Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy and discriminative validity of the Clock Drawing and Mini-Cog tests in detecting cognitive impairment

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"apellidos" => "Vílchez-Carrillo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "FIDYAN Neurocenter, Granada, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación de la utilidad diagnóstica y validez discriminativa del Test del Reloj y del Mini-Cog en la detección del deterioro cognitivo" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 921 "Ancho" => 1569 "Tamanyo" => 59865 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Violin plot showing clock drawing test scores, stratified by cognitive status. The white dots represent median scores, the ends of the black bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the length of the line is 1.5 times the interquartile range; the violin shape represents the density distribution of the data, extending to the extreme high and low values. CIw: cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations; CIw/o: cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations; NCF: normal cognitive function; SCC: subjective cognitive complaints." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionSubjective cognitive complaints and memory loss constitute a frequent reason for consultation with primary care and referral to the neurology department.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> Initial assessment and follow-up of these patients requires the use of valid cognitive assessment tools that are brief enough to be administered during consultations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>The Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> currently the most frequently used cognitive assessment tool, is rapidly losing supporters due to numerous limitations, including its cost,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> and was even excluded from the third version of the Alzheimer Disease Centers’ Neuropsychological Test Battery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> The Montreal Cognitive Assessment,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> in contrast, is increasingly popular. It includes multiple domains, but has an even longer administration time than the MMSE, which limits its use in general consultations and particularly in primary care.The clock drawing test (CDT), one of the oldest and most widely used brief cognitive tests,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> is considered by some authors to be the ideal cognitive screening test due to its simplicity and brevity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> However, it does present some limitations: it does not explicitly evaluate episodic memory; it requires a minimum level of graphomotor skills (which may be problematic for illiterate individuals or those with a low level of education)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a>; it does not have a simple, standardised grading system<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a>; and its diagnostic accuracy is limited.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>The Mini-Cog,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> a simple, quick-to-administer instrument, aims to address some of the limitations of the CDT: it includes a 3-item free recall task and a simplified clock-drawing task.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> It has been validated in multiple settings (community,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> primary care,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> specialised clinics<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a>) and in numerous languages (available at <a href="https://mini-cog.com/mini-cog-in-other-languages/">https://mini-cog.com/mini-cog-in-other-languages/</a>). Furthermore, there are 15 versions of the Mini-Cog, which differ in the set of items the patient has to recall (5 options) and the time to which the clock has to be set (3 options).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> The Mini-Cog is currently one of the most widely recommended dementia screening tools for primary care and general consultations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085">17–22</a>The Mini-Cog has been used in some studies conducted in Spanish-speaking countries,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115">23,24</a> although no formal evaluation of the Spanish-language version has been conducted to date. In Spain, one study did evaluate the test’s diagnostic usefulness, calculating results retrospectively by adding together scores for CDT drawings and the MMSE recall task, which had previously been administered independently; however, the Mini-Cog was not actually administered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a>The purpose of this study was to formally evaluate the discriminant validity and diagnostic usefulness of the CDT and the Mini-Cog for identifying individuals with cognitive impairment in a large sample of patients attended at the neurology clinic.MethodsDesignWe conducted a cross-sectional study including all patients attended between March and September 2018 at a neurology clinic specialising in cognitive and behavioural neurology.For patients attended on more than one occasion during the study period, we only included the data corresponding to the last evaluation, as these were considered to be the most reliable from a diagnostic viewpoint.Cognitive assessmentAll patients underwent a brief cognitive assessment including the Mini-Cog, the CDT, and the Fototest,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> regardless of the reason for consultation.All patients attended due to subjective or informant-reported memory complaints and/or behavioural alterations, or those scoring below the 10th percentile on the Fototest,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a> underwent a thorough cognitive assessment including orientation (temporal, spatial, and personal), attention (forward and backward digit span), memory (learning, free recall, and recognition of the CERAD word list<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a>), language (short version of the Boston Naming Test,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a> semantic verbal fluency,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">30</a> comprehension of commands), motor apraxia (EULA test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">31</a>), executive function (WAIS similarities, coin test from the Eurotest,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">32</a> semantic verbal fluency), and visuospatial function (copy and drawing), in addition to a formal functional evaluation. The researcher performing the assessment (SLA) was blinded to Mini-Cog, CDT, and Fototest results.Mini-CogVersion usedWe used the Mini-Cog<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> version including the words “capitán,” “jardín,” and “retrato” (captain, garden, picture), the word combination showing the most homogeneous frequency of use in Spanish (58.67, 62.45, and 38.42 occurrences per million words, respectively),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">33</a> and the clock time “10 past 11,” the most frequently used clock time in our setting.AdministrationPatients were given the following instructions: “Please listen carefully. I am going to say 3 words that I want you to repeat back to me; try to remember them as I will ask you to repeat them again.” If the person was unable to repeat all 3 words, the instructions were repeated up to 3 times. Patients were then given a blank sheet and a pencil, and the following instructions were given: “Next, I want you to draw a large, round clock for me. First, put all of the numbers in their places. Then, set the hands to 10 past 11.” After the clock-drawing task was completed, the patient was asked to recall the 3 words from the first task.ScoringIn the recall task, one point was scored for each word that was correctly remembered. The clock drawing task was scored the maximum score (2 points) if the drawing met all of the following conditions:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">1The clock has all the numbers, with no repetitions and no additional numbers.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">2The numbers are placed in the correct order.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">3The numbers are placed in the correct positions on the face of the clock.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">4The hands are unequivocally set to the time asked.</li></ul>Any other situation, including the patient refusing to draw the clock or being unable to do so due to physical limitations (paresis, tremor, ataxia, etc), was scored 0 points.RegistryWe recorded patients’ scores, the time taken to complete the test, the total number of attempts to repeat the 3 words, and the number of times the rater had to repeat the instructions for the clock drawing task.Clock drawing testWe used the scoring system of the Spanish-language version of the Seven-Minute Screen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">34</a> to score the clock drawing task in the Mini-Cog; this system scores one point for each of the following criteria:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">1The clock has all numbers from 1 to 12 (using either Arabic or Roman numerals).