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Original article
Psychological discomfort in carriers and non-carriers of the Huntington disease mutation and its relationship with disease burden
Malestar psicológico en portadores y no portadores de la mutación causante de enfermedad de Huntington y su relación con la carga de la enfermedad
Y. Rodríguez-Agudeloa, M. Chávez-Oliverosa, A. Ochoa-Moralesb, L. Martínez-Ruanob, A. Camacho-Molinab, F. Paz-Rodrígueza,
Corresponding author
fpaz@innn.edu.mx

Corresponding author.
a Laboratorio de Neuropsicología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
b Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Ciudad de México, México
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including chorea&#44; rigidity&#44; and bradykinesia&#46; Cognitive changes are characterised by progressive difficulties in learning&#44; attention&#44; and executive functions&#44; which may lead to symptoms of dementia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The most frequently reported psychiatric manifestations include depression&#44; irritability&#44; apathy&#44; perseveration&#44; obsessive-compulsive disorder&#44; and occasionally psychosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psychiatric symptoms are a relevant aspect of HD&#59; their manifestation and progression are variable due to the differential degeneration of striato-cortical circuits&#44; and their course does not correlate with progression of motor or cognitive symptoms&#44; with the exception of apathy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> They may present at different stages of the disease&#44; often in atypical forms&#44; even 20 years before the onset of motor manifestations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epping et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> found that the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in patients with prodromal HD is the same as in the general population&#46; Although there is an association between the number of CAG repeats and the age of onset of HD&#44; this explains only 60&#37; of variance&#46; Even when environmental factors are taken into account&#44; this does not question the underlying genetic variation&#44; nor has an association with the severity of psychological or psychiatric manifestations been identified&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have analysed the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in carriers of the HD mutation&#44; reporting an increase in these symptoms in prodromal HD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a> The PREDICT-HD research group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> analysed mood and affective disorders &#40;depression&#44; hopelessness&#44; and emotional distress&#41; using self-reported assessments completed by the informant&#44; finding that the average improvement in psychological distress was greater among carriers of the HD mutation than in non-carriers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> These authors also suggest that levels of distress are positively associated with motor scores&#59; therefore&#44; patients with probable HD without motor symptoms tend to be more emotionally stable than those with motor symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thanks to predictive testing for HD and to the analysis of disease burden and proximity to onset&#44; the initial clinical symptoms manifesting in the prodromal phase have been described and clinical markers have been proposed&#46; Likewise&#44; it has been possible to study the development over time of clinical manifestations&#44; including psychiatric manifestations&#46; By psychiatric manifestations&#44; we refer to emotional&#44; behavioural&#44; psychological&#44; and psychiatric symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we used the Symptom Check List-90-Revised &#40;SCL-90-R&#41;&#44; created by Derogatis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> to describe and analyse psychological distress among carriers &#40;without motor symptoms&#41; and non-carriers&#46; Our hypothesis is that some specific dimensions of the SCL-90-R will enable us to identify psychological manifestations in carriers presenting no motor symptoms&#46; We also report that those manifestations are associated with disease burden and proximity to onset&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The genetics department of the Instituto Nacional de Neurolog&#237;a y Neurocirug&#237;a Manuel Velasco Su&#225;rez &#40;INNNMVS&#41; invites individuals at risk of developing HD to participate in a Huntington disease predictive testing programme &#40;HDPTP&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> as recommended by the International Huntington Association and the World Federation of Neurology&#8217;s Research Group on Huntington&#8217;s Chorea&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The HDPTP is approved by the research and ethics committees of the INNNMVS&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The HDPTP first offers genetic counselling&#44; requests verbal and written informed consent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> &#40;for assessments and blood drawing&#41;&#44; performs clinical assessments &#40;neurological&#44; neuropsychological&#44; and psychiatric&#41;&#44; and subsequently collects blood samples to finally conduct the genetic analysis&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We analysed data from 175 HDPTP participants from the 2002&#8211;2019 period who met the following inclusion criteria&#58; age &#62;&#8201;18 years&#44; family history of confirmed HD &#40;with molecular diagnosis&#41;&#44; not being pregnant&#44; and freely choosing to participate&#46; We excluded patients who did not consent to participate or who did not complete all phases of the programme&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We applied the Unified Huntington&#8217;s Disease Rating Scale &#40;UHDRS&#41; and&#44; as part of the neuropsychological evaluation&#44; used the Mini&#8211;Mental State Examination &#40;MMSE&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a> and the