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Vol. 45. Issue 2.
Pages 108-123 (June 2012)
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Vol. 45. Issue 2.
Pages 108-123 (June 2012)
Open Access
Factores de riesgo materno asociados a cardiopatías congénitas en el nororiente colombiano
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César Orlando Bretón1,
Corresponding author
bretoncesar@hotmail.com

Correspondencia: César Orlando Bretón, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario de Santander, Carrera 33 N° 28-126, cuarto piso, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Tel: 634-5313; cel: (301) 493-7665
, Francisco Leoncio Manrique2, Silvia Juliana Barajas3, Javier Armando Velandia4
1 Médico cirujano, residente de tercer año de Pediatría, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
2 Médico cardiólogo pediatra, Instituto del Corazón de Bucaramanga; docente, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
3 Estudiante de Medicina, internado, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
4 Médico rural, Hospital Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento, Charalá, Colombia.
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Resumen
Antecedentes

En investigaciones previas se ha asociado la exposición a diferentes factores maternos antes de la gestación y al inicio de ella, con la presencia de cardiopatías congénitas, con resultados variables; esto no se había estudiado en el nororiente colombiano.

Objetivo

Determinar la magnitud y dirección de la exposición materna a diferentes factores, antes de la gestación y al inicio de ella, y su relación con la presencia en el hijo de cardiopatía congénita, en el nororiente colombiano.

Métodos

Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos y controles con casos incidentes (julio a diciembre de 2009) en el Instituto del Corazón de Bucaramanga y el Hospital Universitario de Santander. La muestra fue por conveniencia por falta de datos. Los datos se recolectaron por entrevista personal o telefónica. Se definió como caso a todo menor de un año con diagnóstico de cardiopatìa congénita por ecocardiograma o con conducto arterial persistente después de los tres meses, y como control a todo menor de un año con diagnóstico normal o de conducto arterioso persistente (antes de tres meses) por ecocardiograma. Se evaluó la asociación con condiciones maternas, como estado socioeconómico, variables demográficas y educativas, enfermedades, estado nutricional, ingestión de suplementos vitamínicos, fármacos o anticonceptivos orales, consumo sustancias psicoactivas, alcohol o cigarrillo, exposición a sustancias químicas, ríos o fábricas, y presencia de cardiopatía congénita en familiares de primer grado.

Resultados

Se captaron 102 casos y 102 controles. Los dos grupos tuvieron características similares. No se encontraron diferencias en la institución de captación, procedencia, ni estrato socioeconómico. Tampoco se encontró diferencia en las otras variables socioeconómicas ni demográficas. La exposición materna a ríos un mes antes y en los primeros dos meses del embarazo, fue un factor de riesgo para presentar un hijo con cardiopatía congénita (OR=3,3; IC95% 1,5-7,3). Esta exposición se mantiene luego de ajustar por edad y escolaridad de los padres, institución de captación, procedencia, estrato, nivel socioeconómico, índice de masa corporal materno, edad y peso del niño (OR=3,6; IC95% 1,5-8,7; p<0,002).

Conclusiones

La exposición materna a ríos antes de la gestación y al inicio de ella, aumenta el riesgo de tener un hijo con cardiopatía congénita. Se requieren investigaciones con mayor tamaño de muestra para encontrar otras asociaciones.

Palabras clave:
exposición ambiental
factor de riesgo
cardiopatías congénitas
embarazo
anomalías congénitas
Abstract
Background

Several studies have linked the exposure to various maternal factors before and early during pregnancy with the presence of congenital cardiovascular defects; however, their results are inconsistent. These associations have not been studied in Colombian north-eastern population.

Objective

To determine the magnitude and direction of the association between maternal exposure to different factors before and at the beginning of pregnancy with the presence of congenital cardiovascular defects in their offspring.

Methods

A case-control study of incident cases between (July to December 2009) was conducted at the Instituto del Corazón de Bucaramanga and the Hospital Universitario de Santander. The sample was selected by convenience due to missing data. Data were collected by personal and/or telephone interview. Cases were children under 1 year of age with diagnosis of congenital cardiovascular defects by echocardiogram or persistent ductus arteriosus after 3 months; controls were children aged under 1 year of age with normal diagnosis or persistent ductus arteriosus (under the age of 3 month) by echocardiogram. Risk factors assessed were maternal socioeconomic status, demographic and educational conditions, diseases, nutritional status, vitamin, drugs or oral contraceptives intake, consumption of psychoactive substances, alcohol or cigarettes, exposure to chemicals, rivers or factories, and presence of congenital cardiovascular defects in first degree relatives.

Results

One hundred and two cases and 102 controls were recruited. The two groups had similar characteristics. No differences were found regarding recruitment institution, origin, socioeconomic status, and demographic variables. Maternal exposure to rivers one month before and during the first two months of pregnancy was associated with having a child with congenital cardiovascular defects (OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.3). This association remained after adjusting for age and education of parents, recruitment institution, origin, socioeconomic status, maternal body mass index, and child age and weight (OR=3.6, 95% CI 1.5-8.7; p<0.002).

Conclusions

Maternal exposure to rivers before and at the beginning of pregnancy increases the risk of having a child with congenital cardiovascular defects. Additional research is needed with larger samples to find other associations.

Key words:
environmental exposure
risk factors
heart defects
congenital
pregnancy
congenital abnormalities
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Copyright © 2012. Sociedad Colombiana de Pediatría
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