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030">2The numbers are placed in the correct ascending order (even if not all 12 numbers have been placed).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035">3The numbers are in the correct positions.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040">4The clock has 2 hands (circles or other marks are not valid).</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045">5The hour hand (or any other mark) is set to 11.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050">6The minute hand (or any other mark) is set to 10.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055">7The hour hand is shorter than the minute hand (or the patient indicates so orally).</li></ul>DiagnosisRegardless of the reason for consultation and the final aetiological diagnosis, all patients were categorised by cognitive status, as follows:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060">-Normal cognitive function (NCF): no subjective cognitive complaints and age-, sex-, and education-adjusted Fototest scores above the 10th percentile.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065">-Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC): presence of subjective cognitive complaints, with normal results in the formal cognitive assessment.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070">-Cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations (CIw/o): presence of alterations in at least one cognitive domain according to the formal cognitive assessment, with no significant impact on functional status; these individuals meet the National Institute of Aging–Alzheimer’s Association criteria for mild cognitive impairment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">35</a></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075">-Cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations (CIw): presence of alterations in at least one cognitive domain according to the formal cognitive assessment, with significant impact on functional status; these individuals meet the National Institute of Aging–Alzheimer’s Association criteria for dementia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">36</a> In line with the recommendations of other authors,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">37</a> we avoid using the term “dementia” due to its negative connotations and the associated stigma.</li></ul>Statistical analysisWe conducted a descriptive study of sociodemographic variables and results, stratified by diagnosis; comparisons were performed using ANOVA and the chi-square test, depending on whether variables were continuous or categorical.The diagnostic usefulness of the tests was evaluated with the area under the ROC curve in patients with (CIw/o + CIw) vs without cognitive impairment (NCF + SCC). We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for different cut-off points. We used the Hanley and McNeil method for comparing ROC curves from the same sample<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">38</a> and the DeLong method for comparing ROC curves from independent samples.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">39</a> All parameters were calculated with 95% confidence intervals and two-way comparisons with an alpha error of 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with MedCalc, version 18.9.1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">40</a>Formal considerationsThe study design and manuscript preparation follow the STARD recommendations for studies evaluating diagnostic tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">41</a>ResultsWe included a total of 581 individuals, 266 of whom (45.8%) did not have cognitive impairment; 94 of these (16.2%) had SCC. The remaining 315 (54.2%) had cognitive impairment: 127 (21.9%) had no functional limitations and 188 (32.1%) presented functional limitations. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the sociodemographic characteristics and cognitive assessment results of our sample. Participants had a mean (SD) age of 63.8 (14.4) years (range, 15–92) and 55.1% were women. No differences in sex distribution were observed between groups (χ2 = 3.94; not significant) but we did observe differences in age, which increased with poorer cognitive status (F = 121.9; P < .001), and education level, which was lower in individuals with poorer cognitive status (χ2 = 53.68; P < .001). We also observed an inverse correlation between the percentage of illiterate individuals and cognitive status (χ2 = 61.17; P < .001).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Cognitive test results showed a significant negative correlation with cognitive status (F = 210.7 for the Mini-Cog and F = 126.9 for the CDT; P < .0001 for both) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Individuals with cognitive impairment completed the Mini-Cog in a mean of 119.5 (36.3) seconds (range, 55-266), nearly half a minute longer than it took individuals without cognitive impairment to complete the test (93.2 [30.4] seconds [range, 49-251]); the difference is highly significant (F = 34.2; P < .0001).The diagnostic usefulness (area under the ROC curve ± standard error) of the Mini-Cog was significantly higher than that of the CDT (0.88 ± 0.01 vs 0.84 ± 0.01; P < .01) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). The diagnostic usefulness of the Mini-Cog and the CDT was highly influenced by level of education; performance was clearly poorer among individuals without primary studies (0.74 ± 0.05 and 0.75 ± 0.05, respectively) than among individuals with at least primary studies (0.90 ± 0.01 and 0.84 ± 0.02, respectively) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>With the optimal cut-off point (2/3), the Mini-Cog has greater sensitivity (0.90) than specificity (0.71), correctly classifying 81.4% of the sample (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>); the CDT (cut-off point of 5/6, the score with the best diagnostic performance), in contrast, has greater specificity (0.80) than sensitivity (0.77), correctly classifying only 78.5% of individuals (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionOur study included a large, heterogeneous sample of individuals attended at a neurology clinic, with a high prevalence of cognitive problems. In our sample, the Mini-Cog showed clearly greater diagnostic usefulness than the CDT; for both tests, the diagnostic usefulness is highly influenced by the patient education level.The CDT presents limited diagnostic usefulness for cognitive impairment (area under the ROC curve: 0.84 ± 0.02); this is consistent with the results reported in previous studies, regardless of the correction method used, the setting, or the geographical location of the sample. Lee et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">42</a> and Duro et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">43</a> evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of the CDT for MCI using different correction methods; Ehreke et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">44</a> conducted a systematic review and concluded that the CDT is not suitable for cognitive impairment screening. A previous study conducted by our research group, including patients from primary care consultations and using the same grading system, shows identical results (0.84 ± 0.02); however, the study conducted by Cacho et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">45</a> including patients attended at a neurology department and using a 10-point grading system,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">46</a> reports an even lower diagnostic usefulness for cognitive impairment (0.78).The limited usefulness of the CDT may be due to the fact that the test does not specifically evaluate memory, the cognitive domain most frequently affected in patients with cognitive impairment; this would explain the superiority of the Mini-Cog, whose main difference with respect to the CDT is the inclusion of a free recall task.The diagnostic usefulness of the Mini-Cog in our setting is acceptable (area under the ROC curve: 0.88 ± 0.02), similarly to the results of a study including a multiethnic sample with high prevalence of cognitive impairment (62.3%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">47</a> and was clearly superior to the values obtained in 2 studies conducted in the primary care setting (with areas under the ROC curve of 0.66 and 0.77, respectively).