Cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running with and without horizontal displacement at different cadences

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Relato do caso" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:3 [ "en" => true "es" => true "pt" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1660 "Ancho" => 1061 "Tamanyo" => 102915 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Fluorescence and bright field microscopy images. A macrophage can be seen along with several abnormal sperm in bright field (A). Fluorescence microscopy shows, in the same field, how several of these sperm cells are undergoing necrosis; moreover, several sperm cells (red color) have been phagocitized by the macrophage (B). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "D. Vaamonde, M.E. Da Silva-Grigoletto, J.M. Fernandez, C. Algar-Santacruz, J.M. García-Manso" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Vaamonde" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.E." "apellidos" => "Da Silva-Grigoletto" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Fernandez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Algar-Santacruz" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." 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"apellidos" => "Kanitz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ana_kanitz@yahoo.com.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G.V." "apellidos" => "Liedtke" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "S.S." "apellidos" => "Pinto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.L." "apellidos" => "Alberton" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L.F.M." "apellidos" => "Kruel" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "School of Physical education, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Respuestas cardiorrespiratorias de la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento horizontal y en diferentes cadencias" ] "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante a corrida em piscina funda com e sem deslocamento horizontal em diferentes ritmos" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1091 "Ancho" => 1627 "Tamanyo" => 67468 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Ventilation (Ve) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p≤0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p≤0.05)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe study of cardiorespiratory responses in aquatic exercise has gained attention in recent years, mainly to improve the prescription of these activities. Swimming, water-based exercise and deep water running can be highlighted as activities developed in an aquatic environment. Such activities have been recommended due to their physical fitness benefits,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> lower cardiovascular demand<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,3</a> and reduced impact on the joints of the lower limbs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4–9</a>Deep water running is performed with the aid of a floatation vest that keeps the individual upright and does not allow the feet to rest on the bottom of the pool.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> This exercise can be performed with or without displacement. Moreover, deep water running can be an effective form of cardiovascular conditioning for both injured athletes and individuals who need aerobic exercise without impact on the joints of the lower limbs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a>Several studies have shown that exercise involving vertical displacement, such water-based exercise, and an increase in cadence result in a rise in angular velocity and, consequently, oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,12–15</a> These responses also have been found with increasing linear velocity in horizontal displacement exercises, such as water walking.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16–20</a> However, in deep water running, it is not yet clear which factors directly influence the increase in cardiorespiratory responses at submaximal intensities. According to studies previously cited, the increase in exercise intensity, either by cadence (angular velocity) or speed (linear velocity), maximizes the cardiorespiratory response, largely because the drag force increases with the increase in velocity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>Furthermore, an increase in the projected frontal area increases the resistance of the movement, contributing to elevated cardiorespiratory responses. In deep water running, resistance can be increased by using different arm movements<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a> and alternating running with and without displacement.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> In this way, Kanitz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> compared deep water running with and without displacement in a submaximal cadence of 80bpm. The authors observed no significant differences in VO2, energy expenditure (EE) or perceived exertion (PE) and stated that the low linear velocity of horizontal displacement at a submaximal cadence (80bpm) may have contributed to the resistance, which was maximized to influence other variables.Although there is interest in evaluating cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running, there are few studies that have analyzed responses to different intensities and execution forms. There are many factors that influence cardiorespiratory variables during water immersion, causing different physiological responses or varying interpretations in study conclusions. It is important to highlight these influences so that fitness professionals can appropriately prescribe exercises performed in an aquatic environment.Due to the growing number of participants in varying types of water exercise, it is necessary to understand the physiological responses so that water exercise programs, such as deep water running, can be adapted to the goals of the participants. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses for young women during deep water running with and without displacement at different cadences.MethodsSubjectsThe sample was composed of twelve young, physically active women between 19 and 26 years of age. Subjects were selected through verbal invitation to scholarship holders within a community project coordinated by the School of Physical Education at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (ESEF/UFRGS). The sample size was calculated in PEPI (Version 4.0) at a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 90%. Subject characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>All participants read and signed the informed consent form. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS: No. 2008192). For inclusion in the sample, the candidates had to be healthy, to be non-smokers, and not currently be taking medications. In addition, all subjects were participating in a community project of deep water running for at least six months as teachers and/or instructors of this modality.Experimental proceduresAll subjects attended a session where they signed the informed consent form and completed the personal data form, and both weight and height were recorded. In addition, a familiarization session and two exercise sessions were scheduled for each subject. The order of the exercise sessions was randomized, and, for every subject, a minimum of 48h was scheduled between each session.All sessions were held in the Swimming Center at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in a deep pool measuring 16m wide, 25m long and 2m deep. The water was maintained at a temperature of 30°C, which is considered thermally neutral for water-based exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> In the familiarization session, the correct technique for deep water running with the floatation vest in two execution forms (with and without displacement) was demonstrated well as was the cadences used in the tests, Borg's Scale (6–20) and the neoprene mask used for gas collection.The exercise sessions consisted of performing deep water running with and without horizontal displacement for 4min at three submaximal cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm), which were reproduced with the aid of a digital metronome (model MA-30, KORG). The cadence order and execution form (with and without displacement) were randomized. The test without displacement was performed with one end of a cable attached to the subject through the floatation vest and the other end fixed at the pool's edge. We asked the subjects to maintain stride amplitude during the entire test, and subjects were assisted through visual feedback from the researcher. The participants were asked not to eat or consume stimulants during the 3h prior to each test. In addition, subjects were asked not to practice heavy physical exercise 12h prior to the tests.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a>Before each test, subjects remained at rest in a supine position for 30min to assess the at-rest VO2. To ensure that all subjects started the tests with the same metabolic status, the values of the initial at-rest VO2 were used as a reference point for the remaining VO2 values during the test. Following the rest period, the first exercise test began at a determined cadence and execution form. The subject then rested long enough for the VO2 values to lower to that of the initial at-rest VO2. Exercise was then performed again using the same execution form, but a different cadence. The subject rested again, and then, the final exercise test was performed using the same execution form and the last cadence (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>HR, VO2 and ventilation (Ve) were collected every 10s during the two test sessions. A frequency meter (Polar, model FS1) was used to measure HR. A portable gas analyser (INBRAMED, model VO2000) was used to determine VO2 and Ve. The equipment was calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions prior to each collection. Immediately following the end of the exercise, RPE was collected according to the Borg-6-20 RPE scale.Data treatmentDuring the rest period prior to each test, the mean value obtained for the last 3min of VO2 was calculated. For each test, the average of the VO2, Ve and HR values were obtained between the third and fourth minutes.Statistical analysisDescriptive statistics were used for data analysis, and the data are reported as the mean±SD. The Shapiro–Wilk test for normality was used. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to identify whether each subject started the exercise tests with cardiorespiratory responses similar to those at rest (factors were moment and day) and to determine significant differences in the cardiorespiratory variables (factors were execution form and cadence). Statistical significance was established as α=0.05, and the SPSS (Version 20.0) statistical package was employed.ResultsThe resting VO2 values are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. The results showed that the individuals began the exercise sessions with a similar metabolic status, indicating that the magnitude of the responses found during the exercise tests can be attributed to the effort required to complete them.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The pattern of the cardiorespiratory variables during exercise performed in both execution forms at each cadence is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2–6</a>. According to the results, we can note that, with the increase in cadence, there is a significant increase in HR (p<0.001), Ve (p<0.001), RPE (p<0.001) and both absolute (p<0.001) and relative VO2 (p<0.001). Furthermore, we found significantly higher values for Ve (p=0.007), PE (p=0.054) and both absolute (p=0.047) and relative VO2 (p=0.028) during deep water running with displacement when compared to running without displacement. There was no significant difference between the two execution forms (p=0.065) for HR.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionAccording to the results, the cadence significantly influenced all the variables, and the values of the cardiorespiratory variables increased with the increase in cadence. Similar results are observed in exercise without horizontal displacement, such as water-based exercise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005">1,12–14</a> Alberton et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> found that cardiorespiratory responses (%HRmax and %VO2max) increased with increasing cadence during stationary running. The authors used the same cadences as those used in the present study, which were 60, 80 and 100bpm. Similar results were observed by Raffaelli et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> who evaluated the VO2, Ve, HR and RPE responses of five water-based exercises at different cadences (110–120bpm, 120–130bpm and 130–140bpm) and observed a significant increase in these variables with increasing cadence.In exercises with horizontal displacement, such as water walking, these results occur with increasing linear speed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">18,19,25–27</a> Hall et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> evaluated the HR and VO2 responses during submaximal exercise on a water treadmill. The tests were performed at speeds of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5kmh−1. The cardiorespiratory variables increased linearly with an increase in the speed of the exercise. Shono et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> evaluated HR, VO2 and EE during water walking at speeds of 20, 30, 40 and 50mmin−1. The authors observed an exponential increase in these variables with the increase in speed.These responses occur due to the increase in corporal velocity in relation to the water, which leads to a large increase in resistance. This greater drag force can be explained by the fact that the velocity (s) is squared and directly proportional to the resistance (R), which can be represented as a general fluid equation (R=0.5. ρAs2Cd).