Editorial
Cigarette: Perfect Engineering Product To Inhale But Not Safe
El cigarro: una obra de ingeniería para inhalar perfecta pero no segura
José Ignacio de Granda Orivea,
, Segismundo Solano-Reinab, Carlos de Granda-Beltránc, Carlos Andrés Jiménez-Ruizd
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Neumología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
c Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
d Unidad Especializada en Tabaquismo de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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"titulo" => "Cigarette: Perfect Engineering Product To Inhale But Not Safe" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "5" "paginaFinal" => "6" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "José Ignacio de Granda Orive, Segismundo Solano-Reina, Carlos de Granda-Beltrán, Carlos Andrés Jiménez-Ruiz" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "José Ignacio" "apellidos" => "de Granda Orive" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "igo01m@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Segismundo" "apellidos" => "Solano-Reina" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "de 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"identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "El cigarro: una obra de ingeniería para inhalar perfecta pero no segura" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An important component of the cigarette is the paper that wraps tobacco.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> There are properties of the paper that have an important effect on the yield and composition of the smoke such as the type of paper, its weight, its density and its porosity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is known that adding certain substances to the paper of tobacco can affect its burning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> On the other hand, there are four physical parameters of great importance in the yield of the cigarette: the length, its circumference, the type of cut of the tobacco and the density of the packaging.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Paper</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using a very porous paper increase the air that enters through the column of the cigarette which serves to dilute the smoke from the mainstream and increase the speed of burning. Therefore, the diffusion of certain gaseous components (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e.g.</span>, CO, CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>, NO) is accelerated through the paper into the environment during inhalation and the diffusion of oxygen from the tobacco column, which causes faster combustion during inhalation intervals. It is also true that a high porosity cigarette contains fewer volatile carcinogens and nitrosamines than a low porosity cigarette.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It is known that adding certain salts and citrates to the cigarette paper reduces the rate of burning, as well as the toxic performance in smoke during inhalation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1993, cigarettes were manufactured with modified combustion properties (Fire Standard Compliant – FSC) which reduced the risk of fire.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Circumferential bands of different densities, compositions, width and separation along the cigarette are added to the cigarette and in this way FSC cigarettes were achieved. The cigarettes, thanks to these bands, turn off when they are not inhaled.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However, this approach means that the smoker could face a different exposure to smoke: changes in the combustion properties of cigarettes suggest a potential change in the characteristics of conventional cigarette smoke. Werley et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> wanted to evaluate the toxicity in a cigarette by adding these cross bands, finding no toxicity differences between the cigarettes with and without bands, but there were differences in the amount of band material associated with an increase in some metals measured in tobacco smoke. Adding bands to the cigarette does not increase toxicity, genotoxicity or cytoxicity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Numerous adhesives are used in the manufacture of cigarettes, which could also affect toxicity and its chemistry. Coggins et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> found differences in the constituents of the mainstream of the cigarette depending on the type of adhesive used, but these differences were not statistically significant either <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vivo</span>.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zumbado et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> analysed the load of 33 elements in different types of cigarettes. They included not only elements considered classically toxic (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium and uranium) but also those considered as e-waste [REE: the rare earth elements. They are scandium and yttrium and 15 elements of the Lanthanide group (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, pledge, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, tulio, ytterbium and lutetium)].<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> They analysed these elements separately on paper and in the filters and conclude that black tobacco contains the highest levels of known usual toxic elements and so-called REEs, and the paper used to wrap tobacco significantly modifies the concentration of these elements, and that flavoured paper that burns more fast contributes to higher levels of these elements.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Physical parameters of cigarettes</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Cigarette length</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As the length of the cigarette increases, there is a greater opportunity for air to enter through the paper and for certain gaseous components such as carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide to diffuse through the paper into the environment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> If everything remains stable except the length of the cigarette there will be a greater amount of tar and nicotine in the inhaled smoke since more tobacco is burned.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Cigarette circumference diameter</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the density of tobacco in the cigarette is kept constant, a decrease in its circumference reduces the amount of tobacco that is burned. As a result of the above, the amount of tar, CO, volatile organic components and nicotine in the mainstream is reduced.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> It has also been shown that reducing the diameter of cigarettes decreases their mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, but instead increases, in a non-dependent manner, cyanide hydrogen,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> as well as the amount of formaldehyde.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> McAdam et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> have demonstrated that decreasing cigarette circumference influences the physical properties of the cigarette and secondary the nature of the smoke produced. Tobacco weight, mass burn rate, puff count and static burn time decrease with decreasing circumference, while draw resistance and the length of rod burned during puff and smoulder periods increase. The increases in formaldehyde relative to tar and the reduction in some of the specific bioactivities of the condensate with decreasing circumference appear to be related at least in part to a more oxidizing burning zone.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Tobacco cut</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Years ago, Hoffmann and Hoffmann<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> already summarized this aspect: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">When the width of shredded tobacco is modified from a fine to a coarse cut, the number of puffs per cigarette increases. In general, cigarettes that are filled with a more coarsely cut tobacco burn less efficiently than those made with finely cut shreds. When comparing the smoke of cigarettes filled with coarse-cut tobacco (1.27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) and smoke of cigarettes made with a fine-cut tobacco (0.42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm), showed only slight differences in smoke yields. However, a comparison of mouse skin bioassays of “tars” from cigarettes made with a given tobacco that was cut at a rate of 20, 30, or 50 cuts per inch (1.27, 0.85, and 0.51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) showed that the finer the cut of the tobacco, the lower was the tumorigenicity of the resulting “tar”</span>.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Packing density</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increasing the mass of the tobacco in a cigarette means increasing the packing density, and it is expected that yields of “tar” and nicotine in the smoke will rise accordingly. However, packing more than 1.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g tobacco into an 85-mm cigarette causes the yields of “tar” and nicotine in the smoke to decrease, most likely because the tobacco acts as a filter for the smoke and retains more of it.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, cigarettes have clearly changed in the last 70 years, they are the perfect engineering product to inhale, but the risk of getting sick, as a result of their consumption, has not changed.</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">JIG-O has received honoraria for lecturing, scientific advice, participation in clinical studies or writing for publications for (alphabetical order): AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Esteve, Faes, Gebro, Menarini, and Pfizer. CAJ-R: has received honoraria for advisory and talks for pharma companies trading smoking cessation medications. SS-R has received honoraria for lecturing, participation in clinical studies and writing for publications for (alphabetical order): Boehringer, Esteve, Pfizer y Sandoz. CG-B have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Paper" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Physical parameters of cigarettes" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Cigarette length" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Cigarette circumference diameter" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Tobacco cut" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Packing density" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 4 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The changing cigarette, 1950–1995" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 29 | 1 | 30 |
| 2024 October | 162 | 15 | 177 |
| 2024 September | 207 | 24 | 231 |
| 2024 August | 192 | 18 | 210 |
| 2024 July | 196 | 8 | 204 |
| 2024 June | 114 | 7 | 121 |
| 2024 May | 147 | 10 | 157 |
| 2024 April | 201 | 9 | 210 |
| 2024 March | 208 | 2 | 210 |
| 2024 February | 259 | 7 | 266 |
| 2024 January | 400 | 13 | 413 |
| 2023 December | 312 | 13 | 325 |
| 2023 November | 367 | 9 | 376 |
| 2023 October | 326 | 15 | 341 |
| 2023 September | 230 | 12 | 242 |
| 2023 August | 174 | 6 | 180 |
| 2023 July | 180 | 9 | 189 |
| 2023 June | 196 | 3 | 199 |
| 2023 May | 236 | 11 | 247 |
| 2023 April | 202 | 8 | 210 |
| 2023 March | 208 | 12 | 220 |
| 2023 February | 136 | 5 | 141 |
| 2023 January | 97 | 5 | 102 |
| 2022 December | 81 | 11 | 92 |
| 2022 November | 95 | 9 | 104 |
| 2022 October | 59 | 5 | 64 |
| 2022 September | 107 | 14 | 121 |
| 2022 August | 91 | 13 | 104 |
| 2022 July | 56 | 15 | 71 |
| 2022 June | 51 | 8 | 59 |
| 2022 May | 83 | 16 | 99 |
| 2022 April | 91 | 10 | 101 |
| 2022 March | 92 | 11 | 103 |
| 2022 February | 114 | 7 | 121 |
| 2022 January | 99 | 13 | 112 |
| 2021 December | 70 | 14 | 84 |
| 2021 November | 95 | 16 | 111 |
| 2021 October | 211 | 22 | 233 |
| 2021 September | 189 | 17 | 206 |
| 2021 August | 191 | 14 | 205 |
| 2021 July | 70 | 13 | 83 |
| 2021 June | 59 | 9 | 68 |
| 2021 May | 91 | 12 | 103 |
| 2021 April | 444 | 23 | 467 |
| 2021 March | 339 | 7 | 346 |
| 2021 February | 262 | 12 | 274 |
| 2021 January | 215 | 13 | 228 |
| 2020 December | 180 | 4 | 184 |
| 2020 November | 78 | 7 | 85 |
| 2020 October | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2020 September | 60 | 8 | 68 |
| 2020 August | 59 | 14 | 73 |
| 2020 July | 49 | 16 | 65 |
| 2020 June | 60 | 5 | 65 |
| 2020 May | 91 | 20 | 111 |
| 2020 April | 98 | 13 | 111 |
| 2020 March | 52 | 17 | 69 |
| 2020 February | 36 | 4 | 40 |
| 2020 January | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2019 December | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2019 November | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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