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100">20,25</a> The main difference between this study and our previous study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> is that in the previous study, Mini-Cog scores were calculated retrospectively by combining the results of the CDT and the recall task of the MMSE, using a different word combination (bicycle, horse, apple) and clock time (20 to 8) in part of the sample; this may have led to an underestimation of the test’s usefulness.Both the Mini-Cog and the CDT also present other limitations. Firstly, they have a narrow score range (0-5 for the Mini-Cog and 0-7 for the CDT), which may favour ceiling or floor effects, as observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>. Furthermore, and more importantly, both tests require minimum graphomotor skills, and are therefore unsuitable for illiterate individuals or those with a low education level; this may explain why the diagnostic usefulness of both tools is limited in individuals who had not completed primary education. These tools should therefore not be used in this population group. This is consistent with the results of other studies evaluating the performance of the Mini-Cog in samples of individuals with low education levels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">48,49</a>The main strength of these tools is their brevity. In our study, the maximum completion time was 266 seconds, and 95% of participants completed the Mini-Cog in less than 3 minutes (95th percentile: 178.2 seconds); in fact, mean (SD) completion time for patients with cognitive impairment was less than 2 minutes (119.4 [36.3]). These results are very similar to those reported in a study including individuals attended at a primary care consultation,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">50</a> who completed the Mini-Cog in a mean time of 118 (45) seconds, with no participant requiring longer than 5 minutes.One of the strengths of this study is the large size and naturalistic character of the sample, since we systematically included all individuals attended at a neurology clinic, regardless of the reason for consultation. This recruitment method limits the risk of selection bias and increases the external validity of our results. Its weaknesses include the fact that controls did not undergo a formal cognitive assessment; presence of cognitive impairment was determined based on the clinical history and Fototest results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> Though valid, this tool cannot rule out the presence of false negatives, making it difficult to discriminate between patients with and without cognitive impairment. The risk of false positives was not a concern since all participants underwent a formal cognitive assessment. Finally, the functions of the neurology clinic where the study was conducted fall between those of a unit specialising in cognitive impairment and those of a general neurology consultation, which limits the applicability of our results to other settings, such as primary care or the general population.In conclusion, the Mini-Cog has greater diagnostic usefulness than the CDT in screening for cognitive impairment in neurology consultations, but is unsuitable for the assessment of individuals with low levels of education. The test’s simplicity and speed of use make it particularly useful for application in combination with other brief cognitive tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>Conflicts of interestC. Carnero Pardo created the Fototest and has received professional fees for academic and consulting activities for Nutricia, Schwabe Farma Ibérica, Biogen, Piramal, Janssen Cilag, Pfizer, Eisai, Esteve, Novartis, Lundbeck, and Grunenthal.Under the terms of its Creative Commons licence, Fototest may be used and distributed for non-commercial purposes provided that it is not modified and its authorship is explicitly acknowledged." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1652866" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1469497" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1652865" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1469496" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Cognitive assessment" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Mini-Cog" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Version used" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Administration" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Scoring" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Registry" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Clock drawing test" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Diagnosis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Formal considerations" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-11-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-12-22" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1469497" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Cognitive impairment" 1 => "Detection" 2 => "Mini-Cog" 3 => "Clock Drawing test" 4 => "Screening" 5 => "Diagnostic usefulness" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1469496" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Deterioro cognitivo" 1 => "Detección" 2 => "Mini-Cog" 3 => "Test del Reloj" 4 => "Cribado" 5 => "Utilidad diagnóstica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Introduction and objectivesThe Mini-Cog is a very brief, widely used cognitive test that includes a memory task and a simplified assessment of the Clock Drawing Test (CDT). There is not a formal evaluation of the Mini-Cog test in Spanish. This study aims to analyse the diagnostic usefulness of the Mini-Cog and CDT for detecting cognitive impairment (CI). MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study, systematically including all patients who consulted at our neurology clinic over a 6-month period. We assessed diagnostic usefulness for detecting CI (defined according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association criteria for mild cognitive impairment and dementia) according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for each cut-off point. ResultsThe study included 581 individuals (315 with CI); 55.1% were women and 27.7% had not completed primary studies. The Mini-Cog showed greater diagnostic usefulness than the CDT (AUC ± sensitivity: 0.88 ± 0.01 vs 0.84 ± 0.01; P < .01). Both instruments were less useful for screening in individuals with a low education level (0.74 ± 0.05 vs 0.75 ± 0.05, respectively). A cut-off point of 2/3 in the Mini-Cog achieved a sensitivity of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.87-0.93) and a specificity of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.65-0.76); a cut-off point of 5/6 in the CDT achieved a sensitivity of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.72-0.81) and a specificity of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.75-0.85). ConclusionIn our neurology clinic, the Mini-Cog showed acceptable diagnostic usefulness for detecting CI, greater than that of the CDT; neither test is an appropriate instrument for individuals with a low level of education." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Introducción y ObjetivosEl Mini-Cog es un test cognitivo muy breve de uso extendido que incluye una tarea de memoria y una evaluación simplificada del Test del Reloj (TdR). No existe una evaluación formal del Mini-Cog en español; nuestro objetivo es analizar la utilidad diagnóstica (UD) del Mini-Cog y del TdR para deterioro cognitivo (DC). MétodosEstudio transversal en el que se han incluido de forma sistemática todos los sujetos atendidos durante un semestre en una consulta de Neurología. La UD se ha evaluado para DC (incluye sujetos con criterios NIA-AA de mild cognitive impairment o demencia) por medio del área bajo la curva ROC (aROC). Se han calculado los parámetros de sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E) y cocientes de probabilidad positivo y negativo (CP+, CP-) para los distintos puntos de corte. ResultadosSe han incluido 581 sujetos (315 DC), 55.1% mujeres y 27.7% con bajo nivel educativo (< estudios primarios). La UD del Mini-Cog es superior a la del TdR (0.88 ± 0.01 (aROC ± ee) vs 0.84 ± 0.01, P < .01); para ambos instrumentos, la UD disminuye notablemente en sujetos con bajo nivel educativo (0.74 ± 0.05 y 0.75 ± 0.05 respectivamente). El punto de corte 2/3 del Mini-Cog tiene una S 0.90 (0.87−0.93) y una E 0.71 (0.65−0.76) y el 5/6 del TdR una S 0.77 (0.72−0.81) y E 0.80 (0.75−0.85). ConclusionesEn consulta de Neurología, el Mini-Cog tiene una UD para DC aceptable, superior a la del TdR; ninguno de ellos es un instrumento adecuado para ser utilizado en sujetos con bajo nivel educativo." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción y Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Carnero-Pardo C, Rego-García I, Barrios-López JM, Blanco-Madera S, Calle-Calle R, López-Alcalde S, et al. Evaluación de la utilidad diagnóstica y validez discriminativa del Test del Reloj y del Mini-Cog en la detección del deterioro cognitivo. Neurología. 2022;37:13–20." ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆☆" "nota" => "An interim analysis of this study was presented orally at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Spanish Society of Neurology." ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 916 "Ancho" => 1583 "Tamanyo" => 62038 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Violin plot showing Mini-Cog scores, stratified by cognitive status. The white dots represent median scores, the ends of the black bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the length of the line is 1.5 times the interquartile range; the violin shape represents the density distribution of the data, extending to the extreme high and low values. CIw: cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations; CIw/o: cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations; NCF: normal cognitive function; SCC: subjective cognitive complaints." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 921 "Ancho" => 1569 "Tamanyo" => 59865 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Violin plot showing clock drawing test scores, stratified by cognitive status. The white dots represent median scores, the ends of the black bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles, and the length of the line is 1.5 times the interquartile range; the violin shape represents the density distribution of the data, extending to the extreme high and low values. CIw: cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations; CIw/o: cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations; NCF: normal cognitive function; SCC: subjective cognitive complaints." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1568 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 110546 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Figure " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "ROC curves for the Mini-Cog and the clock drawing test (CDT) for cognitive impairment. Data represent the area under the ROC curve ± standard error." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CI: cognitive impairment; CIw: cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations; CIw/o: cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations; NCF: normal cognitive function; SCC: subjective cognitive complaints.Data are expressed either as absolute frequency (%) or mean (standard deviation)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">NCF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SCC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CIw/o \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CIw \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Participants, n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">172 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">127 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">188 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">581 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">266 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">315 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age, years (n = 579) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.9 (18.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.7 (11.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70.5 (12.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">73.9 (9.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.8 (14.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.4 (18.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72.5 (10.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex, women (n = 568) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">102 (60.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53 (57.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63 (50.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95 (52.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">313 (55.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">155 (59.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">158 (51.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead colgroup " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Education level (n = 573)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">< Primary education \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (8.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (25.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46 (37.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">75 (40.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">159 (27.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 (14.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">121 (39.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≥ Primary education \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">157 (91.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">68 (74.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">77 (62.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">112 (59.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">414 (72.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">226 (85.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">189 (61.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Illiterate (n = 572) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (1.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (2.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (3.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (9.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (4.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (1.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (6.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clock drawing test (n = 578) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.3 (1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.7 (1.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.0 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.4 (2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.4 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.0 (1.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.1 (2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mini-Cog (n = 581) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.6 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.4 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.9 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.6 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.9 (1.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.2 (1.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.7 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time, seconds (n = 517) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">85.7 (28.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">106.7 (28.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">119.0 (33.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">119.9 (36.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">107.6 (36.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">93.2 (30.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">119.5 (36.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2809223.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sociodemographic characteristics and cognitive test results." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CDT: clock drawing test.Data represent the area under the ROC curve ± standard error." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total (n = 581) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">< Primary education (n = 159) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">≥ Primary education (n = 412) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mini-Cog \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.88 ± 0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.74 ± 0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.90 ± 0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CDT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.84 ± 0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.75 ± 0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.84 ± 0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2809222.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Diagnostic usefulness of the Mini-Cog and the clock drawing test." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "+LR: positive likelihood ratio; –LR: negative likelihood ratio; COP: cut-off point; Sen.: sensitivity; Sp.: specificity.Numbers shown in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">COP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sen. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+LR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">–LR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.64 (0.58-0.69) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.93 (0.89-0.96) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.75 (0.70-0.80) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.85 (0.80-0.89) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.90 (0.87-0.93) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.71 (0.65-0.76) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 (0.95-0.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.48 (0.42-0.54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.99 (0.98-1.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.24 (0.19-0.30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 (0.99-1.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00-0.03) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2809220.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Discriminant validity of the Mini-Cog in detecting cognitive impairment." ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0035" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "+LR: positive likelihood ratio; –LR: negative likelihood ratio; COP: cut-off point; Sen.: sensitivity; Sp.: specificity.Numbers shown in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">COP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sen. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+LR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">–LR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.25 (0.20-0.30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.97 (0.95-0.99) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.33 (0.27-0.38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.96 (0.93-0.98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.45 (0.40-0.51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.95 (0.92-0.97) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.56 (0.50-0.62) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.94 (0.42-0.54) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.69 (0.64-0.74) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.88 (0.84-0.92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.77 (0.72-0.81) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.80 (0.75-0.85) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.89 (0.85-0.92) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.54 (0.48-0.61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">≤ 7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 (0.99-1.00) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.00 (0.00-0.01) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2809221.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Discriminant validity of the clock drawing test in detecting cognitive impairment." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:50 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Análisis de la demanda asistencial neurológica generada por la atención primaria en una área geográfica de las comarcas de Girona" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. 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Evaluación de la utilidad diagnóstica y validez discriminativa del Test del Reloj y del Mini-Cog en la detección del deterioro cognitivo

C. Carnero-Pardoa,

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ccarnero@neurocenter.es

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, I. Rego-Garcíab, J.M. Barrios-Lópezb, S. Blanco-Maderab, R. Calle-Calleb, S. López-Alcaldea, R.M. Vílchez-Carrillob

a FIDYAN Neurocenter, Granada, Spain

b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain

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is rapidly losing supporters due to numerous limitations&#44; including its cost&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and was even excluded from the third version of the Alzheimer Disease Centers&#8217; Neuropsychological Test Battery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The Montreal Cognitive Assessment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in contrast&#44; is increasingly popular&#46; It includes multiple domains&#44; but has an even longer administration time than the MMSE&#44; which limits its use in general consultations and particularly in primary care&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clock drawing test &#40;CDT&#41;&#44; one of the oldest and most widely used brief cognitive tests&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> is considered by some authors to be the ideal cognitive screening test due to its simplicity and brevity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> However&#44; it does present some limitations&#58; it does not explicitly evaluate episodic memory&#59; it requires a minimum level of graphomotor skills &#40;which may be problematic for illiterate individuals or those with a low level of education&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#59; it does not have a simple&#44; standardised grading system<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#59; and its diagnostic accuracy is limited&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Mini-Cog&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> a simple&#44; quick-to-administer instrument&#44; aims to address some of the limitations of the CDT&#58; it includes a 3-item free recall task and a simplified clock-drawing task&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> It has been validated in multiple settings &#40;community&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> primary care&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> specialised clinics<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#41; 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In Spain&#44; one study did evaluate the test&#8217;s diagnostic usefulness&#44; calculating results retrospectively by adding together scores for CDT drawings and the MMSE recall task&#44; which had previously been administered independently&#59; however&#44; the Mini-Cog was not actually administered&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study was to formally evaluate the discriminant validity and diagnostic usefulness of the CDT and the Mini-Cog for identifying individuals with cognitive impairment in a large sample of patients attended at the neurology clinic&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Design</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional study including all patients attended between March and September 2018 at a neurology clinic specialising in cognitive and behavioural neurology&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For patients attended on more than one occasion during the study period&#44; we only included the data corresponding to the last evaluation&#44; as these were considered to be the most reliable from a diagnostic viewpoint&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Cognitive assessment</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients underwent a brief cognitive assessment including the Mini-Cog&#44; the CDT&#44; and the Fototest&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> regardless of the reason for consultation&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients attended due to subjective or informant-reported memory complaints and&#47;or behavioural alterations&#44; or those scoring below the 10th percentile on the Fototest&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> underwent a thorough cognitive assessment including orientation &#40;temporal&#44; spatial&#44; and personal&#41;&#44; attention &#40;forward and backward digit span&#41;&#44; memory &#40;learning&#44; free recall&#44; and recognition of the CERAD word list<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#41;&#44; language &#40;short version of the Boston Naming Test&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> semantic verbal fluency&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> comprehension of commands&#41;&#44; motor apraxia &#40;EULA test<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#41;&#44; executive function &#40;WAIS similarities&#44; coin test from the Eurotest&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> semantic verbal fluency&#41;&#44; and visuospatial function &#40;copy and drawing&#41;&#44; in addition to a formal functional evaluation&#46; The researcher performing the assessment &#40;SLA&#41; was blinded to Mini-Cog&#44; CDT&#44; and Fototest results&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Mini-Cog</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Version used</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the Mini-Cog<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> version including the words &#8220;capit&#225;n&#44;&#8221; &#8220;jard&#237;n&#44;&#8221; and &#8220;retrato&#8221; &#40;captain&#44; garden&#44; picture&#41;&#44; the word combination showing the most homogeneous frequency of use in Spanish &#40;58&#46;67&#44; 62&#46;45&#44; and 38&#46;42 occurrences per million words&#44; respectively&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> and the clock time &#8220;10 past 11&#44;&#8221; the most frequently used clock time in our setting&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Administration</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were given the following instructions&#58; &#8220;Please listen carefully&#46; I am going to say 3 words that I want you to repeat back to me&#59; try to remember them as I will ask you to repeat them again&#46;&#8221; If the person was unable to repeat all 3 words&#44; the instructions were repeated up to 3 times&#46; Patients were then given a blank sheet and a pencil&#44; and the following instructions were given&#58; &#8220;Next&#44; I want you to draw a large&#44; round clock for me&#46; First&#44; put all of the numbers in their places&#46; Then&#44; set the hands to 10 past 11&#46;&#8221; After the clock-drawing task was completed&#44; the patient was asked to recall the 3 words from the first task&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Scoring</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the recall