SCL-90-R<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> to assess psychiatric symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The revised Beck Depression Inventory &#40;BDI-IA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> assesses the presence of symptoms of depression in the week before the self-reported assessment&#59; it includes 21 items&#46; The severity score ranges from 0 to 63&#44; and the scale presents good internal consistency &#40;&#945;&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;87&#41;&#46; The respective cut-off scores for severe depression and anxiety were 31 points or more on each Beck inventory&#46; The Beck Anxiety Inventory &#40;BAI&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> includes 21 items that assess the presence of symptoms of anxiety in the previous week&#46; Scores range from 0 to 63&#44; and the scale presents good internal consistency &#40;&#945;&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;911&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The SCL-90-R is a self-administered tool to assess the degree of psychological distress experienced by the respondent&#46; We used the version validated in a Mexican population&#44; which includes a list of 90 psychiatric symptoms with several levels of severity&#59; the informant is asked to indicate the level of disturbance experienced due to each symptom over the 7 days prior to assessment&#46; The scale includes 5 possible answers&#58; not at all&#44; a little bit&#44; moderately&#44; quite a bit&#44; and extremely&#59; score ranges from 0 to 4 points&#46; Using this score&#44; symptoms are classified into 9 primary dimensions &#40;somatisation&#44; obsessive-compulsive disorder&#44; interpersonal sensitivity&#44; depression&#44; anxiety&#44; hostility&#44; phobic anxiety&#44; paranoid ideation&#44; and psychoticism&#41;&#46; We also used 3 global indexes of psychiatric disorders&#58; the Global Severity Index &#40;GSI&#41;&#59; the Positive Symptom Distress Index &#40;PSDI&#41;&#44; which assesses the style of response&#44; detecting tendencies to minimise or exaggerate distress&#59; and the Positive Symptom Total &#40;PST&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Data management and statistical analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results obtained in the different assessments of the HDPTP were recorded in a database using the SPSS software &#40;version 22&#46;0&#41;&#46; We filtered data using the following exclusion criteria&#58; history of suicide risk or any other untreated psychiatric disorder&#44; unknown molecular study findings&#44; and clear symptoms of HD or any other neurological disease&#46; The final sample included 175 patients &#40;92&#46;5&#37; of the 189 HDPTP participants&#41; who completed the assessment scales and met the inclusion criteria&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample was categorised as in other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;26</span></a> and divided in 2 groups&#58; carriers of the HD mutation&#44; referring to those with &#8805;&#8201;36 CAG triplet repeats in the huntingtin gene&#44; and non-carriers&#44; referring to those with &#8804;&#8201;35 CAG triplet repeats&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the number of CAG triplet repeats in each participant was determined&#44; the disease burden was calculated using the Penney et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> formula&#58; CAP&#160;&#61;&#160;&#40;age at study inclusion&#41;&#160;&#215;&#160;&#40;CAG&#160;&#8722;&#160;35&#46;5&#41;&#44; which is the most widely cited and used in international studies&#46; We obtained a range from 30 to 957 &#40;mean&#44; 294&#46;65 &#91;SD&#58; 122&#46;22&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test to analyse normal distribution&#46; We performed a descriptive analysis of demographic data&#44; BDI-IA and BAI results&#44; and total MMSE scores&#44; and compared the findings between carriers and non-carriers&#46; The chi-square test or Fisher exact test were used for categorical variables and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test or Mann&#8211;Whitney U test to analyse differences between groups&#46; We used Spearman&#8217;s &#961; to examine correlations&#46; Lastly&#44; we conducted a multiple linear regression analysis to estimate the strength of association between disease burden and psychiatric symptoms&#46; We calculated the regression coefficient &#40;&#946;&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-value&#44; adjusted R<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> value&#44; and variance inflation factor&#46; In all comparisons&#44; we assumed an &#945; value of &#46;05&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We subsequently used the formula proposed by Brandt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> to classify carriers into 3 groups&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1</span>&#41; the far-from-onset group&#44; ie&#44; those who are estimated to present cognitive symptoms and be diagnosed in more than 15 years&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span>&#41; the moderate distance group&#44; including patients who are expected to present cognitive symptoms and be diagnosed in 9&#8211;15 years&#59; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3</span>&#41; the close-to-onset group&#44; including those who are likely to present cognitive symptoms and be diagnosed within 9 years&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the HDPTP participants came from urban areas&#44; the statistical analysis used data from the general population to calculate specific T scores for SCL-90-R results&#46; We compared SCL-90-R scores &#40;dependent variables&#41; using the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test&#44; with proximity to onset being the independent variable&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 175 HDPTP participants&#44; 69 &#40;39&#46;4&#37;&#41; were carriers of the HD mutation and 106 &#40;61&#46;6&#37;&#41; were non-carriers&#46; The mean number of CAG triplet repeats was 44&#46;2 &#40;SD&#58; 3&#46;3&#59; range&#58; 37&#8722;53&#41; in carriers and 20&#46;5 &#40;3&#46;7&#59; range&#58; 