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> Thus, the increase in speed causes greater resistance to forward motion and, consequently, results in an increase in exercise intensity, maximizing the cardiorespiratory response and RPE.Moreover, the results showed that the displacement effect significantly influenced the VO2, Ve and RPE variables, resulting in higher values for deep water running with displacement when compared to running without displacement. Deep water running performed with horizontal displacement results in a larger projected area than running without horizontal displacement, particularly as horizontal displacement involves the trunk segment as the projected area in addition to segments of the thigh and leg. Thus, as the velocity, the projected area (A) is also directly related to increases in the resistance to the advancement (R).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>Similar results were found by Alberton et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a> who observed that responses for HR and VO2 were greater for water aerobics exercises with the greatest projected area in the same cadence of execution (60bpm). The exercise frontal kick to 90° with horizontal shoulders flexion and extension showed significantly higher values, while the jumping jacks with arms pushing alternately to the front showed significantly lower values. The authors suggest that these responses are related to different projected areas of each exercise, different muscle mass involved and varying range of motion. In a study by Cassady and Nielsen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> the authors observed that the subjects reached a higher intensity when performing water exercise, with the lower limbs at each cadence tested when compared to exercise performed with the upper limbs. The authors suggest that this result occurred due to greater lower limb length, representing a higher projected area in relation to the upper limbs.However, Kanitz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> did not find a significant difference between deep water running with and without displacement in cardiorespiratory responses at a cadence of 80bpm. The authors believe that, despite the increased resistance to exercise with horizontal displacement, the lower displacement velocity may have contributed to submaximal resistance, which influences the variables. However, in the present study, differences between the displacement forms were observed for all cadences, including 80bpm. This difference between studies may be due to the higher sample size in the present study (12 subjects) compared to the results of Kanitz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">3</a> who recruited only six subjects.Nevertheless, in the present study, HR did not show significant differences between the execution forms with and without displacement. It is believed that with a larger sample size (only seven subjects were available for analysis due to problems encountered with the HR monitor), we would have detected significant differences because the p value was marginally significant (p=0.065).Based on results from the present study, we can conclude that the cardiorespiratory responses and rating of perceived exertion can be maximized by increasing the performance cadence. Moreover, deep water running performed with displacement shows higher responses when compared to running without displacement for oxygen uptake, ventilation and rating of perceived exertion. Therefore, it is suggested that, according to the goals of a given deep water running class, instructors can use varying velocities and forms of displacement. For example, an interval class could alternate deep water running without displacement that has a perceived exertion of 11 (light – perceived exertion for the 60bpm cadence) with deep water running with displacement that has a perceived exertion of 17 (very hard – perceived exertion for the 80bpm cadence).Conflict of interestThe authors declare to have no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres848305" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843357" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres848303" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843359" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres848304" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusãos" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843358" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Experimental procedures" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Data treatment" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack284529" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-03-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-07-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:3 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843357" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aquatic environment" 1 => "Young women" 2 => "Heart rate" 3 => "Ventilation" 4 => "Oxygen uptake" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843359" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Ambiente acuático" 1 => "Mujeres jóvenes" 2 => "Frecuencia cardíaca" 3 => "Ventilación" 4 => "Consumo de oxígeno" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec843358" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Ambiente aquático" 1 => "Mulheres jovens" 2 => "Frequência cardíaca" 3 => "Ventilação" 4 => "Consumo de oxigênio" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:3 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveTo compare the cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running with and without displacement at different cadences. MethodsTwelve young women performed deep water running with and without displacement during 4min at three separate cadences: (a) 60bpm; (b) 80bpm; and (c) 100bpm. The heart rate (HR), ventilation (Ve) and oxygen uptake (VO2) were collected in the last minute of each test. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used with Bonferroni's post hoc test (p<0.05) to compare variables. ResultsThe results showed a significant increase in all variables as the cadence increased (HR: p<0.001; Ve: p<0.001; VO2: p<0.001). In addition, the VO2 and Ve values were significantly higher for deep water running with displacement compared to running without displacement (VO2: p=0.047; Ve: p=0.007). However, there was no significant difference in HR with and without displacement (p=0.065). ConclusionsThe results indicate that the increase in both cadence and displacement results in significant cardiorespiratory responses as a result of deep water running. This finding is important for adapting exercise prescription to the goals of participants." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Objetivocomparar las respuestas cardiorrespiratorias durante la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento horizontal y a diferentes cadencias. MétodoDoce mujeres jóvenes realizaron la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento durante cuatro minutos a tres cadencias diferentes: a) 60 bpm, b) 80 bpm, y c) 100 bpm. La frecuencia cardíaca (FC), la ventilación (VE) y el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) se recogieron en el último minuto de cada prueba. ANOVA de dos vías para medidas repetidas con post hoc de Bonferroni (p<0,05) se utilizaron para comparar las variables. ResultadosLos resultados mostraron un aumento significativo en todas las variables con el aumento de la cadencia (FC: p<0,001; Ve: p<0,001; VO2: p<0,001). Además, los valores de VO2 y Ve fueron significativamente mayores para la carrera en aguas profundas que se ejecuta con desplazamiento en comparación con la realizada sin desplazamiento (VO2: p=0,047; Ve: p=0,007). Sin embargo, no hubo diferencia significativa en FC con y sin desplazamiento (p=0,065). ConclusionesLos resultados indican que el incremento de la cadencia y el desplazamiento proporcionan importantes respuestas cardiorrespiratorias en la carrera en aguas profundas. Este hallazgo es importante para la adaptación de la prescripción de ejercicio de acuerdo con los objetivos de los participantes." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "Objetivocomparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante corrida em piscina funda profunda com e sem deslocamento horizontal em diferentes ritmos. MétodosDoze mulheres jovens realizaram corrida aquática com e sem deslocamento durante quatro minutos, em três ritmos distintos: a) 60 bpm; b) 80 bpm; e c) 100 bpm. A frequência cardíaca (FC), ventilação (VE) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO2) foram coletados no último minuto de cada teste. Two-way ANOVA para medidas repetidas foi utilizada com o teste post hoc Bonferroni's (p<0,05) para comparar as variáveis. ResultadosOs resultados mostraram aumentos significativos em todas as variáveis conforme o aumento do ritmo (FC: p<0,001; VE: p<0,001; VO2: p<0,001). Além disso, os valores de VO2 e VE foram significativamente maiores para corrida aquática com deslocamento em relação à corrida sem deslocamento (VO2: p=0,047; VE: p=0,007). No entanto, não houve diferença significativa na FC com e sem deslocamento (p=0,065). ConclusãosOs resultados indicam que o aumento do ritmo e deslocamento proporcionam importantes respostas cardiorrespiratórias na corrida em piscina funda. Este achado é importante para adaptar a prescrição de exercícios conforme os objetivos dos participantes." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusãos" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1310 "Ancho" => 1549 "Tamanyo" => 133908 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Protocol for the exercise sessions." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1109 "Ancho" => 1609 "Tamanyo" => 65203 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Heart rate (HR) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p≤0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p≤0.05)." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1091 "Ancho" => 1627 "Tamanyo" => 67468 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Ventilation (Ve) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p≤0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p≤0.05)." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1118 "Ancho" => 1628 "Tamanyo" => 71211 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Absolute oxygen uptake (VO2) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p≤0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p≤0.05)." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1126 "Ancho" => 1642 "Tamanyo" => 70512 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relative oxygen uptake (VO2) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p≤0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p≤0.05)." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1111 "Ancho" => 1618 "Tamanyo" => 67340 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Rating perceived of exertion (RPE) behavior at different cadences (60, 80 and 100bpm) and different execution forms (with and without displacement). Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms (p≤0.05). *represents statistically significant difference between execution forms (p≤0.05)." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Age (y) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Body mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">Height (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">161.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">BMI (kgm−2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">HRmax (bpm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">190.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">VO2max (mlkg−1min−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1431687.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean and standard deviation (SD) of physical characteristics, including age, body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Times \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1 Day</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2 Day</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Times \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Time×day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="middle">VO2 (lmin−1)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Rest 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Rest 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.517 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.167 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.451 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Rest 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1431688.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Oxygen uptake (VO2) values in two days of test (1 day; 2 day) and at different times of day (Rest1; Rest2; Rest3)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cardiorespiratory responses of healthy subjects to calisthenics performed on land versus in water" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => 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"vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18887546/0000000700000004/v3_201706020246/S1888754614000082/v3_201706020246/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "29801" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Originales" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18887546/0000000700000004/v3_201706020246/S1888754614000082/v3_201706020246/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1888754614000082?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Respuestas cardiorrespiratorias de la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento horizontal y en diferentes cadencias

Respostas cardiorrespiratórias durante a corrida em piscina funda com e sem deslocamento horizontal em diferentes ritmos

A.C. Kanitza,

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ana_kanitz@yahoo.com.br

Corresponding author.

