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Original article
Validation of the Spanish-language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a screening test for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Validación de la versión española de la Escala Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA) como herramienta de cribado de deterioro cognitivo asociado a la esclerosis múltiple
S.M. Gomez-Morenoa,
Corresponding author
mayragomezmoreno@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, M.L. Cuadradob,c, I. Cruz-Orduñaa, E.M. Martínez-Acebesa, R. Gordo-Mañasa,e, C. Fernández-Pérezd, R. García-Ramosb,c
a Sección de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
c Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
d Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
e Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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        "titulo" => "Validaci&#243;n de la versi&#243;n espa&#241;ola de la Escala Cognitiva de Montreal &#40;MoCA&#41; como herramienta de cribado de deterioro cognitivo asociado a la esclerosis m&#250;ltiple"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow chart of the study process&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BNB&#58; Brief Neuropsychological Battery&#59; FAMS&#58; Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis Scale&#59; HAM-A&#58; Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale&#59; MFIS&#58; Modified Fatigue Impact Scale&#59; MoCA&#58; Montreal Cognitive Assessment&#59; MS&#58; multiple sclerosis&#59; MSQoL-54&#58; Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cognitive impairment &#40;CI&#41; is estimated to affect between 45&#37; and 65&#37; of patients with multiple sclerosis &#40;MS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> CI can present in patients with any form of MS&#44; at any stage of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> While the symptoms and severity of CI are variable&#44; the most frequently affected domains are learning&#44; memory&#44; attention&#44; information processing speed&#44; visuospatial abilities&#44; and executive function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of CI associated with MS is currently established with validated neuropsychological batteries&#44; with the most common being Rao&#8217;s Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> These batteries are complex&#44; time-consuming&#44; and must be administered by trained specialists&#44; precluding their routine use in clinical practice&#46; The Brief Neuropsychological Battery &#40;BNB&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> is a validated&#44; reduced version of the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests&#44; and is quicker to complete and may be administered by any healthcare professional with appropriate training&#59; nonetheless&#44; the administration time for the BNB is approximately 20&#160;minutes&#46; In this context&#44; the need arises for simple&#44; rapid tests enabling objective detection of patients with possible CI in a matter of minutes&#44; for subsequent referral for specialised neuropsychological assessment&#46; Of the available cognitive screening tests&#44; many of those normally used to screen for Alzheimer disease&#44; such as the Mini&#8211;Mental State Examination and its variants&#44; are not sensitive to MS-related cognitive alterations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Other instruments&#44; including the Symbol Digit Modalities Test &#40;SDMT&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and the Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> have been used in patients with MS&#44; with some limitations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> For example&#44; the results of the latter test may be influenced by the patient&#8217;s mood&#44; whereas the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis can be complex and requires a long time to administer &#40;approximately 15&#160;minutes&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Furthermore&#44; while excellent sensitivity and specificity values have been reported for the SDMT&#44; the test only provides partial information about cognitive performance in patients with MS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Montreal Cognitive Assessment &#40;MoCA&#41; is a screening test requiring less than 10&#160;minutes to administer&#46; It has been validated in numerous languages&#44; and displays good sensitivity and specificity in other diseases&#44; such as mild CI and Alzheimer disease&#46; The tool is also widely used to assess CI with dysexecutive alterations&#44; as is the case for CI associated with Parkinson&#8217;s disease&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> for which it has also shown good sensitivity &#40;75&#37;&#41; and specificity &#40;82&#37;&#41;&#46; The few studies published on the use of the MoCA in patients with MS seem to support its value as a brief screening tool for the detection of CI in this patient group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; until recently&#44; no study had analysed the precision of the MoCA for detecting CI associated with MS&#44; or established clearly defined cut-off points&#46; The Portuguese-language version of the MoCA was recently shown to be psychometrically valid for screening patients with MS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The objective of this study is to validate the Spanish-language version of the MoCA as a screening tool to detect CI in patients with MS&#44; compared against the BNB&#46; We also aimed to analyse possible demographic and clinical factors associated with detection of CI with the BNB&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Study design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted an observational cross-sectional study including consecutive patients with MS attended over a period of 4 months at a specialised demyelinating diseases clinic&#46; The study design&#44; database&#44; and participants&#8217; informed consent were assessed and approved by the hospital&#8217;s ethics committee&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Patients</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included 