Presencia de cadmio y plomo en sangre total, suero y plasma de cordón umbilical de la embarazada y su relación con el hábito fumador

Article information

Resumen

Objetivos

En una primera etapa, el objetivo de este estudio era determinar los contenidos de cadmio (Cd) y plomo (Pb) en sangre, suero y plasma de cordaón umbilical de mujeres embarazadas fumadoras, no fumadoras y ex fumadoras. Seguidamente, y teniendo en cuenta el carácter tóxico de ambos elementos, el objetivo era evaluar la incidencia que su presencia puede tener en relación con los efectos adversos obstétricos y perinatales.

Pacientes y métodos

El estudio se realizó con un total de 73 mujeres: 22 eran fumadoras, 48 no fumadoras y 3 ex fumadoras. Para la determinación de los citados metales se utilizaron técnicas electroanalíticas de exactitud y precisión comprobadas. Los resultados fueron corroborados con los obtenidos utilizando la técnica de espectrofotometría de absorción atómica con horno de grafito.

Resultados

El estudio aquí presentado muestra que las concentraciones de cadmio y plomo en sangre, suero y plasma de cordón umbilical son significativamente más altas en las mujeres fumadoras. Tambien se ha observado que los valores de tóxicos aumentan a medida que se consume un mayor número de cigarrillos, y esta correlación es superior en el caso del plomo. Asimismo, según la bibliografía consultada, los valores medios de metales detectados en sangre de cordón umbilical son inferiores a los correspondientes valores medios encontrados en sangre materna, lo que induce a pensar en el efecto filtrante de la placenta.

Conclusiones

Se ha demostrado que la presencia de estos metales tóxicos en la sangre del cordón umbilical es superior en las gestantes con hábito fumador. En el presente estudio no se ha encontrado correlación alguna entre el hábito fumador de la madre y el test de Apgar del recién nacido.

Palabras Clave:

Cordón umbilical

Cadmio

Plomo

Análisis

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was firstly to determine cadmium and lead content in blood, serum and plasma from the umbilical cords of pregnant smokers, nonsmokers and exsmokers. Given the toxic character of both elements, a second aim was to evaluate the possible incidence of their presence in relation to adverse obstetric and perinatal effects.

Patients and methods

The study was carried out in 73 women: 22 smokers, 48 nonsmokers and 3 former smokers. To determine cadmium and lead content, electroanalytical techniques of proven reliability and accuracy were used. The results were corroborated with those obtained using the atomic adsorption spectrophotometry technique with graphite furnace.

Results

Cadmium and lead concentrations in blood, serum and plasma from umbilical cord were significantly higher in smokers. Toxic levels increased with the number of cigarettes smoked and this correlation was closer in the case of lead. Likewise, the mean values of metals detected in umbilical cord blood were lower than the corresponding mean values in maternal blood reported in the literature consulted, suggesting a filtration effect of the placenta.

Conclusions

The present study shows that presence of these toxic metals in umbilical cord blood is higher in pregnant women who smoke. No correlation was found between smoking and the newborn baby’s Apgar test.

Key words:

Umbilical cord

Cadmium

Lead

Analysis

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