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Original article
Design and validation of a questionnaire for monitoring neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (DEREDELA)
Diseño y validación de un cuestionario para monitorizar el deterioro neurológico digestivo y respiratorio en pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (DEREDELA)
S. Bermudo Fuenmayora,
Corresponding author
sbf319@inlumine.ual.es

Corresponding author.
, P.J. Serrano Castrob, P. Quiroga Subiranac, S. López Palmerod, M.M. Requena Mullore, T. Parrón Carreñof
a Nursing, University of Almería, Nursing Coordinator at Virgen del Mar Health Center, PhD at the University of Almería, Almería, Spain
b Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Neurologist at Regional University Hospital of Málaga, Spain
c Medicine, University of Almería, Neurologist at Torrecárdenas Hospital Complex of Almería, Almería, Spain
d Medicine, University of Almería, Internist at Torrecárdenas Hospital Complex of Almería, Almería, Spain
e Veterinary Graduate, Teaching Assistant Professor at the University of Almería, Spain
f Medicine, University of Almería, Specialist in Family and Community Medicine and Specialist in Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Professor at the University of Almería, Head of Service of the Territorial Delegation for Equality, Health and Social Policies, Almería
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis &#40;ALS&#41; is a neurodegenerative disease of unknown origin that affects the motor neurons&#46; The clinical course is rapid and fatal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain&#44; ALS currently affects more than 3000 people&#44; with a prevalence ranging from 2&#8211;5 cases per 100&#44;000 inhabitants&#46; The frequency of appearance is slightly higher among male patients&#44; with an incidence that increases after 40 years and peaks at 70&#8211;75 years&#44; after which it decreases&#44; approaching that of female patients&#46; Death usually occurs 3&#8211;5 years after onset&#44; usually as a consequence of respiratory failure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to a meta-analysis published in 2020&#44; the global prevalence of ALS has risen from 1&#46;57 to 9&#46;62 per 100&#44;000 inhabitants and the incidence has risen from 0&#46;42 to 2&#46;76 per 100&#44;000 inhabitants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The aetiology of ALS remains largely unknown&#46; However&#44; it has been suggested that genetic and&#47;or environmental factors may be predisposing factors for its appearance and development&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite unceasing efforts to improve the quality of life and dignity of patients and their families&#44; no validated questionnaires have yet been made available for determining the existence and evaluating the impact of neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration&#46; Such a test would be of great value&#44; facilitating early intervention to address this condition and thus enhance the quality of life of those affected &#40;which continues to be the main treatment focus&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of these considerations&#44; our main study goal is to design and validate a questionnaire enabling physicians to monitor the progression of ALS and its possible complications&#46; This instrument would help them make decisions in areas such as the use of mechanical ventilation and percutaneous gastrostomy to improve the quality of life of patients and their families&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Study method</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This instrumental study was conducted to design&#44; develop and validate DEREDELA&#44; a questionnaire to monitor neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients diagnosed with ALS&#44; in a process involving the following stages&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Literature review and analysis&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#41;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Questionnaire design&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#41;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Validation &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li></ul></p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Literature review</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An initial literature review was carried out to determine the existence or otherwise of validated questionnaires to monitor neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients diagnosed with ALS &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> A second literature review was then conducted to identify the main signs and symptoms of the early onset of this deterioration &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Questionnaire design and development</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review process identified 15 suitable studies in which a questionnaire was used as a diagnostic tool for patients with suspected ALS&#46; The second step in developing our questionnaire was to stipulate the items required to address the dimensions of the disease&#44; ensuring that each one was addressed by a single item&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A committee of experts was then established&#44; each of whom had a doctorate or master&#39;s degree in nursing or medicine and at least ten years&#8217; experience of working with patients diagnosed with ALS&#46; As recommended by Polit et al&#46;&#44; this committee was composed of six persons&#58; three neurologists&#44; each with over 30 years&#8217; experience in the field of neurology&#59; two nurse case managers&#44; in direct contact with patients diagnosed with ALS and each with over 15 years&#8217; experience&#59; and a psychologist&#44; expert in case management and difficult diagnoses&#44; with over 20 years&#8217; experience&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These experts evaluated the questionnaire items&#44; individually and jointly&#44; in terms of their relevance&#44; probable effectiveness and appropriateness for the patients concerned&#46; The committee was asked to complete its assessment within 15 days and to provide an opinion on the overall suitability of the questionnaire&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The initial questionnaire consisted of three dimensions and eleven items&#46; The data analysis was carried out as recommended by Polit