheduled sessions &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#41; and presented no adverse effects&#46; The distance covered per session increased from 700 to 1830<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m&#44; and mean speed increased from 3&#46;9 to 4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#47;h&#46; Assessment results suggested an overall improvement in all variables&#44; with the exception of disease progression &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The total time needed to complete the TUG decreased to 4&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>seconds &#40;an improvement of 27&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46; BBS and PPT scores increased by 4 and 3 points&#44; respectively&#44; which represented an improvement of 4&#37; and 3&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Our results are consistent with those of other authors reporting the effects of physical exercise on HD&#46; For instance&#44; Mirek et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> applied a programme based on balance and gait&#44; and Piira et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> developed a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme&#59; both groups detected significant changes in participants&#8217; TUG and BBS scores&#46; Similarly&#44; Ciancarelli et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> report improvements in patients&#8217; functional capacity &#40;PPT scores&#41; after participating in a neurorehabilitation programme&#46; Despite the potential benefits observed after the intervention&#44; we should underscore 2 points&#46; Firstly&#44; the programme had no effect on disease progression&#46; Secondly&#44; only the reduction in the time needed to complete the TUG can be considered a clinically significant change derived from the Nordic walking programme&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In view of these results&#44; we conclude that Nordic walking represents an effective physical rehabilitation strategy for patients with early-intermediate stage HD&#46; Its practice may lead to clinically relevant changes in functional mobility&#44; as well as some improvements in balance and functional capacity&#46; However&#44; these changes have no impact on disease progression&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span>"
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-10-21"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-01-28"
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Mart&#237;nez-Lemos RI&#44; Dom&#237;nguez-P&#233;rez C&#44; Seijo-Mart&#237;nez &#44; Ay&#225;n-P&#233;rez C&#46; Mejor&#237;a de la capacidad funcional en la enfermedad de Huntington tras un programa de marcha n&#243;rdica&#46; A prop&#243;sito de un caso&#46; 2020&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2019.01.006">https&#58;&#47;&#47;doi&#46;org&#47;10&#46;1016&#47;j&#46;nrl&#46;2019&#46;01&#46;006</span></p>"
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Visual analysis of 2 standard deviations to assess changes in functional mobility&#44; balance&#44; functional capacity&#44; and impact of the disease before and after the intervention&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BBS&#58; Balance Berg Scale&#59; MA&#58; mean in phase A&#59; MB&#58; mean in phase B&#59; PPT&#58; Physical Performance Test&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; TFCS&#58; Total Functional Capacity Scale&#59; TUG&#58; Timed Up and Go Test&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the effect of the intervention&#44; we performed a visual analysis of single-case data during the 2 phases&#58; initial assessment &#40;A&#41; and intervention &#40;B&#41;&#59; to do this&#44; we analysed improvement&#44; trend&#44; overlap&#44; and change between phases&#46; Improvement&#58; result of the comparison between means for the A and B phases&#46; Trend&#58; &#40;&#43;&#41; positive differences between A and B phases&#59; &#40;&#8722;&#41; no differences between A and B phases&#46; Overlap&#58; total number of assessments during the B phase that met 2 conditions&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> different from and better than A&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> the 3 latter measurements suggest improvements&#46; Change&#58; differences between the mean for the A phase and the last assessment &#40;week 12&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">Functional mobility &#40;TUG&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3 &#40;16&#46;7-17&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;4 &#40;10&#46;9-13&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Functional capacity &#40;PPT&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Impact of the disease &#40;TFCS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison of functional status and independence before and after the intervention&#46;</p>"
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    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Huntington&#39;s disease and Huntington&#39;s disease-like syndromes&#58; An overview"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46; G&#246;vert"
                            1 => "S&#46; Schneider"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Nuerol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "420"
                        "paginaFinal" => "427"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Physical Therapy and Exercise Interventions in Huntington&#39;s Disease&#58; A Mixed Methods Systematic Review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Fritz"
                            1 => "A&#46; Rao"
                            2 => "D&#46; Kegelmeyer"
                            3 => "A&#46; Kloos"
                            4 => "M&#46; Busse"
                            5 => "L&#46; Hartel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3233/JHD-170260"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Huntingtons Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "217"
                        "paginaFinal" => "235"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968244"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
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