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Update in Radiology
Available online 25 September 2024
The legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the European Union: A practical guide for radiologists
La regulación legal de la inteligencia artificial en la Unión Europea: guía práctica para radiólogos
Á. Morales Santosa,
Corresponding author
amoraleslezama@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, S. Lojo Lendoirob, M. Rovira Cañellasc, P. Valdés Solísd
a Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
b Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Xeral, Vigo, Spain
c Servicio de Radiología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain
Received 13 October 2023. Accepted 26 November 2023
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Table 1. Relevant European Union (EU) regulation.
Table 2. Checklist for the general requirements of the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act.
Table 3. Levels of automation and oversight in radiology.
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Abstract

The European Union is taking the lead globally on the regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and developing important legislation, namely the AI Act. The purpose of this article is to describe this regulation and examine three implications that will affect radiologists. In relation to the’ risk approach’, AI applications in radiology will be classified as high risk, thus necessitating compliance with a series of requirements and obligations. Secondly,’ effective radiologist supervision’ involves establishing supervision-automation levels, defining an appropriate degree of authority, and determining how AI recommendations will be documented in the radiological report. Finally, this article examines the different forms of’ legal liability’ that radiologists may incur in the event of a diagnostic error made by combined radiologist-artificial intelligence.

Keywords:
Radiology
Diagnostic Imaging
Artificial intelligence
Algorithms
European Union
Legal liability
Government regulation
Resumen

La Unión Europea, está liderando a nivel global la regulación legal de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) y desarrollando una importante actividad legislativa; entre la que destaca la Ley de IA. El propósito de este artículo es dar a conocer esta normativa y analizar tres implicaciones prácticas que van a tener que gestionar los radiólogos. En relación al “enfoque de riesgos”, las aplicaciones de IA en radiología van a ser clasificadas como de alto riesgo, lo cual conlleva el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos y obligaciones. En segundo lugar, la “supervisión efectiva del radiólogo” implica establecer niveles de supervisión- automatización, su grado de autoridad y, definir cómo se van a documentar las recomendaciones de la IA en el informe radiológico. Por último, se examinan las formas de “responsabilidad legal” en las que puede incurrir el radiólogo en el supuesto de que el binomio radiólogo-inteligencia artificial cometa un error diagnóstico.

Palabras clave:
Radiología
Diagnóstico por imagen
Inteligencia artificial
Algoritmos
Unión Europea
Responsabilidad legal
Regulación gubernamental

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