15&#8722;29&#41; in non-carriers &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; We observed no statistically significant difference in age or education level between groups&#46; The non-carrier group included a higher percentage of women&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We only included participants with no cognitive impairment&#44; according to MMSE score&#44; and with a Unified Huntington&#8217;s Disease Rating Scale score of 0&#44; and who obtained scores within the mild to moderate range in the BAI and BDI-IA&#46; In accordance with HDPTP exclusion criteria&#44; we excluded patients with severe depression&#46; Of the total sample&#44; 6&#46;3&#37; of participants presented mild depression&#44; 1&#46;2&#37; moderate depression&#44; 15&#46;3&#37; mild anxiety&#44; and 5&#46;1&#37; moderate anxiety&#46; We observed no statistically significant differences between groups in BAI and BDI-IA scores&#46; We did observe statistically significant differences in MMSE scores &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;001&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> presents these variables broken down by group&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When we compared the SCL-90-R results for carriers and non-carriers&#44; we observed that carriers scored higher in all dimensions of psychiatric symptoms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#44; although we only observed statistically significant differences in the PSDI&#44; in which carriers obtained a higher average score than non-carriers &#40;1&#46;32 &#91;0&#46;3&#93; vs 1&#46;24 &#91;0&#46;39&#93;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Spearman correlation coefficients</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Correlation analysis showed associations between disease burden and psychological distress&#46; These associations were observed in the following dimensions&#58; obsessive-compulsive disorder &#40;&#961;&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;169&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;031&#41;&#44; interpersonal sensitivity &#40;&#961; &#61; 0&#46;167&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;034&#41;&#44; hostility &#40;&#961; &#61; 0&#46;192&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;015&#41;&#44; GSI &#40;&#961; &#61; 0&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;046&#41;&#44; and PSDI &#40;&#961; &#61; 0&#46;199&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#61;&#160;&#46;013&#41;&#46; In general&#44; these associations are weak but positive&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the multivariate linear regression model used to determine the relationship between disease burden and psychological distress&#44; according to SCL-90-R results&#44; in carriers&#46; We weighted scores for depression&#44; observing that hostility&#44; phobic anxiety&#44; and psychoticism were predictors of disease burden&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> shows the interaction between these variables and presence or absence of the Huntington disease mutation&#46; Our final calculation revealed that this model explains 26&#46;9&#37; of variance&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Comparison of proximity to onset &#40;age at symptom onset&#41;</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 69 carriers&#44; 57 &#40;82&#46;6&#37;&#41; were classified according to proximity to onset&#46; We were unable to classify 12 due to lack of data&#59; 8 were included in the far-from-onset group&#44; 15 in the moderate-distance group&#44; and 34 in the close-to-onset group&#46; The Kruskal-Wallis test showed the following results&#58; for the obsessive-compulsive disorder dimension of the SCL-90-R&#44; the far-from-onset group scored lower than the other groups&#46; The same tendency was observed in the interpersonal sensitivity&#44; anxiety&#44; phobic anxiety&#44; and paranoid ideation dimensions&#46; We also observed the same tendency for the GSI and PST &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies report that both carriers and non-carriers of the Huntington disease mutation present normal cognitive performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a> However&#44; despite both groups obtaining results within normal ranges&#44; we observed statistically significant differences between groups in total MMSE score&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> It is widely known that psychiatric manifestations tend to affect cognitive performance in subjects at risk of developing HD&#59; therefore&#44; emphasis should be placed on managing these alterations from presymptomatic stages of the disease&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is the first study in a Hispanic population to analyse psychological distress in carriers and non-carriers of the HD mutation&#46; However&#44; although we identified no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of anxiety and depression symptoms&#44; we did observe higher prevalence for anxiety &#40;mild &#91;14&#46;3&#37;&#93; and moderate &#91;5&#46;1&#37;&#93;&#41; than for depression in our total sample&#46; This confirmed the findings of Berrios et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> and Julien et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> who reported anxiety rates between 11&#46;5&#37; and 17&#37; in patients with presymptomatic HD&#44; which increased in participants who were closer to motor diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although depressive symptoms may develop at any time during disease progression&#44; high levels of depression and anxiety have been reported during the period of time in which genetic tests are performed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a> and before the clinical motor diagnosis of HD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> Psychiatric symptoms may be considered part of the prodromal stage of HD&#44; and may be the first markers of the disease&#44; as clinical diagnosis is not established until the onset of motor symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; we found that carriers scored higher than