, G.V. Liedtkea, S.S. Pintob, C.L. Albertonb, L.F.M. Kruela

a Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

b School of Physical education, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil

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Moreover&#44; deep water running can be an effective form of cardiovascular conditioning for both injured athletes and individuals who need aerobic exercise without impact on the joints of the lower limbs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have shown that exercise involving vertical displacement&#44; such water-based exercise&#44; and an increase in cadence result in a rise in angular velocity and&#44; consequently&#44; oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; and heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;12&#8211;15</span></a> These responses also have been found with increasing linear velocity in horizontal displacement exercises&#44; such as water walking&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#8211;20</span></a> However&#44; in deep water running&#44; it is not yet clear which factors directly influence the increase in cardiorespiratory responses at submaximal intensities&#46; According to studies previously cited&#44; the increase in exercise intensity&#44; either by cadence &#40;angular velocity&#41; or speed &#40;linear velocity&#41;&#44; maximizes the cardiorespiratory response&#44; largely because the drag force increases with the increase in velocity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; an increase in the projected frontal area increases the resistance of the movement&#44; contributing to elevated cardiorespiratory responses&#46; In deep water running&#44; resistance can be increased by using different arm movements<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and alternating running with and without displacement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In this way&#44; Kanitz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> compared deep water running with and without displacement in a submaximal cadence of 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#46; The authors observed no significant differences in VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; energy expenditure &#40;EE&#41; or perceived exertion &#40;PE&#41; and stated that the low linear velocity of horizontal displacement at a submaximal cadence &#40;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41; may have contributed to the resistance&#44; which was maximized to influence other variables&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there is interest in evaluating cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running&#44; there are few studies that have analyzed responses to different intensities and execution forms&#46; There are many factors that influence cardiorespiratory variables during water immersion&#44; causing different physiological responses or varying interpretations in study conclusions&#46; It is important to highlight these influences so that fitness professionals can appropriately prescribe exercises performed in an aquatic environment&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the growing number of participants in varying types of water exercise&#44; it is necessary to understand the physiological responses so that water exercise programs&#44; such as deep water running&#44; can be adapted to the goals of the participants&#46; Thus&#44; the aim of the present study was to compare cardiorespiratory responses for young women during deep water running with and without displacement at different cadences&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Subjects</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sample was composed of twelve young&#44; physically active women between 19 and 26 years of age&#46; Subjects were selected through verbal invitation to scholarship holders within a community project coordinated by the School of Physical Education at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul &#40;ESEF&#47;UFRGS&#41;&#46; The sample size was calculated in PEPI &#40;Version 4&#46;0&#41; at a significance level of 0&#46;05 and a power of 90&#37;&#46; Subject characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All participants read and signed the informed consent form&#46; The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul &#40;UFRGS&#58; No&#46; 2008192&#41;&#46; For inclusion in the sample&#44; the candidates had to be healthy&#44; to be non-smokers&#44; and not currently be taking medications&#46; In addition&#44; all subjects were participating in a community project of deep water running for at least six months as teachers and&#47;or instructors of this modality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Experimental procedures</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All subjects attended a session where they signed the informed consent form and completed the personal data form&#44; 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the correct technique for deep water running with the floatation vest in two execution forms &#40;with and without displacement&#41; was demonstrated well as was the cadences used in the tests&#44; Borg&#39;s Scale &#40;6&#8211;20&#41; and the neoprene mask used for gas collection&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exercise sessions consisted of performing deep water running with and without horizontal displacement for 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at three submaximal cadences &#40;60&#44; 80 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41;&#44; which were reproduced with the aid of a digital metronome &#40;model MA-30&#44; KORG&#41;&#46; The cadence order and execution form &#40;with and without displacement&#41; were randomized&#46; The test without displacement was performed with one end of a cable attached to the subject through the floatation vest and the other end fixed at the pool&#39;s edge&#46; We asked the subjects to maintain stride amplitude during the entire test&#44; and subjects were assisted through visual feedback from the researcher&#46; The participants were asked not to eat or consume stimulants during the 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h prior to each test&#46; In addition&#44; subjects were asked not to practice heavy physical exercise 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h prior to the tests&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before each test&#44; subjects remained at rest in a supine position for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min to assess the at-rest VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; To ensure that all subjects started the tests with the same metabolic status&#44; the values of the initial at-rest VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> were used as a reference point for the remaining VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values during the test&#46; Following the rest period&#44; the first exercise test began at a determined cadence and execution form&#46; The subject then rested long enough for the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values to lower to that of the initial at-rest VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#46; Exercise