metricas
covid
Buscar en
Neurología (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Neurología (English Edition) Temporal Arteritis: Treatment Controversies
Journal Information
Vol. 25. Issue 7.
Pages 453-458 (January 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 25. Issue 7.
Pages 453-458 (January 2010)
Review articles
Full text access
Temporal Arteritis: Treatment Controversies
En la arteritis de la temporal: controversias terapéuticas
Visits
1577
J. Balsalobre Aznara,
Corresponding author
balsalobre2@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, J. Porta-Etessamb
a Servicio de Reumatología, Grupo Hospiten, Tenerife, Santa Cruz, Spain
b Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Introduction

Although giant cell or temporal arteritis represents 5–10% of ischaemic optic neuropathies and is the most common arteritis in people over 60 years old. Currently there is no established treatment with oral glucocorticoids available.

Background

Glucocorticoid (GC) is still the treatment of choice but has to be started without delay in order to prevent neurological or systemic complications. However, we can resort to intravenous treatment in cases where there is loss of sight or other neurological symptoms. In cases refractory to GC or in those in whom we wish to decrease the dose due to adverse effects, individualised treatment with methotrexate or TNF blockers could be indicated. There is insufficient evidence to recommend other treatments, such as azathioprine, dapsone, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide or imitinib. In patients with vascular risk factors, anti-platelet therapy with ASA should be assessed. Surgical treatment should be considered in selected cases with symptoms due to arterial stenosis.

Conclusions

The corticoids continue to be the treatment of choice in temporal arteritis, however, given the clinical variability of the disease and the special characteristics of this group of patients, usually elderly and with systemic diseases, we believe that individualised treatment with coherent therapeutic guidelines are essential. Currently there is not only treatment with oral glucocorticoids available, although in our patients we can choose to use intravenous mega-doses, anti-platelet treatment, resort to methotrexate or TNF inhibitors in refractory cases, or even consider surgical approaches.

Keywords:
Temporal arteritis
Giant cell arteritis
Ischaemic optic neuropathies
Resumen
Introducción

Aunque la arteritis de células gigantes o temporal representa un 5–10% de las neuropatías ópticas isquémicas y es la arteritis más frecuente en las personas mayores de 60 años, aún no existen pautas de tratamiento establecidas.

Desarrollo

El tratamiento con glucocorticoides continúa siendo el de elección y debe iniciarse sin demora en aras de prevenir complicaciones neurológicas o sistémicas. Sin embargo, podemos recurrir a tratamiento intravenoso en casos con pérdida de visión u otros síntomas neurológicos. En casos refractarios a glucocorticoides o en los que deseamos reducir la dosis por la aparición de efectos adversos, el metotrexato y los agentes bloqueadores del factor de necrosis tumoral podrían estar indicados de manera individualizada. De otros tratamientos –como azatioprina, dapsona, ciclosporina, ciclofosfamida o imitinib– no hay evidencias suficientes para recomendarlos. En pacientes con factores de riesgo vascular se debe valorar la antiagregación con ácido acetil salicílico. El tratamiento quirúrgico se debe valorar en casos seleccionados con síntomas debidos a estenosis arteriales.

Conclusiones

El tratamiento de elección de la arteritis de la temporal continúan siendo los corticoides; sin embargo, dada la variabilidad clínica de la enfermedad y las características especiales del grupo de paciente, habitualmente mayores y con enfermedades sistémicas, consideramos fundamental el tratamiento individualizado según unas pautas terapéuticas coherentes. Actualmente no sólo disponemos de tratamiento con corticoides orales, sino que en nuestros pacientes podremos elegir el uso de megadosis intravenosas, antiagregar, en casos refractarios recurrir a metotrexato o inhibidores del factor de necrosis tumoral o incluso valorar aproximaciones intervencionistas.