and Beck&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> calculating the content validity index &#40;CVI&#41; and the modified Kappa coefficient &#40;K&#41; for each item&#46; The overall coefficient of content validity &#40;CCV&#41; was also calculated for each dimension and for the global assessment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Selection of patients for the study sample</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the questionnaire had been drafted&#44; patients were selected to form the study sample&#44; taking into account previous literature in this respect&#46; According to Cattel&#44; a sample size of 3&#8211;6 individuals is sufficient&#59; Gorsuch recommended a sample size of five&#44; while Everitt argued that it should include at least ten patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pilot questionnaire&#44; entitled &#8220;DEREDELA &#8211; Questionnaire for monitoring neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients with ALS&#8221; was delivered to a statistically significant sample of 22 patients&#44; who were asked to complete it unaided and anonymously&#46; The main purpose of this questionnaire was to assess the patients&#8217; understanding of the items and to invite suggestions for improvement&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire was accompanied by a brief introduction to the study&#44; explaining its purpose and content&#44; and stipulating its compliance with the provisions of Spanish legislation &#40;the Organic Law on Personal Data Protection and Guarantees for Digital Rights&#44; No&#46; 3&#47;2018&#44; of 5 December&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final version of the questionnaire contained 18 questions characterising the study sample and 11 items&#44; each of which presented 6 response alternatives&#44; ranging from the lowest to the highest degree of neurological impact&#44; on a scale where 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>little or no impact and 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>very severe impact&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After this pilot study&#44; the study sample was then expanded to 105 individuals diagnosed with ALS&#44; a sample size that was considered sufficient for our purposes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Study data were obtained via the following channels&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-administered survey&#44; via Google Forms&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Self-administered survey in pdf format&#44; via email&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Collaborating researchers&#44; in in-person or telephone interviews&#44; conducted in 2020&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants were informed of the purpose of the study and of its anonymous nature&#44; and of its mandatory compliance with the Organic Law on Personal Data Protection and Guarantees for Digital Rights&#44; No&#46; 3&#47;2018&#44; of 5 December&#46; Completion of the questionnaire&#44; therefore&#44; implied the existence of informed voluntary consent to participate&#46; In addition&#44; the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Torrec&#225;rdenas University Hospital &#40;Almer&#237;a&#44; Spain&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Initial validity of the DEREDELA questionnaire</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results obtained by the Kaiser&#8211;Meyer&#8211;Olkin test &#40;0&#46;77&#41; and Bartlett&#39;s test of sphericity &#40;chi-square&#58; 271&#46;17&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; mean that&#44; for the data matrix&#44; the correlation obtained by DEREDELA in the factor analysis was appropriate for our purposes&#46; The inter-item correlations were also determined&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Factor extraction by principal component analysis and Varimax rotation initially yielded three primary factors that jointly explained 62&#46;05&#37; of the total variance of DEREDELA&#46; After eliminating items 1&#44; 5 and 10&#44; the same factor extraction process &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; yielded three primary factors that jointly explained 71&#46;04&#37; of the total variance of DEREDELA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The domains identified in this analysis were &#8216;Respiratory difficulty&#8217; &#40;defined by items 6&#44; 8&#44; 9&#41;&#44; &#8216;Nutritional status&#8217; &#40;defined by items 2&#44; 3&#44; 4&#41; and &#8216;Impact on quality of life&#8217; &#40;defined by items 7 and 11&#41;&#46; Our initial theoretical model is explained by the factorial solution thus obtained &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; All analyses were performed using SPSS version 24&#46;0 statistical software&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Reliability of the DEREDELA questionnaire</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reliability of the DEREDELA questionnaire was measured according to the internal consistency between the items&#44; applying Cronbach&#39;s alpha coefficient&#44; which obtains values in the range from 0 to 1&#44; where 0&#46;7 is the minimum acceptable value&#44; below which the internal consistency of the scale is considered low&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present case&#44; after carrying out the exploratory factor analysis and excluding the three items mentioned&#44; the global coefficient obtained for the questionnaire was 0&#46;80&#44; a value that has been considered good to excellent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the test-retest technique could not be applied since the rapid progression of the disease made it difficult or impossible to repeat the questionnaire with the same users&#46; The reliability of the questionnaire was also evaluated using the split-half method&#44; which revealed no differences in any of the domains found&#44; or in the global evaluation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Confirmatory factor analysis</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Confirmatory factor analysis&#44; which is considered an appropriate means of determining the underlying conceptual structure of a questionnaire<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;14&#44;15</span></a> was performed&#44; using the AMOS program&#46; The results obtained are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maximum likelihood estimation confirmed the three domains detected in the exploratory factor analysis&#46; The chi-square test result &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;13&#41; was not statistically significant&#46; Moreover&#44; the chi-square&#47;degrees of freedom ratio obtained &#40;1&#46;50&#41; was less than 3&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The significance of the chi-square test is strongly dependent on the sample size&#46; In our case&#44; the sample was composed of 105 patients&#44; which exceeds the minimum figure recommended in previous studies &#40;6&#8211;8 patients&#41;&#46; The absolute goodness of fit indices obtained were reasonably close to 1 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interpretation of the RMSEA index may be subjective&#44; but values below 0&#46;08 are usually considered indicative of a good fit of the model&#46; In our case&#44; the value obtained &#40;0&#46;061&#41; was below this threshold &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As concerns the incremental indices of goodness of fit&#44; the value obtained for the normed fit index &#40;NFI&#41; &#40;0&#46;91&#41; was close to 1&#44; and hence acceptable&#46; The non-normed fit index &#40;NNFI&#41; &#40;or Tucker-Lewis index&#44; TLI&#41; was applied to determine the degrees of freedom of both the null model and the proposed model&#44; thus overcoming the sample-size limitations of the NFI&#46; The NNFI values obtained also exceeded 0&#46;9&#46; The comparative fit index &#40;CFI&#41; measures the improvement observed in the non-centrality of a model&#46; With this test&#44; we obtained a value of 0&#46;97&#44; close to the recommended 1&#46;8&#44; which corroborates the suitability of our model&#46; In summary&#44; the CFI and NNFI results for our model were within the recommended ranges&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The NFI and GFI values were above the recommended minima&#44; and the RMSEA value was well above the minimum level &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>&#41;&#46; Accordingly&#44; we conclude that the final eight-item questionnaire&#44; with the domains described above&#44; is fit for purpose and that evaluation by maximum likelihood estimation provides acceptable results&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Identifying validated questionnaires for monitoring the progression of ALS</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Predicting the course of neuromuscular deterioration in ALS is a difficult task&#44; as the rate and extent of neurological deterioration may change from month to month&#44; or even week to week&#46; Despite multiple organ involvement and the existence of a battery of tests for identifying signs of deterioration&#44; early diagnosis continues to be a challenge&#46; Moreover&#44; choosing which test to use may also pose problems&#46; Indeed&#44; two people with the same disease may have a different presentation and course&#58; a patient with bulbar involvement will have a different course from someone mainly suffering lower limb weakness&#46; In addition&#44; the clinician must take into consideration that some patients will survive less than a year from diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ALS is a neurodegenerative disease which&#44; due to its poor prognosis and the associated psychosocial impact&#44; greatly affects the quality of life and dignity of patients and their families&#46; Studies have observed a close relationship between clinical deterioration and worsening quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Therefore&#44; one of the crucial objectives for the multidisciplinary team managing ALS is to monitor the progression of the disease&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; and despite ceaseless efforts to improve the quality of life and the dignity of patients and their families&#44; no validated questionnaire has yet been offered to predict the existence of neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration&#46; Such an instrument would be very useful&#44; facilitating early intervention to address this deterioration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">From a nursing perspective&#44; learning more about the main prognostic factors for neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients diagnosed with ALS</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When ALS is diagnosed&#44; the fear generated by uncertainty about the short and long-term prognosis leads many patients and their families to reject the use of complementary therapies such as percutaneous gastrostomy or mechanical ventilation&#46; Therefore&#44; it is very important that these complementary approaches be presented and discussed at an early stage&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among other functions&#44; home nurses help patients and their families in areas such as optimising the operation and comfort of mechanical ventilation in the home&#44; maintaining the gastrostomy tube&#44; ensuring the prescribed treatments are received correctly and providing health education and other support&#44; from diagnosis until the end of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ALS is a devastating degenerative disease&#44; with a severe negative impact on the quality of life of patients and their families&#46; As the disease progresses and patients become more dependent&#44; they and their families are affected emotionally&#44; psychologically&#44; socially and economically&#46; Although there is still no curative treatment for this disease&#44; there exist therapeutic measures that can enhance the patient&#39;s quality of life and safety&#44; as part of the care strategies adopted by a multidisciplinary team&#46; Studies have shown that a multidisciplinary approach can prolong survival&#44; improve the quality of life and facilitate access to therapies&#44; as well as promoting acceptance of invasive non-ventilatory systems or enteral feeding&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Designing and validating a questionnaire to monitor neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients diagnosed with ALS</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study we present is based on an initial questionnaire consisting of three dimensions and 11 items&#44; the &#8220;DEREDELA &#8211; Questionnaire for monitoring neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients with ALS&#8221;&#46; This questionnaire was first completed as a pretest by a statistically significant sample of 22 patients&#44; via a self-administered form&#46; After this pretest&#44; the study sample was expanded to 105 patients diagnosed with ALS&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results obtained show that DEREDELA is a reliable instrument for monitoring neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients with ALS&#46; It obtained a good Cronbach&#39;s alpha coefficient &#40;0&#46;801&#41; and the results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were satisfactory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a></p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the study aim&#44; to design and validate an appropriate questionnaire for monitoring neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients diagnosed with ALS&#44; was fulfilled&#46; This questionnaire is a useful instrument&#44; offering psychometric properties that reduce the need for invasive and unpleasant clinical tests and improve decision-making regarding the use of resources such as gastrostomy or non-invasive mechanical ventilation&#44; thus improving the quality of life of patients and their families&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#8211;25</span></a></p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of these considerations&#44; we believe the DEREDELA questionnaire is a valuable complementary tool in decision-making for and by patients diagnosed with ALS&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conclusions</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our initial review of the literature in this field showed that&#44; despite the constant work undertaken to improve the quality of life and dignity of patients and their families&#44; as yet there is no validated tool for healthcare professionals to predict the existence of neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients diagnosed with ALS&#46; A questionnaire performing this function would be very useful&#44; facilitating early intervention and thus improving the quality of life and dignity of patients and their families&#44; in line with the main focus of approach to this disease&#44; at present&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A second literature review enabled us to lay the foundations for DEREDELA&#44; the questionnaire we propose&#46; Due to the special characteristics of ALS&#44; a multidisciplinary approach is essential&#46; Patients must be assisted by diverse medical specialists&#44; including neurologists&#44; rehabilitators&#44; pulmonologists&#44; nutritionists&#44; nurses&#44; pharmacists&#44; physiotherapists&#44; occupational therapists and social workers&#44; working in close coordination from the moment of diagnosis&#44; agreeing on tests and treatments to be carried out&#44; on the type of information that the patient should properly receive&#44; on the psychological and social support to be offered and on decision-making regarding end-of-life instructions&#44; both in outpatient care and on admission to hospital&#46; Furthermore&#44; these aspects should be monitored by primary care physicians and in nursing care&#46; Accordingly&#44; a high degree of coordination and resource management is necessary to ensure the best possible health care is provided&#46; Success in this area would reduce the variability in care and increase the satisfaction of patients&#44; caregivers and family members&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In view of the content and construct validity tests performed on the DEREDELA questionnaire&#44; the reliability observed and the positive results obtained&#44; we believe it can be accepted as an effective&#44; useful instrument for monitoring neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration in patients diagnosed with ALS&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-01-09"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2022-03-23"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
            1 => "Questionnaire"
            2 => "Respiratory deterioration"
            3 => "Dysphagia"
            4 => "Nursing"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Esclerosis lateral amiotr&#243;fica"
            1 => "Cuestionario"
            2 => "Deterioro respiratorio"
            3 => "Disfagia"
            4 => "Enfermer&#237;a&#46;"
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis &#40;ALS&#41; is a degenerative disease of unknown origin that affects the motor neurons&#46; It has a rapid&#44; fatal course&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">For this study&#44; an initial questionnaire of eleven items was developed by experts in the field&#44; who evaluated the suitability and relevance of the items&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire was then applied to a pilot group of 22 patients diagnosed with ALS&#46; Confirmatory factor analysis&#44; based on estimating maximum likelihood&#44; confirmed the three domains detected in the exploratory factor analysis&#46; The reliability of the scale was tested using Cronbach&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> &#40;0&#46;801&#41; and the Kaiser&#8211;Meyer&#8211;Olkin test &#40;0&#46;770&#41; confirmed the construct validity&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The DEREDELA questionnaire is valid&#44; in terms of its content&#44; for monitoring the neurological dysphagia and respiratory deterioration suffered by patients diagnosed with ALS&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La esclerosis lateral amiotr&#243;fica &#40;ELA&#41; es una enfermedad degenerativa&#44; de origen desconocido&#44; que afecta a las neuronas motoras&#46; Su evoluci&#243;n es r&#225;pida y mortal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Para este estudio&#44; desarrollamos un cuestionario inicial de 11 &#237;tems&#44; que fue evaluado por expertos en la materia&#44; valorando la idoneidad y pertinencia de los &#237;tems&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A continuaci&#243;n se aplic&#243; el cuestionario a un grupo piloto de 22 pacientes diagnosticados con ELA&#46; El an&#225;lisis factorial confirmatorio&#44; basado en la estimaci&#243;n de m&#225;xima verosimilitud&#44; confirm&#243; los tres dominios detectados en el an&#225;lisis factorial exploratorio&#46; La confiabilidad de la escala se prob&#243; mediante el &#945; de Cronbach &#40;0&#44;801&#41; y la prueba de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin &#40;0&#44;770&#41; confirm&#243; la validez de constructo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El cuestionario DEREDELA es v&#225;lido&#44; en cuanto a su contenido&#44; para la monitorizaci&#243;n del deterioro neurol&#243;gico digestivo y el deterioro respiratorio que sufren los pacientes diagnosticados de ELA&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Component&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Initial eigenvalues</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Squared local extractions sums</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rotation sums of changes squared</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; variance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; accumulated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">variance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; accumulated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">variance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; accumulated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;400&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;400&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#44;498&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;232&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#44;903&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">27&#44;903&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;218&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#44;723&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;218&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#44;225&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#44;723&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;062&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#44;773&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#44;675&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;318&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#44;042&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;065&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;318&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#44;042&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#44;366&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#44;042&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;759&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#44;486&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#44;527&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;537&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;718&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#44;245&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;428&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;353&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#44;598&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;313&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;913&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">96&#44;511&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;279&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;489&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#44;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3686529.png"
              ]
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Extraction method&#58; principal component analysis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dimension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Items&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Explained variability&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Respiratory difficulty</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6- Breathing tubes&#44; tracheostomy&#44; laryngectomy&#44; Respiratory medication&#58; Oxygen&#44; Inhalers&#44; others&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#44;498&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8- Presence of respiratory distress when lying down&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9- Respiratory devices&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nutritional condition</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2- Have you made any changes regarding the amount of food and liquids consumed each day&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#44;723&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3- Take vitamins or nutritional supplements &#40;protein shakes&#44; sachets&#44; pharmaceutical preparations&#44; creams&#46;&#46;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4- Do you follow any type of diet&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Impact on quality of life</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7- Level of consciousness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#44;042&#37;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11- Changes in the habitual sleep pattern&#58; difficulty falling asleep&#44; sleep interruptions&#44; non-restorative sleep&#44; sleeping during the day&#44; prolonged wakefulness&#44; having nightmares&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Domains of the DEREDELA questionnaire&#46;</p>"
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      7 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RMR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">GFI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AGFI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PGFI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Default model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;121&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;951&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;896&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;449&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Saturation model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Independence model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;928&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;519&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;382&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;404&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GFI&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at5"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Model&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RMSEA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LO 90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HI 90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information
ISSN: 21735808
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.nrleng.2024.09.003
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