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Is there a T.R.U.M.P. brain? Implications for mental health and world peace
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Ferraz Gonçalves, Carla Almeida, Joana Amorim, Rita Baltasar, Joana Batista, Yusianmar Borrero, João Pedro Fallé, Igor Faria, Manuel Henriques, Helena Maia, Teresa Fernandes, Mariana Moreira, Susana Moreira, Camila Neves, Ana Ribeiro, Ana Santos, Filipa Silva, Susana Soares, Cristina Sousa, Joana Vicente, Rita Xavier" "autores" => array:21 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José A." "apellidos" => "Ferraz Gonçalves" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carla" "apellidos" => "Almeida" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joana" "apellidos" => "Amorim" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rita" "apellidos" => "Baltasar" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joana" "apellidos" => "Batista" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yusianmar" "apellidos" => "Borrero" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "João Pedro" "apellidos" => "Fallé" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Igor" "apellidos" => "Faria" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Manuel" "apellidos" => "Henriques" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Helena" "apellidos" => "Maia" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Teresa" "apellidos" => "Fernandes" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mariana" "apellidos" => "Moreira" ] 12 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Susana" "apellidos" => "Moreira" ] 13 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Camila" "apellidos" => "Neves" ] 14 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Ribeiro" ] 15 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Santos" ] 16 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Filipa" "apellidos" => "Silva" ] 17 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Susana" "apellidos" => "Soares" ] 18 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Sousa" ] 19 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joana" "apellidos" => "Vicente" ] 20 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rita" "apellidos" => "Xavier" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The attitudes of family physicians regarding breaking bad news are heterogeneous.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Younger doctors seem to see the delivery of bad news more positively.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This trend suggests that there will be a more open communication in the future.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2444866417300697?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/24448664/0000000200000006/v1_201711081124/S2444866417300697/v1_201711081124/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Is there a T.R.U.M.P. brain? Implications for mental health and world peace" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "247" "paginaFinal" => "249" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Óscar F. Gonçalves, Paulo S. Boggio" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Óscar F." "apellidos" => "Gonçalves" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "goncalves@psi.uminho.pt" ] "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Paulo S." "apellidos" => "Boggio" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Neuropsychphysiology Lab, School of Psychology University of Minho , Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Spaulding Center for Neuromodulation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital – Harvard Medical School, USA" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These are difficult times. Authoritarian regimes and autocratic leaders are emerging around the globe. Puzzled citizens look for explanations from the scientific community. Do clinicians and scientists hold any helpful insights about what has gone wrong in politics? Can they prescribe strategies for counteracting the current pandemic of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Threatening</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reactionary</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Unforgiving</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Machiavellian</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Partisan</span> (T.R.U.M.P.) mindset?</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Personality neuroscience research is helping in identifying mind-brain typologies associated with stable attitudes toward current events and outlook regarding humanity's future on this planet.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Building on these insights, neuroscientists have begun to investigate whether different political attitudes are associated with specific mind-brain markers. In this article, we build on political neuroscience research to briefly illustrate the structure and function of a T.R.U.M.P. mindset pattern.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">T - The neuroscience of a “threatening” political mindset</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from extensive meta-analyses,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> showed that “fear” (in response to threat and death-related anxiety) is a core emotion in political conservatism. Fear prepares the individual for a fight-or-flight response. The greater the fear the more restricted our attentional focus becomes. Our attention becomes highly selective to any potential threats, priming strategies of avoidance or attack. The constant perception of fear is the key element in the development of a “threatening” mindset. Kanai and colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> showed that high levels of conservatism are associated with a larger right amygdala (a region with a central role in fear processing).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall, the induction of fear seems to be responsible for a mind-brain pattern characterized as “threatening”, leading individuals to adopt a right-wing political stance on a liberal-conservative axis.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">R - The neuroscience of a “reactionary” political mindset</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A “reactionary” mind-brain pattern, as illustrated in political conservatism, has been reported as being negatively correlated with attitudes such as openness to experience, uncertainty tolerance and integrative complexity. Interestingly, these psychological variables are associated with specific patterns of brain activity. There is evidence that individuals scoring higher for conservatism are less responsive to stimuli which require the flexibility to change habitual response patterns.