Palabras clave:
Arteritis de la temporal
Arteritis de células gigantes
Neuropatías ópticas isquémicas
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
C. Salvarani, F. Cantina, L. Boiardi, G.G. Hunder.
Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.
N Engl J Med, 347 (2002), pp. 261-271
[2.]
N. Pipitone, C. Salvarani.
Improving therapeutic options for patients with giant cell arteritis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 20 (2008), pp. 17-22
[3.]
C. Salvarani, P.L. Macchioni, P.L. Tartoni.
Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a 5 year epidemiological and clinical study in Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 5 (1987), pp. 205-215
[4.]
A. Proven, S.E. Gabriel.
Glucocorticoid therapy in giant cell arteritis: duration and adverse outcomes.
Arthritis Rheum, 49 (2003), pp. 703-708
[5.]
C. Salvarani, C.S. Crowson, W.M. O’Fallon.
Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted Country, Minnesota, over a fifty year period.
Arthritis Rheum, 51 (2004), pp. 264-268
[6.]
G. Nesher, Y. Berkun, M. Mates.
Risk factors for cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis.
Medicine (Baltimore), 83 (2004), pp. 114-122
[7.]
C.M. Weyand, J.J. Gorozny.
Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
Ann Intern Med, 139 (2003), pp. 505-515
[8.]
C. Salvarani, L. Cimino, P. Macchioni.
Risk factors for visual loss in an Italian population based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 53 (2005), pp. 293-297
[9.]
S.S. Hayreh, P.A. Podhajsky, B. Zimmermann.
Occult giant cell arteritis. Ocular manifestations.
Am J Ophtalmol, 125 (1998), pp. 521-526
[10.]
V. Kyle, B.L. Hazleman.
Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. I. Steroid regimens in the first two months.
Ann Rheum Dis, 48 (1989), pp. 658-661
[11.]
Delecoeuillerie G, Joly P, Cohen de Lara A. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a restrospective analysis of prognostic features and different corticosteroid regimens (11 year survey of 211 patients). completar.
[12.]
P. Aiello, J. Trautmann, M. Mc Pheet.
Ophtalmology, (1993), pp. 550-555
[13.]
C.C. Chan, J. O’Day.
Oral and intravenous steroids in giant cell arteritis.
Clin Exper Ophthalmol, 31 (2003), pp. 179-182
[14.]
G.W. Su, R. Foroozan.
Update on giant cell arteritis.
Curr Opin Opthalmol, 12 (2001), pp. 393-399
[15.]
C. Font, M.C. Cid, B. Coll-Vinent, et al.
Clinical features in patients with permanent visual loss due to biopsy proven giant cell arteritis.
Br J Rheumatol, 36 (1997), pp. 251-254
[16.]
M.A. Gonzalez-Gay, R. Blanco, V. Rodriguez-Valverde, et al.
Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: predictors and response to treatment.
[17.]
D. Schmidt, P. Vaith, A. Hethrel.
Prevention of serious ophthalmic and cerebral complications in temporal arteritis?.
Clin Exper Rheumatol, 20 (2000), pp. 61-63
[18.]
R. Andersson, B.E. Malmvall, B.A. Bengston.
Long term corticosteroid treatment in giant cell arteritis.
Acta Med Scand, 220 (1986), pp. 465-469
[19.]
A.B. Myles, T.E. Perera, M.G. Ridley.
Prevention of blindness in giant cell arteritis by corticosteroid treatment.
Br J Rheumatol, 31 (1992), pp. 103
[20.]
V. Kyle, B.L. Hazleman.
Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. II. Relation between steroid dose and steroid associated side effects.
Ann Rheum Dis, 48 (1989), pp. 662-667
[21.]
S.S. Hayreh, B. Zimmermman.
Management of giant cell arteritis.
Ophtahalmologica, 217 (2003), pp. 239-259
[22.]
M. Mazlumzadeh, G.G. Hunder, K.A. Easley.
Treatment of giant cell arteritis using induction therapy with high-dose corticosteroids: a double blind, placebo, randomized prospective clinical trial.
Arthritis Rheum, 54 (2006), pp. 3310-3317
[23.]
E. Liozon, F. Herrmann, J. Ly.
Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 174 patients.