task&#44; one point was scored for each word that was correctly remembered&#46; The clock drawing task was scored the maximum score &#40;2 points&#41; if the drawing met all of the following conditions&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clock has all the numbers&#44; with no repetitions and no additional numbers&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The numbers are placed in the correct order&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The numbers are placed in the correct positions on the face of the clock&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hands are unequivocally set to the time asked&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Any other situation&#44; including the patient refusing to draw the clock or being unable to do so due to physical limitations &#40;paresis&#44; tremor&#44; ataxia&#44; etc&#41;&#44; was scored 0 points&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Registry</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We recorded patients&#8217; scores&#44; the time taken to complete the test&#44; the total number of attempts to repeat the 3 words&#44; and the number of times the rater had to repeat the instructions for the clock drawing task&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Clock drawing test</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the scoring system of the Spanish-language version of the Seven-Minute Screen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> to score the clock drawing task in the Mini-Cog&#59; this system scores one point for each of the following criteria&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clock has all numbers from 1 to 12 &#40;using either Arabic or Roman numerals&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The numbers are placed in the correct ascending order &#40;even if not all 12 numbers have been placed&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The numbers are in the correct positions&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clock has 2 hands &#40;circles or other marks are not valid&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hour hand &#40;or any other mark&#41; is set to 11&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The minute hand &#40;or any other mark&#41; is set to 10&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hour hand is shorter than the minute hand &#40;or the patient indicates so orally&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Diagnosis</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regardless of the reason for consultation and the final aetiological diagnosis&#44; all patients were categorised by cognitive status&#44; as follows&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Normal cognitive function &#40;NCF&#41;&#58; no subjective cognitive complaints and age-&#44; sex-&#44; and education-adjusted Fototest scores above the 10th percentile&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Subjective cognitive complaints &#40;SCC&#41;&#58; presence of subjective cognitive complaints&#44; with normal results in the formal cognitive assessment&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations &#40;CIw&#47;o&#41;&#58; presence of alterations in at least one cognitive domain according to the formal cognitive assessment&#44; with no significant impact on functional status&#59; these individuals meet the National Institute of Aging&#8211;Alzheimer&#8217;s Association criteria for mild cognitive impairment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations &#40;CIw&#41;&#58; presence of alterations in at least one cognitive domain according to the formal cognitive assessment&#44; with significant impact on functional status&#59; these individuals meet the National Institute of Aging&#8211;Alzheimer&#8217;s Association criteria for dementia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> In line with the recommendations of other authors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> we avoid using the term &#8220;dementia&#8221; due to its negative connotations and the associated stigma&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a descriptive study of sociodemographic variables and results&#44; stratified by diagnosis&#59; comparisons were performed using ANOVA and the chi-square test&#44; depending on whether variables were continuous or categorical&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic usefulness of the tests was evaluated with the area under the ROC curve in patients with &#40;CIw&#47;o&#8239;&#43;&#8239;CIw&#41; vs without cognitive impairment &#40;NCF&#8239;&#43;&#8239;SCC&#41;&#46; We calculated the sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; and positive and negative likelihood ratios for different cut-off points&#46; We used the Hanley and McNeil method for comparing ROC curves from the same sample<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> and the DeLong method for comparing ROC curves from independent samples&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> All parameters were calculated with 95&#37; confidence intervals and two-way comparisons with an alpha error of 0&#46;05&#46; Statistical analysis was performed with MedCalc&#44; version 18&#46;9&#46;1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Formal considerations</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study design and manuscript preparation follow the STARD recommendations for studies evaluating diagnostic tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Results</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included a total of 581 individuals&#44; 266 of whom &#40;45&#46;8&#37;&#41; did not have cognitive impairment&#59; 94 of these &#40;16&#46;2&#37;&#41; had SCC&#46; The remaining 315 &#40;54&#46;2&#37;&#41; had cognitive impairment&#58; 127 &#40;21&#46;9&#37;&#41; had no functional limitations and 188 &#40;32&#46;1&#37;&#41; presented functional limitations&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> summarises the sociodemographic characteristics and cognitive assessment results of our sample&#46; Participants had a mean &#40;SD&#41; age of 63&#46;8 &#40;14&#46;4&#41; years &#40;range&#44; 15&#8211;92&#41; and 55&#46;1&#37; were women&#46; No differences in sex distribution were observed between groups &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;3&#46;94&#59; not significant&#41; but we did observe differences in age&#44; which increased with poorer cognitive status &#40;F&#8239;&#61;&#8239;121&#46;9&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&#41;&#44; and education level&#44; which was lower in individuals with poorer cognitive status &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;53&#46;68&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&#41;&#46; We also observed an inverse correlation between the percentage of illiterate individuals and cognitive status &#40;&#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#8239;&#61;&#8239;61&#46;17&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cognitive test results showed a significant negative correlation with cognitive status &#40;F&#8239;&#61;&#8239;210&#46;7 for the Mini-Cog and F&#8239;&#61;&#8239;126&#46;9 for the CDT&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;0001 for both&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individuals with cognitive impairment completed the Mini-Cog in a mean of 119&#46;5 &#40;36&#46;3&#41; seconds &#40;range&#44; 55-266&#41;&#44; nearly half a minute longer than it took individuals without cognitive impairment to complete the test &#40;93&#46;2 &#91;30&#46;4&#93; seconds &#91;range&#44; 49-251&#93;&#41;&#59; the difference is highly significant &#40;F&#8239;&#61;&#8239;34&#46;2&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic usefulness &#40;area under the ROC curve&#8239;&#177;&#8239;standard error&#41; of the Mini-Cog was significantly higher than that of the CDT &#40;0&#46;88&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01 vs 0&#46;84&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The diagnostic usefulness of the Mini-Cog and the CDT was highly influenced by level of education&#59; performance was clearly poorer among individuals without primary studies &#40;0&#46;74&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;05 and 0&#46;75&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;05&#44; respectively&#41; than among individuals with at least primary studies &#40;0&#46;90&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01 and 0&#46;84&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;02&#44; respectively&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the optimal cut-off point &#40;2&#47;3&#41;&#44; the Mini-Cog has greater sensitivity &#40;0&#46;90&#41; than specificity &#40;0&#46;71&#41;&#44; correctly classifying 81&#46;4&#37; of the sample &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#59; the CDT &#40;cut-off point of 5&#47;6&#44; the score with the best diagnostic performance&#41;&#44; in contrast&#44; has greater specificity &#40;0&#46;80&#41; than sensitivity &#40;0&#46;77&#41;&#44; correctly classifying only 78&#46;5&#37; of individuals &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Discussion</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study included a large&#44; heterogeneous sample of individuals attended at a neurology clinic&#44; with a high prevalence of cognitive problems&#46; In our sample&#44; the Mini-Cog showed clearly greater diagnostic usefulness than the CDT&#59; for both tests&#44; the diagnostic usefulness is highly influenced by the patient education level&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CDT presents limited diagnostic usefulness for cognitive impairment &#40;area under the ROC curve&#58; 0&#46;84&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;02&#41;&#59; this is consistent with the results reported in previous studies&#44; regardless of the correction method used&#44; the setting&#44; or the geographical location of the sample&#46; Lee et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> and Duro et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> evaluated the diagnostic usefulness of the CDT for MCI using different correction methods&#59; Ehreke et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> conducted a systematic review and concluded that the CDT is not suitable for cognitive impairment screening&#46; A previous study conducted by our research group&#44; including patients from primary care consultations and using the same grading system&#44; shows identical results &#40;0&#46;84&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;02&#41;&#59; however&#44; the study conducted by Cacho et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> including patients attended at a neurology department and using a 10-point grading system&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> reports an even lower diagnostic usefulness for cognitive impairment &#40;0&#46;78&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limited usefulness of the CDT may be due to the fact that the test does not specifically evaluate memory&#44; the cognitive domain most frequently affected in patients with cognitive impairment&#59; this would explain the superiority of the Mini-Cog&#44; whose main difference with respect to the CDT is the inclusion of a free recall task&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic usefulness of the Mini-Cog in our setting is acceptable &#40;area under the ROC curve&#58; 0&#46;88&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;02&#41;&#44; similarly to the results of a study including a multiethnic sample with high prevalence of cognitive impairment &#40;62&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> and was clearly superior to the values obtained in 2 studies conducted in the primary care setting &#40;with areas under the ROC curve of 0&#46;66 and 0&#46;77&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;25</span></a> The main difference between this study and our previous study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> is that in the previous study&#44; Mini-Cog scores were calculated retrospectively by combining the results of the CDT and the recall task of the MMSE&#44; using a different word combination &#40;bicycle&#44; horse&#44; apple&#41; and clock time &#40;20 to 8&#41; in part of the sample&#59; this may have led to an underestimation of the test&#8217;s usefulness&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both the Mini-Cog and the CDT also present other limitations&#46; Firstly&#44; they have a narrow score range &#40;0-5 for the Mini-Cog and 0-7 for the CDT&#41;&#44; which may favour ceiling or floor effects&#44; as observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#46; Furthermore&#44; and more importantly&#44; both tests require minimum graphomotor skills&#44; and are therefore unsuitable for illiterate individuals or those with a low education level&#59; this may explain why the diagnostic usefulness of both tools is limited in individuals who had not completed primary education&#46; These tools should therefore not be used in this population group&#46; This is consistent with the results of other studies evaluating the performance of the Mini-Cog in samples of individuals with low education levels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48&#44;49</span></a></p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main strength of these tools is their brevity&#46; In our study&#44; the maximum completion time was 266 seconds&#44; and 95&#37; of participants completed the Mini-Cog in less than 3&#160;minutes &#40;95th percentile&#58; 178&#46;2 seconds&#41;&#59; in fact&#44; mean &#40;SD&#41; completion time for patients with cognitive impairment was less than 2&#160;minutes &#40;119&#46;4 &#91;36&#46;3&#93;&#41;&#46; These results are very similar to those reported in a study including individuals attended at a primary care consultation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a> who completed the Mini-Cog in a mean time of 118 &#40;45&#41; seconds&#44; with no participant requiring longer than 5&#160;minutes&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the strengths of this study is the large size and naturalistic character of the sample&#44; since we systematically included all individuals attended at a neurology clinic&#44; regardless of the reason for consultation&#46; This recruitment method limits the risk of selection bias and increases the external validity of our results&#46; Its weaknesses include the fact that controls did not undergo a formal cognitive assessment&#59; presence of cognitive impairment was determined based on the clinical history and Fototest results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Though valid&#44; this tool cannot rule out the presence of false negatives&#44; making it difficult to discriminate between patients with and without cognitive impairment&#46; The risk of false positives was not a concern since all participants underwent a formal cognitive assessment&#46; Finally&#44; the functions of the neurology clinic where the study was conducted fall between those of a unit specialising in cognitive impairment and those of a general neurology consultation&#44; which limits the applicability of our results to other settings&#44; such as primary care or the general population&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the Mini-Cog has greater diagnostic usefulness than the CDT in screening for cognitive impairment in neurology consultations&#44; but is unsuitable for the assessment of individuals with low levels of education&#46; The test&#8217;s simplicity and speed of use make it particularly useful for application in combination with other brief cognitive tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">C&#46; Carnero Pardo created the Fototest and has received professional fees for academic and consulting activities for Nutricia&#44; Schwabe Farma Ib&#233;rica&#44; Biogen&#44; Piramal&#44; Janssen Cilag&#44; Pfizer&#44; Eisai&#44; Esteve&#44; Novartis&#44; Lundbeck&#44; and Grunenthal&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Under the terms of its Creative Commons licence&#44; Fototest may be used and distributed for non-commercial purposes provided that it is not modified and its authorship is explicitly acknowledged&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Design"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Cognitive assessment"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Mini-Cog"
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                1 => array:2 [
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                  "titulo" => "Administration"
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                2 => array:2 [
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                  "titulo" => "Scoring"
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                  "identificador" => "sec0045"
                  "titulo" => "Registry"
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              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Clock drawing test"
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            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Diagnosis"
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            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Formal considerations"
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        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0070"
          "titulo" => "Results"
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        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
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          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
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        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2018-11-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-12-22"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1469497"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Cognitive impairment"
            1 => "Detection"
            2 => "Mini-Cog"
            3 => "Clock Drawing test"
            4 => "Screening"
            5 => "Diagnostic usefulness"
          ]
        ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1469496"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Deterioro cognitivo"
            1 => "Detecci&#243;n"
            2 => "Mini-Cog"
            3 => "Test del Reloj"
            4 => "Cribado"
            5 => "Utilidad diagn&#243;stica"
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Mini-Cog is a very brief&#44; widely used cognitive test that includes a memory task and a simplified assessment of the Clock Drawing Test &#40;CDT&#41;&#46; There is not a formal evaluation of the Mini-Cog test in Spanish&#46; This study aims to analyse the diagnostic usefulness of the Mini-Cog and CDT for detecting cognitive impairment &#40;CI&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We performed a cross-sectional study&#44; systematically including all patients who consulted at our neurology clinic over a 6-month period&#46; We assessed diagnostic usefulness for detecting CI &#40;defined according to the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer&#8217;s Association criteria for mild cognitive impairment and dementia&#41; according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve &#40;AUC&#41;&#46; Sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for each cut-off point&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 581 individuals &#40;315 with CI&#41;&#59; 55&#46;1&#37; were women and 27&#46;7&#37; had not completed primary studies&#46; The Mini-Cog showed greater diagnostic usefulness than the CDT &#40;AUC&#8239;&#177;&#8239;sensitivity&#58; 0&#46;88&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01 vs 0&#46;84&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;01&#41;&#46; Both instruments were less useful for screening in individuals with a low education level &#40;0&#46;74&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;05 vs 0&#46;75&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;05&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; A cut-off point of 2&#47;3 in the Mini-Cog achieved a sensitivity of 0&#46;90 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;87-0&#46;93&#41; and a specificity of 0&#46;71 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;65-0&#46;76&#41;&#59; a cut-off point of 5&#47;6 in the CDT achieved a sensitivity of 0&#46;77 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;72-0&#46;81&#41; and a specificity of 0&#46;80 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;75-0&#46;85&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In our neurology clinic&#44; the Mini-Cog showed acceptable diagnostic usefulness for detecting CI&#44; greater than that of the CDT&#59; neither test is an appropriate instrument for individuals with a low level of education&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Introduction and objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusion"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n y Objetivos</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El Mini-Cog es un test cognitivo muy breve de uso extendido que incluye una tarea de memoria y una evaluaci&#243;n simplificada del Test del Reloj &#40;TdR&#41;&#46; No existe una evaluaci&#243;n formal del Mini-Cog en espa&#241;ol&#59; nuestro objetivo es analizar la utilidad diagn&#243;stica &#40;UD&#41; del Mini-Cog y del TdR para deterioro cognitivo &#40;DC&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal en el que se han incluido de forma sistem&#225;tica todos los sujetos atendidos durante un semestre en una consulta de Neurolog&#237;a&#46; La UD se ha evaluado para DC &#40;incluye sujetos con criterios NIA-AA de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mild cognitive impairment</span> o demencia&#41; por medio del &#225;rea bajo la curva ROC &#40;aROC&#41;&#46; Se han calculado los par&#225;metros de sensibilidad &#40;S&#41;&#44; especificidad &#40;E&#41; y cocientes de probabilidad positivo y negativo &#40;CP&#43;&#44; CP-&#41; para los distintos puntos de corte&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se han incluido 581 sujetos &#40;315 DC&#41;&#44; 55&#46;1&#37; mujeres y 27&#46;7&#37; con bajo nivel educativo &#40;&#60; estudios primarios&#41;&#46; La UD del Mini-Cog es superior a la del TdR &#40;0&#46;88&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01 &#40;aROC&#8239;&#177;&#8239;ee&#41; vs 0&#46;84&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;01&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#8239;&#60;&#8239;&#46;01&#41;&#59; para ambos instrumentos&#44; la UD disminuye notablemente en sujetos con bajo nivel educativo &#40;0&#46;74&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;05 y 0&#46;75&#8239;&#177;&#8239;0&#46;05 respectivamente&#41;&#46; El punto de corte 2&#47;3 del Mini-Cog tiene una S 0&#46;90 &#40;0&#46;87&#8722;0&#46;93&#41; y una E 0&#46;71 &#40;0&#46;65&#8722;0&#46;76&#41; y el 5&#47;6 del TdR una S 0&#46;77 &#40;0&#46;72&#8722;0&#46;81&#41; y E 0&#46;80 &#40;0&#46;75&#8722;0&#46;85&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En consulta de Neurolog&#237;a&#44; el Mini-Cog tiene una UD para DC aceptable&#44; superior a la del TdR&#59; ninguno de ellos es un instrumento adecuado para ser utilizado en sujetos con bajo nivel educativo&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n y Objetivos"
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            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Carnero-Pardo C&#44; Rego-Garc&#237;a I&#44; Barrios-L&#243;pez JM&#44; Blanco-Madera S&#44; Calle-Calle R&#44; L&#243;pez-Alcalde S&#44; et al&#46; Evaluaci&#243;n de la utilidad diagn&#243;stica y validez discriminativa del Test del Reloj y del Mini-Cog en la detecci&#243;n del deterioro cognitivo&#46; Neurolog&#237;a&#46; 2022&#59;37&#58;13&#8211;20&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">An interim analysis of this study was presented orally at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Spanish Society of Neurology&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Violin plot showing Mini-Cog scores&#44; stratified by cognitive status&#46; The white dots represent median scores&#44; the ends of the black bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles&#44; and the length of the line is 1&#46;5 times the interquartile range&#59; the violin shape represents the density distribution of the data&#44; extending to the extreme high and low values&#46; CIw&#58; cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations&#59; CIw&#47;o&#58; cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations&#59; NCF&#58; normal cognitive function&#59; SCC&#58; subjective cognitive complaints&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Violin plot showing clock drawing test scores&#44; stratified by cognitive status&#46; The white dots represent median scores&#44; the ends of the black bars represent the 25th and 75th percentiles&#44; and the length of the line is 1&#46;5 times the interquartile range&#59; the violin shape represents the density distribution of the data&#44; extending to the extreme high and low values&#46; CIw&#58; cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations&#59; CIw&#47;o&#58; cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations&#59; NCF&#58; normal cognitive function&#59; SCC&#58; subjective cognitive complaints&#46;</p>"
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      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC curves for the Mini-Cog and the clock drawing test &#40;CDT&#41; for cognitive impairment&#46; Data represent the area under the ROC curve&#8239;&#177;&#8239;standard error&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      3 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CI&#58; cognitive impairment&#59; CIw&#58; cognitive impairment with associated functional limitations&#59; CIw&#47;o&#58; cognitive impairment without associated functional limitations&#59; NCF&#58; normal cognitive function&#59; SCC&#58; subjective cognitive complaints&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Data are expressed either as absolute frequency &#40;&#37;&#41; or mean &#40;standard deviation&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735808
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.nrleng.2018.12.022

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	14	1	15
2024 October	24	7	31
2024 September	31	7	38
2024 August	33	6	39
2024 July	35	9	44
2024 June	31	4	35
2024 May	24	5	29
2024 April	34	12	46
2024 March	45	8	53
2024 February	28	11	39
2024 January	27	8	35
2023 December	27	16	43
2023 November	37	26	63
2023 October	47	15	62
2023 September	22	8	30
2023 August	42	11	53
2023 July	39	11	50
2023 June	57	7	64
2023 May	113	8	121
2023 April	86	13	99
2023 March	64	23	87
2023 February	21	11	32
2023 January	23	13	36
2022 December	25	10	35
2022 November	32	9	41
2022 October	26	12	38
2022 September	47	13	60
2022 August	48	10	58
2022 July	19	7	26
2022 June	21	19	40
2022 May	26	13	39
2022 April	32	17	49
2022 March	35	13	48
2022 February	31	9	40
2022 January	19	17	36
2021 December	18	10	28
2021 November	10	15	25
2021 October	16	8	24
2021 September	7	3	10

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