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> This was illustrated by decreased activity in the anterior cingulate (a brain region important for decision-making and choosing between alternative outcomes) in response to conflicting stimuli. In other words, a “reactionary” mindset seems to be less sensitive when reacting to novel, ambiguous and complex situations. These findings suggest that a “reactionary” mindset may be less sensitive to the context and more prone to rely on inflexible behavioral patterns. More importantly, a mindset less open to experience is more prone to neuroticism, and therefore more sensitive to threatening cues. The adoption of a “reactionary” mindset leads to the restriction of the attentional focus, and may cause the individual to overestimate the occurrence of dangerous stimuli while underestimating the probability of neutral or safe signs.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">U - The neuroscience of an “unforgiving” political mindset</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An “unforgiving” mind set is dominated by feelings and attitudes of revenge and retaliatory behavior. Revenge was associated with an increased response of the dorsal striatum, a region of the brain commonly associated with reward processing.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> There is therefore evidence to suggest that a subset of individuals with oversensitivity to threat, characterized by increased amygdala activation, compensate by experiencing increased pleasure in revenge and a corresponding spike in striatal activation. If this is the case, a threatening mind-brain set ends up being positively reinforced by the “sweet” dopamine reward of revenge, and consequently an unforgiving attitude toward others. Needless to say, revenge in turn reinforces alertness to possible threats, feeding this interminable vicious circle.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">M - The neuroscience of a “Machiavellian” political mindset</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">So far, we have described a mind-brain pattern strongly characterized by “threatening” (overactive amygdala), “reactionary” (decreased activation in anterior cingulate) and compensating emotionally with an “unforgiving” response (greater reward processing in the dorsal striatum associated with revenge). A fourth element, a “Machiavellian” mindset, is dominated by self-serving narcissistic manipulation.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Machiavellians tend to take better advantage of cooperative partners in a Trust game, with a pattern of activation in regions associated with the inhibition of a pre-potent socioemotional response (such as dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex) and the utilization of competitive/evaluative strategies (in the inferior frontal gyrus)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> showed.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A “Machiavellian” mindset constantly pursues status and wealth relying on maneuvering and manipulation. Machiavellians are particularly skilled in taking advantage of vulnerable and cooperative conspecifics through the activation of brain regions associated with the inhibition of pro-social behavior and an increase in competitive responses.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">P - The neuroscience of a “partisan” political mindset</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Partisan thinking is characterized by a strong in-group allegiance contrasting with the persistence of a negative bias to members of an out-group. A “partisan” mindset discriminates against out-group individuals by stigmatizing them as a source of threat. Consequently, out-group members become the object of manipulation and vengeful attitudes. By contrast, in-group members are treated leniently even when shown engaging in unfair behavior.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Human beings experience an action-perception coupling in which both the actor and the observer tend to share the same neural networks. This seems to be one of the central mechanisms underlying empathy. However, this action-perception coupling seems to be less evident with out-group dyads, particularly in individuals with a “partisan” mindset. These individuals experience difficulties in developing a neural connection with others, even when witnessing suffering. For example, when individuals observe images of out-group members in pain, they have decreased activation in pain-related brain regions compared with in-group faces, typically in the so-called pain matrix – the anterior cingulate and anterior insula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">How to counteract the T.R.U.M.P. mindset?</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relevant question now for the socially responsible psychologist, clinician and citizen is to know if there is anything we can do to counteract the current T.R.U.M.P. mind-brain pandemic. Fortunately, there is now abundant evidence that our brains are highly plastic, and can adapt in response to psychological, social and contextual changes. We will briefly illustrate three take-home messages that are well grounded in both clinical evidence and neuroscientific research.</p><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Modifying the attentional biases</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A “threatening” mindset can be counteracted by persistently redirecting attention away from “danger/fear” toward cues of “safety”. Clinical interventions such as “Attentional Bias Modification” are effective in decreasing the state of vigilance, increasing positive search and reverting the brain changes caused by over-anxiety.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Providing a nurturing environment</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The importance of nurturing contexts in reversing the neurotoxic effects of chronic and acute stress has been repeatedly demonstrated. Interventions intended to promote kindness, gratitude and optimism (e.g., “Positive activity intervention”), are particularly effective in reducing some characteristics of T.R.U.M.P. mindset (e.g., threatening, unforgiving).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Increasing interpersonal sensitivity</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally, exposing individuals to diverse interpersonal contexts and providing training in empathy may help to increase out-group sensitivity and prevent the growth of narcissistic, vengeful and manipulative attitudes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As political neuroscience comes of age, we are gaining a clearer understanding of some of the mind-brain characteristics behind different political attitudes. More importantly, we are starting to understand the mechanisms responsible for a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Threatening</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reactionary</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Unforgiving</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Machiavellian</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Partisan</span> (T.R.U.M.P.) mind-brain pattern. But above all, by building on evidence from psychology and neuroscience we can start to design strategies to promote a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Giving</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Affectionate, Nurturing, Decentered, Humanistic and Interpersonal</span> brain (G.A.N.D.H.I.). Given the “coincidence” of this acronym, let us close with the wise reminder by Mahatma Gandhi: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">“An eye for an eye will leave the whole world blind</span>”.