was then performed again using the same execution form&#44; but a different cadence&#46; The subject rested again&#44; and then&#44; the final exercise test was performed using the same execution form and the last cadence &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HR&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and ventilation &#40;Ve&#41; were collected every 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s during the two test sessions&#46; A frequency meter &#40;Polar&#44; model FS1&#41; was used to measure HR&#46; A portable gas analyser &#40;INBRAMED&#44; model VO2000&#41; was used to determine VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and Ve&#46; The equipment was calibrated according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions prior to each collection&#46; Immediately following the end of the exercise&#44; RPE was collected according to the Borg-6-20 RPE scale&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Data treatment</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the rest period prior to each test&#44; the mean value obtained for the last 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> was calculated&#46; For each test&#44; the average of the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; Ve and HR values were obtained between the third and fourth minutes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis&#44; and the data are reported as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&#46; The Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test for normality was used&#46; Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Bonferroni&#39;s post hoc test were used to identify whether each subject started the exercise tests with cardiorespiratory responses similar to those at rest &#40;factors were moment and day&#41; and to determine significant differences in the cardiorespiratory variables &#40;factors were execution form and cadence&#41;&#46; Statistical significance was established as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; and the SPSS &#40;Version 20&#46;0&#41; statistical package was employed&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The resting VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> values are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; The results showed that the individuals began the exercise sessions with a similar metabolic status&#44; indicating that the magnitude of the responses found during the exercise tests can be attributed to the effort required to complete them&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pattern of the cardiorespiratory variables during exercise performed in both execution forms at each cadence is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2&#8211;6</a>&#46; According to the results&#44; we can note that&#44; with the increase in cadence&#44; there is a significant increase in HR &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; Ve &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; RPE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and both absolute &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and relative VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#46;</span> Furthermore&#44; we found significantly higher values for Ve &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;007&#41;&#44; PE &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;054&#41; and both absolute &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;047&#41; and relative VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;028&#41; during deep water running with displacement when compared to running without displacement&#46; There was no significant difference between the two execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;065&#41; for HR&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the results&#44; the cadence significantly influenced all the variables&#44; and the values of the cardiorespiratory variables increased with the increase in cadence&#46; Similar results are observed in exercise without horizontal displacement&#44; such as water-based exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;12&#8211;14</span></a> Alberton et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> found that cardiorespiratory responses &#40;&#37;HR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> and &#37;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2max</span>&#41; increased with increasing cadence during stationary running&#46; The authors used the same cadences as those used in the present study&#44; which were 60&#44; 80 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#46; Similar results were observed by Raffaelli et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> who evaluated the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; Ve&#44; HR and RPE responses of five water-based exercises at different cadences &#40;110&#8211;120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#44; 120&#8211;130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm and 130&#8211;140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41; and observed a significant increase in these variables with increasing cadence&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In exercises with horizontal displacement&#44; such as water walking&#44; these results occur with increasing linear speed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19&#44;25&#8211;27</span></a> Hall et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> evaluated the HR and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> responses during submaximal exercise on a water treadmill&#46; The tests were performed at speeds of 3&#46;5&#44; 4&#46;5&#44; and 5&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46; The cardiorespiratory variables increased linearly with an increase in the speed of the exercise&#46; Shono et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> evaluated HR&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and EE during water walking at speeds of 20&#44; 30&#44; 40 and 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#46; The authors observed an exponential increase in these variables with the increase in speed&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These responses occur due to the increase in corporal velocity in relation to the water&#44; which leads to a large increase in resistance&#46; This greater drag force can be explained by the fact that the velocity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span>&#41; is squared and directly proportional to the resistance &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#41;&#44; which can be represented as a general fluid equation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#46; &#961;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cd&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Thus&#44; the increase in speed causes greater resistance to forward motion and&#44; consequently&#44; results in an increase in exercise intensity&#44; maximizing the cardiorespiratory response and RPE&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; the results showed that the displacement effect significantly influenced the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; Ve