non-carriers in all the dimensions assessed with the SCL-90-R&#44; although no statistically significant differences were observed&#44; unlike in previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The only statistically significant difference was found in the PSDI&#44; in which carriers presented the highest score&#59; we should mention that the scores obtained &#40;less than 4&#41; suggest symptom denial or minimisation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> Higher scores in all the SCL-90-R dimensions in carriers may suggest early detection of psychiatric symptoms and may be a target for treatment of these patients&#46; Interpersonal sensitivity&#44; hostility&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> and apathy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a> are the most frequently reported symptoms in carriers&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed weak but significant associations between disease burden and the psychological distress&#44; as assessed with the SCL-90-R&#44; in the following dimensions&#58; obsessive-compulsive disorder&#44; interpersonal sensitivity&#44; hostility&#44; GSI&#44; and PSDI&#46; These associations are consistent with findings from other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;36</span></a> We also identified hostility&#44; phobic anxiety&#44; and psychoticism as predictors of disease burden&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When comparing by proximity to onset&#44; we observed that several SCL-90-R dimensions &#40;obsessive-compulsive disorder&#44; interpersonal sensitivity&#44; anxiety&#44; phobic anxiety&#44; and paranoid ideation&#41; presented significant differences &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;05&#41;&#44; with the far-from-onset group obtaining the lowest score&#46; These data are similar to those observed in other studies that report psychiatric symptoms manifesting before the clinical onset of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;30&#44;36</span></a> This is consistent with the results of other studies using the SCL-90-R to assess patients with prodromal HD and showing greater severity of psychiatric symptoms associated with the estimated proximity to onset&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;36</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Obsessive-compulsive disorders have been associated with HD progression and neuropsychological deficits&#46; A significant number of patients with HD present symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder&#44; without necessarily meeting diagnostic criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder according to the DSM-V&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> Symptoms may manifest in preclinical stages&#44; and more significantly in advanced stages of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Studies have reported that approximately 27&#37; of patients in preclinical stages of HD present some obsessive-compulsive symptom and that obsessive thinking and compulsive behaviour increase in line with proximity to motor diagnosis&#44; subsequently stabilising&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a> Another study identified mild obsessive-compulsive symptoms in 13&#37; of patients&#44; and moderate to severe symptoms in another 13&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anxiety is frequent in HD&#44; with prevalence ranging from 13&#37; to 71&#37;&#59; it increases with motor diagnosis and disease progression&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;41</span></a> which highlights the relevance of evaluating and treating patients at different stages of the disease&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marshall et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> reported significantly higher scores in carriers than in non-carriers for 3 SCL-90-R dimensions &#40;anxiety&#44; paranoid ideation&#44; and psychoticism&#41;&#46; Striatal and orbitofrontal-subcortical degeneration is known to favour the onset of socially inappropriate behaviours &#40;interpersonal sensitivity&#44; paranoid ideation&#41;&#44; which may be subtle at onset and increase with time&#46; As found in our study&#44; such behaviours are more likely to present in stages closer to diagnosis of motor symptoms of HD&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psychiatric symptoms have a great impact on patients as they reduce autonomy&#44; increase cognitive impairment&#44; and affect quality of life and functional status&#59; they also increase caregiver burden&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42&#44;43</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One limitation of this study may be the different number of patients in each group &#40;carriers and non-carriers&#41;&#44; although the international literature reports an increased number of participants with negative results&#44; and the progressive reduction of this difference&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> Since the HDPTP was launched&#44; growing numbers of patients with negative results&#44; and predominantly women&#44; have requested enrolment in HD programmes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> It is important to mention that the majority of the patients requesting enrolment in the HDPTP are Mexican and of mixed race&#44; from the city and greater metropolitan area of Mexico City&#44; partly due to the location of our centre &#40;far from rural communities&#41;&#44; which prevents us from including more participants&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the potential implications of the criteria used to select the participants in this study&#44; as results may not be generalised to all the individuals at risk of developing HD&#44; our findings are consistent with those of other studies reporting that affective disorders are a significant characteristic of prodromal HD and show a strong correlation with the clinical onset of motor symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Further longitudinal studies will be essential to characterising the onset and progression of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with HD&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has received no specific funding from any public&#44; private&#44; or non-profit organisation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Huntington&#39;s disease"