52 patients diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome or MS according to the 2010 McDonald criteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#59; all participants gave written informed consent to be included in the study&#46; Inclusion criteria were as follows&#58; 1&#41; age older than 18 years&#59; 2&#41; absence of relapses or treatment with pulse corticosteroid therapy in the 12 weeks prior to study inclusion&#59; and 3&#41; sufficient hearing&#44; vision&#44; and physical condition to perform the assessment and attend interviews&#46; The following exclusion criteria applied&#58; 1&#41; severe intercurrent or chronic systemic disease that might affect mental capacities&#59; 2&#41; neurological disease other than MS that may affect cognition &#40;cerebrovascular disease&#44; Parkinson&#8217;s disease&#44; epilepsy&#44; hydrocephalus&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#59; 3&#41; first language other than Spanish&#59; and 4&#41; illiteracy&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected on demographic &#40;age at study inclusion&#44; level of schooling&#44; sex&#41; and clinical variables &#40;age at diagnosis&#44; disease progression time&#44; initial type of relapse&#44; clinical form of MS&#44; disability according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale &#91;EDSS&#93;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;18</span></a> treatments received&#44; and form of treatment&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Cognitive assessment</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study aimed to validate the Spanish-language version of the MoCA scale&#46; This test assesses visuospatial abilities by requiring patients to draw a clock &#40;3 points&#41; and copy a cube &#40;one point&#41;&#46; Naming is tested with 3 infrequent animals &#40;3 points&#41;&#46; Attention&#47;concentration is evaluated with a forward and backward digit span &#40;one point each&#41;&#44; a concentration test &#40;one point&#41;&#44; and serial subtraction of the number 7 &#40;one point&#41;&#46; Language is assessed with the repetition of 2 syntactically complex phrases &#40;2 points&#41; and a test of verbal fluency &#40;one point&#41;&#46; Executive function and abstraction are tested in the verbal fluency test mentioned above&#44; a short version of the Trail-Making Test part B &#40;one point&#41;&#44; and verbal abstraction tasks &#40;2 points&#41;&#46; Short-term memory is evaluated by delayed recall &#40;after 5&#160;minutes&#41; of 5 words &#40;5 points&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; the test assesses orientation with 4 questions targeting orientation in time and 2 testing orientation in space &#40;6 points&#41;&#46; The maximum score for the test is 30&#44; and the cut-off point for CI is &#60; 26&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The test is freely available in various languages at <a href="http://www.mocatest.org">www&#46;mocatest&#46;org</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The BNB was used as the reference test&#46; The battery comprises 4 neuropsychological tests&#46; It includes a test evaluating declarative and episodic memory&#44; using 12 items from the 7-minute screen neurocognitive battery&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> in which the items are read and semantic reinforcement is provided&#44; with free and cued recall&#46; Language is evaluated with tests of semantic fluency&#44; phonemic fluency&#44; and fluency with a missing letter&#46; Finally&#44; the SDMT and Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test are used to assess executive function and abstraction&#46; In this version of the battery&#44; the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test is administered verbally and the patient is allowed to respond at their own pace&#44; providing a precise reflection of information processing speed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> We defined CI as scores 2 standard deviations below normative values in 2 subscales &#40;memory&#44; language&#44; or executive function&#47;abstraction&#41; and&#47;or in the total BNB score&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Quality of life and psychological evaluation</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We screened for depression with the second edition of the Beck Depression Inventory&#44; anxiety with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale&#44; and fatigue with the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale&#44; and evaluated quality of life with the Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis scale and the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 scale&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Study protocol</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the initial consultation at the time of study inclusion&#44; patients were given a booklet with the psychological and quality of life scales&#44; which were always completed in the same order&#44; and demographic and clinical data were collected&#46; At the baseline consultation&#44; patients returned the completed booklet and were administered the tests assessing CI &#40;BNB and MoCA&#41;&#46; Also during the baseline consultation&#44; the first 12 patients were also rated for MoCA performance by an independent&#44; blinded member of the neurology department in order to assess inter-rater reliability&#46; While the patient completed the test&#44; both neurologists collected data simultaneously&#44; separated by a curtain&#46; The patient used a single sheet of paper for the clock-drawing test&#44; copying the cube&#44; and to complete the Trail-Making Test&#59; these tests were independently evaluated by each neurologist&#46; Finally&#44; 15 patients agreed to attend a third consultation after a period of 2-3 weeks&#44; in order to assess the test-retest reliability of the MoCA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; None of these patients presented a relapse between the 2 assessments&#46; In previous studies&#44; test-retest evaluation has demonstrated good reliability without a significant practice effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> The flow chart