and RPE variables&#44; resulting in higher values for deep water running with displacement when compared to running without displacement&#46; Deep water running performed with horizontal displacement results in a larger projected area than running without horizontal displacement&#44; particularly as horizontal displacement involves the trunk segment as the projected area in addition to segments of the thigh and leg&#46; Thus&#44; as the velocity&#44; the projected area &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span>&#41; is also directly related to increases in the resistance to the advancement &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Similar results were found by Alberton et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> who observed that responses for HR and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> were greater for water aerobics exercises with the greatest projected area in the same cadence of execution &#40;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41;&#46; The exercise frontal kick to 90&#176; with horizontal shoulders flexion and extension showed significantly higher values&#44; while the jumping jacks with arms pushing alternately to the front showed significantly lower values&#46; The authors suggest that these responses are related to different projected areas of each exercise&#44; different muscle mass involved and varying range of motion&#46; In a study by Cassady and Nielsen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the authors observed that the subjects reached a higher intensity when performing water exercise&#44; with the lower limbs at each cadence tested when compared to exercise performed with the upper limbs&#46; The authors suggest that this result occurred due to greater lower limb length&#44; representing a higher projected area in relation to the upper limbs&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; Kanitz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> did not find a significant difference between deep water running with and without displacement in cardiorespiratory responses at a cadence of 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#46; The authors believe that&#44; despite the increased resistance to exercise with horizontal displacement&#44; the lower displacement velocity may have contributed to submaximal resistance&#44; which influences the variables&#46; However&#44; in the present study&#44; differences between the displacement forms were observed for all cadences&#44; including 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#46; This difference between studies may be due to the higher sample size in the present study &#40;12 subjects&#41; compared to the results of Kanitz et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> who recruited only six subjects&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; in the present study&#44; HR did not show significant differences between the execution forms with and without displacement&#46; It is believed that with a larger sample size &#40;only seven subjects were available for analysis due to problems encountered with the HR monitor&#41;&#44; we would have detected significant differences because the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value was marginally significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;065&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on results from the present study&#44; we can conclude that the cardiorespiratory responses and rating of perceived exertion can be maximized by increasing the performance cadence&#46; Moreover&#44; deep water running performed with displacement shows higher responses when compared to running without displacement for oxygen uptake&#44; ventilation and rating of perceived exertion&#46; Therefore&#44; it is suggested that&#44; according to the goals of a given deep water running class&#44; instructors can use varying velocities and forms of displacement&#46; For example&#44; an interval class could alternate deep water running without displacement that has a perceived exertion of 11 &#40;light &#8211; perceived exertion for the 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm cadence&#41; with deep water running with displacement that has a perceived exertion of 17 &#40;very hard &#8211; perceived exertion for the 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm cadence&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare to have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To compare the cardiorespiratory responses during deep water running with and without displacement at different cadences&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twelve young women performed deep water running with and without displacement during 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at three separate cadences&#58; &#40;a&#41; 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#59; &#40;b&#41; 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#59; and &#40;c&#41; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#46; The heart rate &#40;HR&#41;&#44; ventilation &#40;Ve&#41; and oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; were collected in the last minute of each test&#46; Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was used with Bonferroni&#39;s post hoc test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; to compare variables&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results showed a significant increase in all variables as the cadence increased &#40;HR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; Ve&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#59; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and Ve values were significantly higher for deep water running with displacement compared to running without displacement &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;047&#59; Ve&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;007&#41;&#46; However&#44; there was no significant difference in HR with and without displacement &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;065&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results indicate that the increase in both cadence and displacement results in significant cardiorespiratory responses as a result of deep water running&#46; This finding is important for adapting exercise prescription to the goals of participants&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">comparar las respuestas cardiorrespiratorias durante la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento horizontal y a diferentes cadencias&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doce mujeres j&#243;venes realizaron la carrera en aguas profundas con y sin desplazamiento durante cuatro minutos a tres cadencias diferentes&#58; a&#41; 60 bpm&#44; b&#41; 80 bpm&#44; y c&#41; 100 bpm&#46; La frecuencia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41;&#44; la ventilaci&#243;n &#40;VE&#41; y el consumo de ox&#237;geno &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; se recogieron en el &#250;ltimo minuto de cada prueba&#46; ANOVA de dos v&#237;as para medidas repetidas con post hoc de Bonferroni &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; se utilizaron para comparar