Am J Med, 44 (2001), pp. 1496-1503
[24.]
P.J. McDonnel, G.W. Moore, N.R. Miller.
Temporal arteritis, a clinicopathological study.
Ophthalmology, 93 (1986), pp. 518-530
[25.]
G.G. Hunder.
Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
Med Clin North Am, 81 (1997), pp. 185-219
[26.]
G. Myklebust, J.T. Grant.
Prednisolone maintenance dose in relation to starting dose in the treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis. A prospective two years study in 273 patients.
Scand J Rheumatol, 30 (2001), pp. 260-267
[27.]
D.M. Nuenninghoff, E.L. Mateson.
The role of disease modifiying ant-rheumatic drugs in the treatment of giant cell arteritis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 21 (2003), pp. 29-34
[28.]
B.A. Bengstonn, B.E. Malmvall.
An alternate day corticosteroid regimen in maintenance therapy of GCA.
Acta Med Scand, 209 (1981), pp. 347-350
[29.]
G.G. Hunder, S.G. Sheps, G.L. Allen.
Daily and alternate –day corticosteroid regimens in treatment of giant cell arteritis: comparison in a prospective study.
Ann Intern Med, 82 (1975), pp. 613-618
[30.]
K. De Groot, M. Muhler, A. Reinhold-Keller.
Induction of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis with low dose methotrexate.
J Rheumatol, 25 (1998), pp. 492-495
[31.]
M.C. Sneller, G.S. Hoffman, C. Talar-Williamns.
An analysis of forty-two Wegener's granulomatosis patients treated with methotrexate and prednisone.
Arthritis Rheum, 38 (1995), pp. 608-613
[32.]
R.F. Spiera, H.J. Mitnick, M. Kupersmith.
A prospective, double blind, placebo controlled trial of methotrexate in the treatment of giant cell arteritis.
Clin Exper Rheumatol, 19 (2001), pp. 495-501
[33.]
J.A. Jover, C. Hernandez-Garcia, I.C. Morado.
Combined treatment of giant cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone. A randomized double blind, placebo controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med, 134 (2001), pp. 106-114
[34.]
G.S. Hoffmann, M.C. Cid, D.B. Hellmann.
A multicenter, randomized, double blind placebo controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 1309-1318
[35.]
G.W. Smetana, R.H. Shnerling.
Does this patient have temporal arteritis?.
JAMA, 287 (2002), pp. 92-101
[36.]
A.D. Mahr, J.A. Jover, R.F. Spiera.
Adjuntive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis. An individual patient data meta-analysis.
Arthritis Rheum, 56 (2007), pp. 2789-2797
[37.]
G. Nesher, M. Sonnenblick.
Steroid sparing medications in temporal arteritis report of three cases and review of 174 reported patients.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 13 (1994), pp. 289-292
[38.]
E. Reinitz, A. Aversa.
Long term treatmente of temporal arteritis with dapsone.
Am J Med, 85 (1988), pp. 456-457
[39.]
P. Doury, S. Pattin, F. Eulry.
The use of dapsone in the treatment of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
Arthritis Rheum, 26 (1983), pp. 689-690
[40.]
M. De Silva, B.L. Hazleman.
Azathioprine in giant cell arteritis/polymyalgia rheumatica. A double blind study.
Ann Rheum Dis, 45 (1986), pp. 136-138
[41.]
C. Schaufelberger, R. Andersson, E. Nordborg.
No additive effect of cyclosporine A compared with glucocorticoid treatment alone in giant cell arteritis: results of an open, controlled, randomized study.
Br J Rheumatol, 37 (1998), pp. 464-465
[42.]
D. Wendling, B. Hory, D. Blanc.
Cyclosporine: a new adjuvant therapy for giant cell arteritis?.
Arthritis Rheum, 28 (1985), pp. 1078-1079
[43.]
C.M. Weyand, W. Ma-Kruppa, J.J. Gorozny.
Inmunopathways in gaint cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.
Autoinmun Rev, 3 (2004), pp. 46-53
[44.]
A. Field MCook, G. Gallagher.
Immuno-localisation of tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in temporal arteritis.
Rheumatol Int, 17 (1997), pp. 113-118
[45.]
A.K. Valsakumar, U.C. Valappil, V. Jorapur.
Role of immunosuppressive therapy on clinical, immunological, and angiographic outcome in active Takayasu's arteritis.
J Rheumatol, 30 (2003), pp. 1793-1798
[46.]
J. Hernandez-Rodriguez, M. Segarra, C. Vilardel.
Tissue production of pro-inflammatory cytokines correlates with the intensity of systemic inflammatory response and with glucocorticois requirements in giant cell arteritis.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 43 (2004), pp. 294-301
[47.]
F. Cantini, L. Niccoli, C. Salvarani.
Treatment of longstanding active giant cell arteritis with infliximab: report of four cases.
Arthritis Rheum, 44 (2001), pp. 2933-2935
[48.]
A.P. Andonopoulos, N. Meinarib, D. Daoussis.
Experience with infliximab as monotherapy for giant cell arteritis.
Ann Rheum Dis, 62 (2003), pp. 1116
[49.]
G.S. Hoffman, M. Cinta-Cid, K.E. Rendt-Zagar.
Infliximab for the maintenance of glucorticoid induced remission of giant cell arteritis: A randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med, 146 (2007), pp. 621
[50.]
A.L. Tan, F. Holdsworth, P. Pesae.
Successful treatment of resistant giant cell arteritis with etanercept.
Ann Rheum Dis, 62 (2003), pp. 373-374
[51.]
V.M. Martinez-Taboada, V. Rodriguez-Valverde, L. Carreño.
A double blind placebo controlled trial of etanercept in patients with giant cell arteritis and corticosteroid side effects.
Ann Rheum Dis, 67 (2008), pp. 625-630
[52.]
G. Nesher, Y. Berkun, M. Mates.
Low dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 50 (2004), pp. 1332
[53.]
Final report on the aspirin component on the ogoing Physicians’ Health Study.
Steering Committee of the Physicians’ Health Study Research Group.
N Engl J Med, 352 (2005), pp. 1293-1304
[54.]
J.F. Mustard, R.L. Kinlough-Rathborne, M.A. Packan.
Aspirin in the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a review.
Am J Med, 74 (1983), pp. 43-49
[55.]
C.M. Weyand, M. Kaise, H. Yang.
Therapeutic effect of acetylsalicylic acid in giant cell arteritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 457-466
[56.]
D.B. Hellman.
Low dose aspirin in the treatment of giant cell arteritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 50 (2004), pp. 1026-1027
[57.]
M.S. Lee, S.D. Smith, A. Galor.
Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis.
Arthritis Rheum, 54 (2006), pp. 3306
[58.]
E.W. Raines.
The extracellular matrix can regulate vascular cell migration, proliferation and survival: relationship to vascular disease.
Int J Exp Pathol, 81 (2000), pp. 173-182
[59.]
M.C. Cid.
New developments in the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 8 (1996), pp. 1-11
[60.]
T. Bongartz, E.L. Matteson.
Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 18 (2006), pp. 10-17
[61.]
E. Lozano, M. Segarra, A. García-Martinez.
Imatinib mesylate inhbits in vitro and ex vivo biological responses related to vascular occlusion in giant cell arteritis.
Ann Rheum Dis, 67 (2008), pp. 1581-1588
[62.]
M. Kaiser, C.M. Weyand, J. Bjornsson.
Platelet derived growth factor intimal hyperplasia and ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis.
[63.]
R. Monte, M.A. Gonzalez-Gay, C. García-Porrua.
Successful response to angioplasty in a patient with upper limb ischemia secondary to giant cell arteritis.
Br J Rheumatol, 37 (1998), pp. 344
[64.]
B.R. Amman-Vesti, R. Koppensteiner, L. Rainoni.
Immediate and long term outcome of upper extremity ballon angioplasty in giant cell arteritis.
[65.]
A. García-Martinez, J. Hernandez-Rodriguez, P. Arguis.
Development of aortic aneurysm/dilatation during the follow up of patients with giant cell arteritis. A cross sectional study of fifty-four prospectively followed patients.
Arthritis Rheum, 59 (2008), pp. 422
Copyright © 2010. Sociedad Española de Neurología
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos