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Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 502-511 (January 2003)
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Vol. 46. Issue 11.
Pages 502-511 (January 2003)
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Carcinogénesis genitomamaria
Genito-mammary carcinogenesis
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M.T. Martína,*, J. Civettab
a Consultora de los Servicios de Ginecología y Oncología. Miembro del Comité de Tumores del Hospital J.R. Vidal. Corrientes
b Servicio de Cirugía Oncológica. Consultor del Servicio de Oncología. Miembro del Comité de Tumores del Hospital J.R. Vidal. Corrientes. Argentina
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Resumen

Numerosos informes de investigadores demuestran que, en los mecanismos de la carcinogénesis del tracto genitomamario, participan eventos moleculares comunes a la carcinogénesis en general, tanto en las etapas de iniciación (alteraciones del genoma), como en la promoción y progresión (factores de crecimiento, enzimas que degradan las matrices, angiogénesis, etc.). No obstante, existen algunos aspectos particulares que son propios de determinadas localizaciones en los órganos del tema que nos ocupa.

Existen factores clínicos de riesgo en la carcinogénesis mamaria, como la obesidad, la diabetes, el estatus hormonal y la paridad, donde los investigadores han logrado desentrañar los mecanismos moleculares que participan en cada una de estas condiciones clínicas. En relación con la predisposición heredofamiliar, se destaca la mutación de los genes BRCA 1 y BRCA 2, que en su estado normal participan en la reparación del genoma dañado. La acción hormonal, especialmente de los estrógenos, se vincula a la transcripción de genes que codifican para factores de crecimiento. Se ha demostrado que algunos de estos factores y carcinógenos ambientales se excretan a través de la leche durante la lactación, pudiendo ocasionar daños genómicos en los ductos mamarios. En lo que respecta al cáncer cervical, la infección por el virus del papiloma humano, en sus tipos 16 y 18, representa un factor etiológico ampliamente reconocido. Las infecciones bacterianas del tracto genitourinario inducen a la formación de nitrosaminas, que representan un importante carcinógeno químico al igual que los metabolitos del tabaco.

En el cáncer de ovario esporádico se pudo constatar mayores mutaciones en los genes K-ras, erb-B2 y p53, en tanto que en los heredofamiliares predominan las mutaciones de los genes BRCA 1 y BRCA 2. La hormona foliculostimulante (como factor de crecimiento) se ha involucrado en la génesis de esta afección, por lo que podría significar un factor de riesgo en las terapias inductoras de ovulación.

El cáncer endometrial, en el 70% de los casos, es hormonodependiente, especialmente en mujeres jóvenes con niveles elevados d e receptores a estrógenos y a la hormona luteinizante/gonadotropina coriónica humana. El tamoxifeno ejercería su acción proliferativa (estrógeno-agonista), induciendo la expresión del gen C-fos. La escasa expresión de los gene supresores h.MLH1, p16 y PTEN, en estadios avanzados de endometriosis, representa un factor de riesgo para la transformación maligna. En cuanto al carcinoma de la vulva, existe una importante asociación con la presencia de tipos virales de AR del virus del papiloma humano, especialmente en mujeres jóvenes, en tanto que en las añosas, el liquen escleroso representa la enfermedad asociada con más frecuencia.

Palabras Clave:
Carcinogénesis del tracto genitomamario
Aspectos moleculares
Summary

In genital tract and mammary gland, many reports have demostrated that molecular changes took place as part of carcinogenic mechanisms, which are common with general carcinogenesis events, even in the initiation (genomic alterations), as well as in the promotion and progression steps (growth factors, matrix degradation enzymes, angiogenesis, etc.). Even though, there are some particular aspects that are specific for certain tissues, and we will try to describe them.

There are clinical risk factors in women breast carcinogenesis such as: obesity, diabetes, hormonal status and number of children, in which researches have elucidated the molecular events that participate in each one of these clinical conditions. Related to hereditary predisposition, it can be found mutations in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 genes (which in normal status behave as part of the DNA damage reparation system). Hormonal action, specially estrogens activity, can be related to transcription of genes coding for growth factors. It has been demonstrated that growth factors and environmental carcinogens are secreted through maternal milk causing genomic damage in mammary ductus. In relation to cervical carcinoma, papilloma virus infection, especially types 16 and 18, are etiological agents widely recognized. Bacterial infections of female genital tract induce nitrosamines formation, which are chemical carcinogens as well as tobacco metabolites.

In sporadic ovarian cancer, it could be shown mutations in K-ras, erbB2 and p53 genes. On the other hand, familial carcinomas, predominantly exhibit mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA 2. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (as a growth factor) has been involved in the initiation of pathology, hence, the use of ovulation induction therapies, may represent a risk factor.

Seventy percent of endometrial cancers are hormone dependent, specially youg women bearing high levels of estrogens and LH/hCG receptors. Tamoxifen acts as a growth promoter (estrogenagonist) inducing the expression of c-fos gene. The low expression of tumor supressor genes (hMLH1, p16 and PTEN) in advanced endometriosis represents a risk factor for malignant transformation. In relation to vulvar carcinoma, there are an association between high risk types of papillomavirus, especially in young women, whereas in older ones, the liquen sclerosus represents the most frequent associated pathology.

Key Words:
Carcinogenesis
Genital tract
Mammary gland
Molecular events
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Copyright © 2003. Sociedad Española de Ginecología y Obstetricia
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