in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the study process&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a descriptive analysis of the clinical and demographic variables&#46; Qualitative variables are reported as a distribution of frequencies&#44; and quantitative variables are expressed as means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges&#44; for data not following a normal distribution&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the reliability of the MoCA&#44; we analysed internal consistency &#40;Cronbach alpha statistic&#41;&#44; inter-rater reliability&#44; and test-retest reliability &#40;Kappa index and intraclass correlation coefficient&#41;&#46; The validity study of the MoCA assessed internal &#40;factor analysis&#41; and external construct validity &#40;Pearson correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination&#41; and criterion validity &#40;determination of the area under the ROC curve&#44; sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; overall agreement&#44; positive and negative predictive values&#44; positive and negative likelihood ratios&#44; and the Fagan nomogram&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also conducted an analysis to identify sociodemographic and clinical variables that may be associated with diagnosis of CI according to BNB score&#46; Quantitative variables were compared with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test or with analysis of variance and the Bonferroni correction&#46; Linear associations between quantitative variables were analysed with the Pearson correlation coefficient&#46; The corresponding non-parametric tests &#40;Mann-Whitney U test&#44; Spearman correlation coefficient&#41; were used to compare non&#8211;normally distributed data&#46; A multivariate linear regression model was used to analyse variables presenting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-values below &#46;05 in the univariate analysis in order to quantify effects on BNB score&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The SPSS software &#40;version 20&#41; was used for the statistical analysis&#46; The threshold for statistical significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample included 32 women and 20 men&#44; with a mean age &#40;standard deviation&#41; of 41&#46;7 years &#40;11&#46;5&#41;&#46; The flow chart in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the study process&#46; Patients&#8217; demographic and clinical characteristics are summarised in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The mean administration time was 8&#160;minutes for the MoCA and 18&#160;minutes for the BNB&#46; The prevalence of CI in our sample was 21&#46;2&#37; &#40;n&#160;&#61;&#160;11&#41; according to the BNB and 25&#37; &#40;n&#160;&#61;&#160;13&#41; according to the MoCA&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total Cronbach alpha for the MoCA was 0&#46;822&#46; When different items were eliminated&#44; this score decreased to values between 0&#46;67 and 0&#46;77 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The correlation coefficient for each subscale and for the total score&#44; as well as corrected correlation coefficients for the elimination of each subscale&#44; are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0&#46;80 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;001&#41; for inter-rater reliability and 0&#46;96 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;001&#41; for test-retest reliability&#46; The Kappa index was 1 in both cases&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Factor analysis revealed that the first 2 components accounted for 77&#46;85&#37; of variance&#44; although due to clinical considerations we decided to analyse the 3-factor solution&#46; Factor 1 included the visuospatial&#44; naming&#44; attention&#44; and executive function subscales&#59; factor 2 included the language and short-term memory subscales&#59; and factor 3 included the orientation subscale&#46; Correlations between variables and factors &#40;factor loading&#41; after oblique rotation are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The coefficient of correlation between total scores on the MoCA and the BNB was 0&#46;82 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;001&#41;&#44; and the coefficient of determination was 0&#46;676&#46; Detailed analysis of correlations between total BNB score and MoCA subscale scores showed moderate correlation&#44; with the strongest correlation being observed for the delayed recall subscale &#40;r&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;59&#41; and the weakest for the abstraction subscale &#40;r&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;30&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Correlations between subscales on the BNB and on the MoCA&#44; grouped by category &#40;short-term memory&#44; executive function&#44; attention&#44; and language&#41; were moderate&#44; but statistically significant in all cases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; The strongest correlations were between the subscales assessing language &#40;r&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;58&#41; and attention and executive function &#40;r&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;55&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;001 in both cases&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The area under the ROC curve was 0&#46;96 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;001&#41;&#46; The MoCA cut-off points providing the highest sensitivity and specificity values were 25 and 26 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#59; therefore&#44; the optimal cut-off point for detecting CI in patients with MS is &#60; 26&#46; The instrument displayed a sensitivity of 91&#37; &#40;95&#37; confidence interval &#91;95&#37; CI&#93;&#44; 62&#37;-98&#37;&#41;&#44; specificity of 93&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 81&#37;-97&#37;&#41;&#44; and overall agreement of 92&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 82&#37;-97&#37;&#41;&#46; The positive predictive value was 77&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 50&#37;-92&#37;&#41; and the negative predictive value was 