            1 => "Psychological distress"
            2 => "Huntington&#8217;s disease prodrome"
            3 => "Disease burden"
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            0 => "Enfermedad de Huntington"
            1 => "Alteraciones psiqui&#225;tricas"
            2 => "Pr&#243;dromo de enfermedad de Huntington"
            3 => "Carga de la enfermedad"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Huntington&#39;s disease &#40;HD&#41; is a neurodegenerative and hereditary disorder&#46; Due to the predictive diagnosis&#44; incipient clinical characteristics have been described in the prodromal phase&#46; Several studies have reported an increase in psychiatric symptoms in carriers of the HD gene without motor symptoms&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0011" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0011">Objective</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify psychological distress in carriers of the mutation that causes HD&#44; without motor symptoms&#44; utilizing the Symptom Checklist 90 &#40;SCL-90&#41;&#44; and to correlate with the burden and proximity of the disease&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar1055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A sample of 175 participants in a HD Predictive Diagnostic Program &#40;PDP-HD&#41; was divided into HEP carriers &#40;39&#46;4&#37;&#41; and NPEH non-carriers &#40;61&#46;6&#37;&#41; of the HD-causing mutation&#46; By means of mathematical formulas&#44; the disease burden and proximity to the manifest stage in the PEH group were obtained and it was correlated with the results of the SCL-90-R&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparing the results obtained in the SCL-90-R of the PEH and NPEH&#44; the difference is observed in the positive somatic male index&#44; where the PEH obtains higher average scores&#46; The correlations between disease burden and psychological distress occur in the domains&#59; obsessions and compulsions&#44; interpersonal sensitivity&#44; hostility&#44; global severity index and positive somatic distress index&#46; A low correlation is observed between the burden of disease and the scores obtained in psychological discomfort&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; we found that the PEH group obtained a higher score in the dimensions evaluated with the SCL-90-R&#44; showing a relationship with the burden and differences due to the proximity of the disease&#46; Higher scores on the SCL-90-R dimensions in carriers of the HD gene may suggest an early finding of psychological symptoms in the disease&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La enfermedad de Huntington &#40;EH&#41; es un trastorno neurodegenerativo y hereditario&#44; a partir del diagn&#243;stico predictivo se han descrito caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas incipientes en la fase prodr&#243;mica&#44; varios estudios han reportado aumento de s&#237;ntomas psiqui&#225;tricos en portadores de la mutaci&#243;n causante de la EH&#44; sin s&#237;ntomas motores&#44; en esta fase&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst1030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1040">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Identificar malestar psicol&#243;gico en portadores de la mutaci&#243;n causante de la EH sin s&#237;ntomas motores&#44; mediante el SCL-90&#44; y correlacionar con la carga y cercan&#237;a de la enfermedad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar1075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Una muestra de 175 participantes de un Programa de Diagn&#243;stico Predictivo de EH &#40;PDP-EH&#41; se dividi&#243; en portadores PEH &#40;39&#46;4&#37;&#41; y no portadores NPEH &#40;61&#46;6&#37;&#41; de la mutaci&#243;n causante de EH&#46; Mediante f&#243;rmulas matem&#225;ticas se obtuvo la carga de enfermedad y cercan&#237;a a la etapa manifiesta en el grupo PEH y se correlacion&#243; con los resultados de inventario SCL-90-R&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Al comparar los resultados obtenidos en el SCL-90-R de los PEH y NPEH&#44; la diferencia se observa en el &#237;ndice de malestar por s&#237;ntomas positivos&#44; donde los portadores obtienen mayor puntuaci&#243;n promedio&#46; Las correlaciones entre carga de enfermedad y s&#237;ntomas psicol&#243;gicos se dan en los dominios&#59; obsesiones y compulsiones&#44; sensibilidad interpersonal&#44; hostilidad&#44; &#237;ndice de severidad global e &#237;ndice de malestar som&#225;tico positivo&#46; Se observa una correlaci&#243;n baja entre la carga de enfermedad y las puntuaciones obtenidas en el malestar psicol&#243;gico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En general encontramos que el grupo PEH obtiene puntaje mayor en las dimensiones evaluadas con el SCL-90&#44; muestran relaci&#243;n con la carga y diferencias por la cercan&#237;a de la enfermedad&#46; Puntajes mayores en las dimensiones del SCL-90-R en portadores del gen para la EH pueden sugerir un hallazgo temprano de la sintomatolog&#237;a psicol&#243;gica en la enfermedad&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of psychiatric symptoms &#40;hostility&#44; phobic anxiety&#44; and psychoticism&#41; in carriers and non-carriers of the Huntington disease mutation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;361<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;3 &#40;10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;3 &#40;11&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">20&#8722;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Years of schooling&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;4 &#40;2&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;0 &#40;3&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;945&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;346&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#8722;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#8722;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Depression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;5 &#40;4&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;1 &#40;3&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;126&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;4 &#40;6&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;8 &#40;6&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;572&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;568&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8722;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">MMSE&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#46;8 &#40;1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;9 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;4&#46;566&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#8722;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#8722;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CAG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;2 &#40;3&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;5 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2258&#46;902&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">37&#8722;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&#8722;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Carriers n&#160;&#61;&#160;69</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-carriers n&#160;&#61;&#160;106</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;0&#46;950&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Obsessive-compulsive disorder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;1&#46;298&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;194&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interpersonal sensitivity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;1&#46;071&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Depression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;0&#46;863&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;388&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;0&#46;014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hostility&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;1&#46;792&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;073&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Phobic anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;0&#46;802&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;423&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Paranoid ideation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;721&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Psychoticism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Additional items&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;0&#46;391&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">GSI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;1&#46;116&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;362&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Phobic anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#46;563&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Psychoticism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Close-to-onset&#58; expected diagnosis of Huntington disease within 9 years&#59; moderate distance&#58; expected diagnosis of Huntington disease in 9&#8211;15 years&#59; far-from-onset&#160;&#61;&#160;expected diagnosis of Huntington disease in more than 15 years&#46; SD&#58; standard deviation&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#160;&#60;&#160;&#46;05&#46; The Mann&#8211;Whitney U test detected significant differences between close-to-onset vs far-from-onset &#40;A&#41;&#59; close-to-onset vs moderate-distance &#40;B&#41;&#59; moderate distance vs far-from-onset &#40;C&#41;&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Close-to-onset</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Moderate-distance</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Far-from-onset</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#160;&#61;&#160;34</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#160;&#61;&#160;15</th><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_colgroup " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n&#160;&#61;&#160;8</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">KW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Somatisations&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;967&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;083<span class="elsevierStyleSup">B</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Obsessive-compulsive disorder&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;968&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;019&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;B&#44; C</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interpersonal sensitivity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;502&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;039&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;B</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Depression&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;905&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;052<span class="elsevierStyleSup">B&#44; C</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;195&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;006&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#44;B&#44; C</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hostility&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Phobic anxiety&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Paranoid ideation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Psychoticism&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Global Severity Index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Positive Symptom Distress Index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of psychological distress domains according to proximity to onset &#40;time to diagnosis of motor symptoms&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Genetic counseling in Huntington&#8217;s disease&#58; potential new challenges on horizon&#63;"
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