</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres936409" "titulo" => "Highlights" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres936410" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec910502" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "T - The neuroscience of a “threatening” political mindset" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "R - The neuroscience of a “reactionary” political mindset" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "U - The neuroscience of an “unforgiving” political mindset" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "M - The neuroscience of a “Machiavellian” political mindset" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "P - The neuroscience of a “partisan” political mindset" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "How to counteract the T.R.U.M.P. mindset?" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Modifying the attentional biases" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Providing a nurturing environment" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Increasing interpersonal sensitivity" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-04-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-05-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec910502" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Political neurosciences" 1 => "Personality neurosciences" 2 => "Conservatism" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "highlights" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific mind-brain processes are associated with political attitudes.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risks of a T.R.U.M.P. mindset are highlighted.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An alternative G.A.N.D.H.I. mindset is suggested.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neuroscientists have begun to investigate whether different political attitudes are associated with specific mind-brain markers. In this article, we build on political neuroscience research to briefly illustrate the structure and function of a Threatening, Reactionary, Unforgiving, Machiavellian, and Partisan (T.R.U.M.P.) mindset. Additionally, we discussed, building on neuroscience and clinical evidence, how to counteract the T.R.U.M.P. mindset.</p></span>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Brain correlates of pro-social personality traits: a voxel-based morphometry study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J.F. Coutinho" 1 => "A. Sampaio" 2 => "M. Ferreira" 3 => "J.M. Soares" 4 => "O.F. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2024 September | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2024 August | 21 | 9 | 30 |
| 2024 July | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2024 June | 22 | 6 | 28 |
| 2024 May | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2024 April | 19 | 10 | 29 |
| 2024 March | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2024 February | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2024 January | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2023 December | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| 2023 November | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2023 October | 40 | 11 | 51 |
| 2023 September | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2023 August | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2023 July | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2023 June | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| 2023 May | 45 | 3 | 48 |
| 2023 April | 36 | 0 | 36 |
| 2023 March | 40 | 3 | 43 |
| 2023 February | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2023 January | 22 | 9 | 31 |
| 2022 December | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| 2022 November | 34 | 15 | 49 |
| 2022 October | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2022 September | 21 | 18 | 39 |
| 2022 August | 30 | 10 | 40 |
| 2022 July | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2022 June | 22 | 12 | 34 |
| 2022 May | 16 | 9 | 25 |
| 2022 April | 26 | 9 | 35 |
| 2022 March | 31 | 13 | 44 |
| 2022 February | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2022 January | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2021 December | 24 | 13 | 37 |
| 2021 November | 26 | 13 | 39 |
| 2021 October | 31 | 17 | 48 |
| 2021 September | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2021 August | 12 | 20 | 32 |
| 2021 July | 8 | 14 | 22 |
| 2021 June | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2021 May | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2021 April | 53 | 31 | 84 |
| 2021 March | 25 | 10 | 35 |
| 2021 February | 23 | 15 | 38 |
| 2021 January | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| 2020 December | 29 | 16 | 45 |
| 2020 November | 19 | 17 | 36 |
| 2020 October | 18 | 12 | 30 |
| 2020 September | 27 | 14 | 41 |
| 2020 August | 28 | 17 | 45 |
| 2020 July | 41 | 18 | 59 |
| 2020 June | 31 | 16 | 47 |
| 2020 May | 40 | 10 | 50 |
| 2020 April | 28 | 10 | 38 |
| 2020 March | 30 | 6 | 36 |
| 2020 February | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2020 January | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2019 December | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2019 November | 24 | 6 | 30 |
| 2019 October | 30 | 9 | 39 |
| 2019 September | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| 2019 August | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2019 July | 26 | 4 | 30 |
| 2019 June | 42 | 32 | 74 |
| 2019 May | 73 | 4 | 77 |
| 2019 April | 33 | 1 | 34 |
| 2019 March | 73 | 6 | 79 |
| 2019 February | 43 | 4 | 47 |
| 2019 January | 59 | 6 | 65 |
| 2018 December | 44 | 2 | 46 |
| 2018 November | 33 | 8 | 41 |
| 2018 October | 64 | 8 | 72 |
| 2018 September | 42 | 1 | 43 |
| 2018 August | 43 | 26 | 69 |
| 2018 July | 40 | 13 | 53 |
| 2018 June | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2018 May | 35 | 19 | 54 |
| 2018 April | 74 | 30 | 104 |
| 2018 March | 92 | 36 | 128 |
| 2018 February | 69 | 33 | 102 |
| 2018 January | 37 | 20 | 57 |
| 2017 December | 26 | 24 | 50 |
| 2017 November | 23 | 27 | 50 |
| 2017 October | 1 | 13 | 14 |
| 2017 September | 1 | 15 | 16 |
| 2017 August | 0 | 12 | 12 |
| 2017 July | 0 | 13 | 13 |
| 2017 June | 2 | 14 | 16 |
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