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Letter to the Editor
Parsonage-Turner syndrome post-infection by SARS-CoV-2: a case report
Síndrome de Parsonage-Turner postinfección por SARS-CoV-2: a propósito de un caso
M. Alvaradoa,
Corresponding author
malvarado@mutuaterrassa.cat

Corresponding author.
, Y. Lin-Miaob, M. Carrillo-Arolasa
a Servicio de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parsonage-Turner syndrome &#40;PTS&#41; or acute brachial neuritis is a rare cause of neuromuscular involvement in the shoulder&#44; characterised by sudden onset of intense pain followed by muscle weakness and atrophy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Aetiology is heterogeneous&#59; the immune-mediated response against the brachial plexus is considered an essential part of its aetiopathogenesis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Although cases have been reported of viral infection before onset of brachial neuritis&#44; there are currently no published cases of PTS associated with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection&#44; as far as we are aware&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe the case of a 38-year-old man who developed PTS after severe bilateral pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 infection&#44; who was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with hydroxychloroquine&#44; lopinavir&#47;ritonavir&#44; interferon beta&#44; corticosteroids&#44; and invasive mechanical ventilation&#46; He was kept under deep sedation for several days&#44; and received prone position ventilation on 2 occasions&#46; As a relevant complication&#44; we should mention septic shock secondary to ischaemic pancolitis due to SARS-CoV-2 infection&#44; which was confirmed by anatomical pathology&#59; the patient underwent ileostomy surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During a visit to the rehabilitation department for functional recovery&#44; the patient reported a 5-day history of continuous&#44; progressive pain in both shoulders accompanied by a burning and tingling sensation&#44; which disrupted sleep and partially remitted with conventional analgesics&#46; He subsequently presented progressive muscle weakness in both shoulders&#44; which limited his ability to perform activities of daily living&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The physical examination revealed bilateral atrophy of the deltoid&#44; supraspinatus&#44; and infraspinatus muscles&#44; right scapular winging&#44; and hypoaesthesia in the deltoid area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#41;&#46; An electrophysiological study revealed left brachial plexopathy with predominant involvement of the segment proximal to the upper trunk and distal to the C5 nerve root&#44; and absence of sensory response in the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve&#44; with signs of acute motor axon loss in the trapezius&#44; deltoid&#44; and serratus anterior muscles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; An MRI study revealed oedema of the bellies of both infraspinatus muscles and tendinosis of both supraspinatus muscles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b and c&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of these findings&#44; he was diagnosed with PTS&#46; The patient was treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs combined with long-acting opioids and prednisone&#46; He also started rehabilitation therapy to improve balance and pain control&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PTS presents uncertain aetiology&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> predominantly affects men&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> and may be associated with viral infections&#44; autoimmune mechanisms&#44; immunisation&#44; microtrauma&#44; or surgical procedures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Twenty-five percent of patients may present systemic viral infection prior to symptom onset<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> and almost one-third of patients present these symptoms bilaterally and symmetrically&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In terms of pathophysiology&#44; sensitised lymphocytes have a special affinity for brachial plexus nerves&#44; causing perineural oedema similar to that associated with urticaria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Our main hypothesis is that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggered an immune-mediated reaction involving the brachial plexus&#46; Trauma may reasonably be ruled out as the cause of the symptoms&#44; as the patient was only placed in the prone position on 2 occasions&#44; presenting no pain or limitation of shoulder movement during hospitalisation&#46; Numerous reports in the literature describe neurological symptoms and diseases in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic&#44; including ischaemic cerebrovascular disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> polyneuropathies&#44; and even necrotising encephalomyelitis attributed to a neuroinvasive effect in a patient with COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnostic suspicion of PTS is established according to the symptoms reported by the patient and supported by the electrophysiological study&#44; which in addition to enabling a better identification of the condition&#44; also helps to rule out other possible causes and assess severity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;11</span></a> MRI has been demonstrated to be useful in diagnosing PTS&#59; the characteristic pattern includes neurogenic muscle oedema followed by atrophy of the supraspinatus&#44; infraspinatus&#44; and deltoid muscles&#44; as well as fatty infiltration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;12</span></a> All these findings were identified in our patient&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is currently no specific treatment for this syndrome&#44; as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are insufficient in the acute phase&#44; and the use of opioids is necessary&#46; Some studies use gabapentin for neuromodulation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Rehabilitation therapy is essential to improve joint mobility and strength and to control pain&#46; Outcomes are heterogeneous and depend on pain intensity&#44; the extent of plexus involvement&#44; and whether presentation is bilateral or unilateral&#59; all of these factors are predictors of recovery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have received no funding for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Alvarado M&#44; Lin-Miao Y&#44; Carrillo-Arolas M&#46; S&#237;ndrome de Parsonage-Turner postinfecci&#243;n por SARS-CoV-2&#58; a prop&#243;sito de un caso&#46; Neurolog&#237;a&#46; 2021&#59;36&#58;568&#8211;571&#46;</p>"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We would like to thank Dr Alejandro Congo&#44; radiologist at the musculoskeletal radiology unit&#44; for providing the images&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21735808
Original language: English
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2024 June 69 6 75
2024 May 103 7 110
2024 April 80 4 84
2024 March 149 5 154
2024 February 128 4 132
2024 January 175 13 188
2023 December 135 15 150
2023 November 140 16 156
2023 October 194 28 222
2023 September 108 10 118
2023 August 84 15 99
2023 July 93 32 125
2023 June 86 22 108
2023 May 120 22 142
2023 April 102 13 115
2023 March 85 26 111
2023 February 83 41 124
2023 January 98 50 148
2022 December 93 52 145
2022 November 88 27 115
2022 October 88 53 141
2022 September 95 20 115
2022 August 104 13 117
2022 July 74 10 84
2022 June 54 9 63
2022 May 58 12 70
2022 April 91 15 106
2022 March 109 26 135
2022 February 196 11 207
2022 January 129 18 147
2021 December 89 10 99
2021 November 73 8 81
2021 October 92 13 105
2021 September 33 14 47
2021 August 12 7 19
2021 July 0 2 2
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos