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Vol. 45. Issue 1.
Pages 23-35 (March 2012)
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Vol. 45. Issue 1.
Pages 23-35 (March 2012)
Open Access
Conducto arterial persistente y desarrollo de displasia broncopulmonar en recién nacidos con muy bajo peso al nacer
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María Eulalia Tamayo1, Isabel Cristina Maya1, Marcela María Betancourt1, Ana María Salinas1
1 Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl, Medellín, Colombia.
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Resumen
Introducción

La displasia broncopulmonar se ha relacionado con múltiples factores de riesgo: bajo peso al nacer, corta edad de gestación, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, toxicidad del oxígeno, infección, exceso de líquidos (especialmente, durante la primera semana de vida) y conducto arterial persistente.

Objetivo

Determinar la incidencia de displasia broncopulmonar y evaluar la presencia de conducto arterial persistente como factor de riesgo en un centro de referencia de cuarto nivel en Medellín, Colombia.

Métodos

Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional de cohorte en recién nacidos prematuros con peso de 1.500g o menos al nacer. La exposición fue el diagnóstico de conducto arterial persistente y, el desenlace, la presencia de displasia broncopulmonar moderada o grave. Se compararon las características perinatales del recién nacido y su tratamiento, en los pacientes con y sin displasia broncopulmonar y con conducto arterial persistente y sin él con las pruebas t de Student, U de Mann–Whitney o de χ2-Las variables de confusión se ajustaron empleando regresión logística múltiple.

Resultados

La incidencia general de displasia broncopulmonar fue de 3 7%, la cual fue mayor en los pacientes con conducto arterial persistente (57,9%) que en los no expuestos (28,2%) (OR=3,5; IC95% 2,0-6,12; p<0,001). Esta asociación se mantuvo después del análisis multivariado (OR=2,57; IC95% 1,36-4,83; p<0,001). La corioamnionitis, el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria y el peso menor de 1.000g también se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de displasia broncopulmonar, mientras que el trastorno hipertensivo asociado al embarazo fue un factor protector. Los pacientes con conducto arterial persistente requirieron más asistencia respiratoria mecánica con FIO2 mayor de 40% (46,5% Vs. 53,5%; p<0,001), presión inspiratoria pico más elevadas (59,6% Vs. 40,4%; p<0,001) y una mayor duración de la asistencia respiratoria mecánica (4 Vs. 0 p<0,001).

Conclusión

La persistencia del conducto arterial persistente en neonatos prematuros menores de 1500g se asocia con un mayor riesgo de displasia broncopulmonar. Se requieren más estudios para evaluar la asociación entre sepsis, conducto arterial persistente y displasia broncopulmonar.

Palabras clave:
Displasia broncopulmonar
conducto arterial persistente
recién nacido
prematuro
Abstract
Introduction

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia has been associated with multiple risk factors: low birth weight, low gestational age, respiratory distress syndrome, oxygen toxicity, infection, excessive fluids (especially during the first week of life) and persistent ductus arteriosus.

Objective

To determine the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and to assess the role of persistent ductus arteriosus as a risk factor for Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a fourth-level institution in Medellm, Colombia.

Methods

An observational cohort study in preterm infants weighing<1500g at birth was conducted. Ductus arteriosus was the exposure; while the presence of moderate or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia was the outcome. The characteristics (perinatal, neonatal and therapeutic) of patients with and without persistent ductus arteriosus and with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia were analyzed using the Student t, the Mann Whitney U or chi2 tests. Confounding variables were adjusted for using multiple logistic regresion.

Results

The overall incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia was 37%, and it was higher in patients with persistent ductus arteriosus (57.9 per cent) than in those without it (28.2%) (OR=3.5; 95% CI 2.0-6.12; p<0.001). This association remained after multivariate analysis (OR=2.57; 95% CI 1.36-4,83; p<0.001). Chorioamnionitis, RDS and weight <1000g were also associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, while hypertensive disorders during pregnancy was a protective factor. Persistent ductus arteriosus patients required more mechanical ventilation with FI02>40% (46.5% vs. 53.5%; p<0.001), higher PIP (59.6% vs. 40.4%; p<0.001) and a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (4 vs. 0 days; p<0.001).

Conclusion

Persistent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants less than 1500g is associated with an increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. More studies are required to assess the association between sepsis, persistent ductus arteriosus and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Keywords:
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
persistent ductus arteriosus
newborn
premature
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Copyright © 2012. Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría
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