97&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 87&#37;-100&#37;&#41;&#46; The positive likelihood ratio was 12&#46;42 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 4&#46;1-32&#46;0&#41; and the negative likelihood ratio was 0&#46;09 &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;02-0&#46;64&#41;&#46; The Fagan nomogram is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; The diagnostic odds ratio was 137&#46;8&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No significant correlations were identified between BNB score and patient age at diagnosis or at study inclusion&#46; We also did not observe an association with sex&#46; However&#44; BNB scores did show an association with level of schooling&#58; patients with basic education scored significantly lower than those with intermediate and university studies &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;001&#41;&#46; BNB scores showed a non-significant negative correlation with disease duration &#40;rho&#160;&#61;&#160;&#8211;0&#46;21&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;13&#41;&#46; Patients with moderate disability &#40;EDSS score 3&#46;5-6&#41; also scored lower on the BNB than those with moderate disability &#40;EDSS scores 0-3&#41; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;04&#41;&#46; We were unable to reliably establish an association between CI and clinical form of MS&#44; as the sample only included one patient with primary progressive and 5 patients with secondary progressive MS&#46; In the linear regression model&#44; years of schooling and degree of disability were identified as factors independently associated with BNB score&#46; Regarding education&#44; BNB scores increased by a mean of 5 points &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 2-8&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;001&#41; per year of schooling&#46; Moderate disability was associated with an absolute difference of 33 points in mean BNB score &#40;95&#37; CI&#44; 6-60&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;017&#41; when compared to mild disability&#46; No significant association was observed between CI and degree of depression&#44; anxiety&#44; fatigue&#44; or quality of life&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent years have seen growing interest in the cognitive assessment of patients with MS&#44; demonstrating the need for screening tools for use in clinical practice&#46; In previous studies&#44; the MoCA has shown good correlation with various neurocognitive batteries in screening for CI associated with MS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15&#44;21</span></a> However&#44; only one study&#44; using the Portuguese-language version of the MoCA&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> comprehensively examines the discriminative validity and diagnostic accuracy of the MoCA for detecting CI in patients with MS using a reference test for comparison&#46; The aim of this study was to confirm the value of the Spanish-language version of the MoCA in screening for CI in patients with MS&#44; in accordance with the relevant guidelines for this type of study &#40;Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and to compare it against a validated instrument&#46; Our findings support the use of the Spanish-language version of the MoCA for this purpose&#44; even in patients with mild disability&#46; Furthermore&#44; we have demonstrated that the MoCA is highly useful both for detecting CI in clinical practice and for the follow-up of patients with CI&#44; even when administered by different raters&#44; given the excellent inter-rater and test-retest reliability values&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the study of internal consistency&#44; the global Cronbach alpha was high&#44; similar to the value obtained in the initial validation of the scale<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and the validations of the Portuguese- and Spanish-language versions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;24</span></a> exceeding the minimum value required for diagnosis or classification &#40;0&#46;80&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The correlation between individual subscale scores and corrected global score&#44; the Cronbach alpha for each subscale&#44; and the Cronbach alpha corrected for the elimination of each subscale demonstrate that the MoCA is a reliable instrument&#46; All these results confirm that the MoCA accurately and consistently measures what it was intended to&#58; CI associated with MS&#46; Furthermore&#44; the good convergent validity with the total BNB score established in the tests of content validity implies that both scales measure the same construct &#40;CI&#41;&#44; as has been demonstrated previously&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As in other studies including patients with MS&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15&#44;21</span></a> the MoCA has shown very good sensitivity without detriment to specificity&#59; the positive and negative predictive values obtained were better than those observed for patients with Parkinson&#8217;s disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Therefore&#44; the MoCA seems to detect CI even better in patients with MS than in those with Parkinson&#8217;s disease&#46; According to reference levels established by the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> the positive and negative likelihood ratios of the MoCA are relevant and&#44; together with the data obtained from the Fagan nomogram&#44; allow us to conclude that the MoCA offers good discriminant capacity for detecting MS-associated CI&#46; Furthermore&#44; the area under the curve &#40;0&#46;96&#41; indicates high diagnostic accuracy&#44; better than that obtained in other studies &#40;0&#46;87&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The MoCA cut-off points providing the best sensitivity and specificity coincide with that established in validation studies of the scale&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> These excellent diagnostic accuracy values&#44; together with the shorter mean administration time compared to the BNB&#44; make the MoCA a good method of screening for CI associated with MS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Nonetheless&#44; future studies comparing the MoCA with other brief screening instruments commonly used in MS&#44; such as the SDMT&#44; may be beneficial with a view to better defining its clinical use&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results both from the BNB and from the MoCA established the prevalence of CI in our sample between 24&#37; and 29&#37;&#46; While the different reported prevalence rates vary greatly&#44; our results are consistent with the prevalence reported in patients with recent diagnosis of clinically isolated syndrome or relapsing-remitting MS with mild disability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> We found an association between level of schooling and CI&#59; this is consistent with the results of recent longitudinal studies that found level of education to be a component of cognitive reserve and to protect against CI associated with MS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> However&#44; we identified no significant differences related to sex&#44; age at diagnosis&#44; or age at study inclusion&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study presents certain limitations&#46; Firstly&#44; the BNB&#44; rather than standard neuropsychological tests &#40;Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis&#44; Rao&#8217;s Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests&#41;&#44; was used as the reference test&#59; nonetheless&#44; a good correlation has been shown between BNB score and scores on the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests &#40;r&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;78&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Secondly&#44; given the characteristics of the centre where the study was conducted&#44; our sample is representative of the population of patients with recent diagnosis of MS and includes few patients presenting severe disability&#59; in any case&#44; the good results obtained for this type of population clearly demonstrate the value of the MoCA as a screening tool for CI associated with MS at early stages of the disease&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the MoCA is a valid and reliable tool for screening for CI in patients with MS&#46; The scale presents excellent diagnostic yield&#46; CI as measured with the BNB is independently associated with level of schooling and degree of disability&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            2 => "Scale validation"
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            0 => "Esclerosis m&#250;ltiple"
            1 => "Deterioro cognitivo"
            2 => "Validaci&#243;n de escala"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The neuropsychological batteries traditionally used for the assessment of cognitive impairment &#40;CI&#41; in patients with multiple sclerosis are complex tests requiring a long time to administer&#46; Simpler tests are needed to detect cognitive impairment in daily clinical practice&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic validity and reliability of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment &#40;MoCA&#41; test as a screening tool for CI in patients with multiple sclerosis&#44; as compared against the Brief Neuropsychological Battery&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We recruited 52 patients with multiple sclerosis &#40;61&#46;5&#37; women&#59; mean age &#91;standard deviation&#93;&#58; 41&#46;7 &#91;11&#46;5&#93; years&#41;&#46; We analysed the reliability &#40;internal consistency&#44; interobserver reliability&#44; and test-retest reliability&#41;&#44; construct validity &#40;factor analysis&#44; Pearson correlation coefficient&#44; and coefficient of determination&#41;&#44; and criterion validity &#40;ROC curve&#44; sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; total agreement&#44; positive and negative predictive values&#44; positive and negative likelihood ratios&#44; and Fagan nomogram&#41; of the MoCA test in this population&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CI was 21&#46;2&#37; according to findings from the Brief Neuropsychological Battery&#44; and 25&#37; according to the MoCA test&#46; The MoCA test showed good internal consistency &#40;Cronbach alpha&#44; 0&#46;822&#41; and interobserver and test-retest reliability &#40;intraclass correlation coefficient 0&#46;80 and 0&#46;96&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; The correlation coefficient between total Brief Neuropsychological Battery and MoCA test scores was 0&#46;82&#46; The optimal cut-off point on the ROC curve was 25-26&#44; yielding 91&#37; sensitivity and 93&#37; specificity&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The MoCA test is a valid and reliable tool for screening for CI in patients with multiple sclerosis&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las bater&#237;as neuropsicol&#243;gicas empleadas tradicionalmente para el diagn&#243;stico del deterioro cognitivo &#40;DC&#41; en la esclerosis m&#250;ltiple son pruebas complejas que conllevan mucho tiempo&#46; Se necesitan test m&#225;s simples para detectar el DC en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica diaria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la validez diagn&#243;stica y la fiabilidad de la escala <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Montreal Cognitive Assessment</span> &#40;MoCA&#41; como herramienta de cribado de DC en la esclerosis m&#250;ltiple frente a la Bater&#237;a Neuropsicol&#243;gica Breve&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se seleccionaron 52 pacientes &#40;61&#44;5&#37; mujeres&#44; edad media &#91;desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar&#93; 41&#44;7 &#91;11&#44;5&#93; a&#241;os&#41;&#46; Se analizaron la fiabilidad &#40;consistencia interna&#44; interobservador y test-retest&#41; y la validez de constructo &#40;an&#225;lisis factorial&#44; coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n de Pearson y coeficiente de determinaci&#243;n&#41; y de criterio &#40;curva ROC&#44; sensibilidad&#44; especificidad&#44; acuerdo global&#44; valores predictivos positivo y negativo&#44; cocientes de probabilidad positivo y negativo y nomograma de Fagan&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de DC fue del 21&#44;2&#37; seg&#250;n la Bater&#237;a Neuropsicol&#243;gica Breve y del 25&#37; seg&#250;n el MoCA&#46; El MoCA mostr&#243; buena consistencia interna &#40;alfa de Cronbach 0&#44;822&#41; y buena fiabilidad interobservador y test-retest &#40;coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n intraclase de 0&#44;80 y 0&#44;96&#44; respectivamente&#41;&#46; El coeficiente de correlaci&#243;n entre la puntuaci&#243;n total de la Bater&#237;a Neuropsicol&#243;gica Breve y el MoCA fue de 0&#44;82&#46; El punto &#243;ptimo de corte en la curva ROC fue 25-26&#44; con una sensibilidad del 91&#37; y una especificidad del 93&#37;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El MoCA es una herramienta de cribado v&#225;lida y fiable para la detecci&#243;n de DC en pacientes con esclerosis m&#250;ltiple&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; G&#243;mez-Moreno SM&#44; Cuadrado ML&#44; Cruz-Ordu&#241;a I&#44; Mart&#237;nez-Acebes EM&#44; Gordo-Ma&#241;as E&#44; Fern&#225;ndez-P&#233;rez C&#44; et al&#46; Validaci&#243;n de la versi&#243;n espa&#241;ola de la Escala Cognitiva de Montreal &#40;MoCA&#41; como herramienta de cribado de deterioro cognitivo asociado a la esclerosis m&#250;ltiple&#46; Neurolog&#237;a&#46; 2022&#59;37&#58;726&#8211;734&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow chart of the study process&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BNB&#58; Brief Neuropsychological Battery&#59; FAMS&#58; Functional Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis Scale&#59; HAM-A&#58; Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale&#59; MFIS&#58; Modified Fatigue Impact Scale&#59; MoCA&#58; Montreal Cognitive Assessment&#59; MS&#58; multiple sclerosis&#59; MSQoL-54&#58; Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">a&#41; ROC curve for total Montreal Cognitive Assessment score vs cognitive impairment according to the Brief Neuropsychological Battery&#46; b&#41; Fagan nomogram with likelihood ratios for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment&#46; Blue line&#58; positive likelihood ratio and post-test probability&#46; Red line&#58; negative likelihood ratio and post-test probability&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CIS&#58; clinically isolated syndrome&#59; EDSS&#58; Expanded Disability Status Scale&#59; IQR&#58; interquartile range&#59; MS&#58; multiple sclerosis&#59; PPMS&#58; primary progressive MS&#59; RRMS&#58; relapsing-remitting MS&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; SPMS&#58; secondary progressive MS&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;46&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Higher education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;26&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of MS&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CIS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;7&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>RRMS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42 &#40;80&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SPMS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;9&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>PPMS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">MS progression time in years&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;4-13&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">EDSS&#44; median &#40;IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;5 &#40;1&#46;0-2&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0-3 &#40;mild disability&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;84&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;5-6 &#40;moderate disability&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;15&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;5-10 &#40;severe disability&#41;&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease-modifying treatment&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;79&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Annualised relapse rate</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Attention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Language&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Abstraction&#47;executive function&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Short-term memory&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Orientation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation between the different items on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and total score&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Factor 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Factor 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Factor 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Visuospatial abilities&#44; naming&#44; attention&#44; and abstraction&#47;executive function&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Language and short-term memory&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Orientation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Visuospatial abilities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Attention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Language&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;405&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Abstraction&#47;executive function&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Short-term memory&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Orientation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">MoCA&#58; abstraction&#47;executive function&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Validity&#44; sensitivity&#44; specificity&#44; and cut-off points for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as compared to diagnosis of cognitive impairment according to the Brief Neuropsychological Battery&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21735808
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.11.007
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Neurología

Neurología (English Edition) follows the Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals

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