las variables&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo en todas las variables con el aumento de la cadencia &#40;FC&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; Ve&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los valores de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> y Ve fueron significativamente mayores para la carrera en aguas profundas que se ejecuta con desplazamiento en comparaci&#243;n con la realizada sin desplazamiento &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;047&#59; Ve&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no hubo diferencia significativa en FC con y sin desplazamiento &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;065&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los resultados indican que el incremento de la cadencia y el desplazamiento proporcionan importantes respuestas cardiorrespiratorias en la carrera en aguas profundas&#46; Este hallazgo es importante para la adaptaci&#243;n de la prescripci&#243;n de ejercicio de acuerdo con los objetivos de los participantes&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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          1 => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">comparar as respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias durante corrida em piscina funda profunda com e sem deslocamento horizontal em diferentes ritmos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Doze mulheres jovens realizaram corrida aqu&#225;tica com e sem deslocamento durante quatro minutos&#44; em tr&#234;s ritmos distintos&#58; a&#41; 60 bpm&#59; b&#41; 80 bpm&#59; e c&#41; 100 bpm&#46; A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#40;FC&#41;&#44; ventila&#231;&#227;o &#40;VE&#41; e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; foram coletados no &#250;ltimo minuto de cada teste&#46; Two-way ANOVA para medidas repetidas foi utilizada com o teste post hoc Bonferroni&#39;s &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#41; para comparar as vari&#225;veis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados mostraram aumentos significativos em todas as vari&#225;veis conforme o aumento do ritmo &#40;FC&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; VE&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#59; VO2&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os valores de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> e VE foram significativamente maiores para corrida aqu&#225;tica com deslocamento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; corrida sem deslocamento &#40;VO2&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;047&#59; VE&#58; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;007&#41;&#46; No entanto&#44; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na FC com e sem deslocamento &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;065&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclus&#227;os</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os resultados indicam que o aumento do ritmo e deslocamento proporcionam importantes respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias na corrida em piscina funda&#46; Este achado &#233; importante para adaptar a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios conforme os objetivos dos participantes&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Heart rate &#40;HR&#41; behavior at different cadences &#40;60&#44; 80 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41; and different execution forms &#40;with and without displacement&#41;&#46; Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; &#42;represents statistically significant difference between execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Absolute oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; behavior at different cadences &#40;60&#44; 80 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41; and different execution forms &#40;with and without displacement&#41;&#46; Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; &#42;represents statistically significant difference between execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; behavior at different cadences &#40;60&#44; 80 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41; and different execution forms &#40;with and without displacement&#41;&#46; Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; &#42;represents statistically significant difference between execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rating perceived of exertion &#40;RPE&#41; behavior at different cadences &#40;60&#44; 80 and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bpm&#41; and different execution forms &#40;with and without displacement&#41;&#46; Different letters represent statistically significant difference between cadences for both execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; &#42;represents statistically significant difference between execution forms &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#177;SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Age &#40;y&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Body mass &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">Height &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">161&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">HR<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> &#40;bpm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">190&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">34&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rest 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;517&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;167&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;451&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rest 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; values in two days of test &#40;1 day&#59; 2 day&#41; and at different times of day &#40;Rest1&#59; Rest2&#59; Rest3&#41;&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 18887546
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ramd.2014.07.002

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	3	0	3
2024 October	7	2	9
2024 September	25	2	27
2024 August	15	2	17
2024 July	9	5	14
2024 June	16	0	16
2024 May	15	3	18
2024 April	13	1	14
2024 March	14	5	19
2024 February	22	1	23
2024 January	24	2	26
2023 December	19	6	25
2023 November	27	5	32
2023 October	16	3	19
2023 September	15	6	21
2023 August	25	4	29
2023 July	17	6	23
2023 June	21	2	23
2023 May	50	11	61
2023 April	45	1	46
2023 March	17	4	21
2023 February	26	3	29
2023 January	23	6	29
2022 December	14	6	20
2022 November	23	10	33
2022 October	26	12	38
2022 September	22	7	29
2022 August	24	9	33
2022 July	19	10	29
2022 June	14	9	23
2022 May	34	5	39
2022 April	24	10	34
2022 March	19	12	31
2022 February	19	11	30
2022 January	30	8	38
2021 December	35	17	52
2021 November	20	8	28
2021 October	47	12	59
2021 September	24	12	36
2021 August	22	12	34
2021 July	10	7	17
2021 June	19	12	31
2021 May	20	11	31
2021 April	15	24	39
2021 March	18	9	27
2021 February	8	9	17
2021 January	15	14	29
2020 December	16	16	32
2020 November	14	5	19
2020 October	13	4	17
2020 September	19	7	26
2020 August	17	4	21
2020 July	14	6	20
2020 June	20	11	31
2020 May	19	12	31
2020 April	17	6	23
2020 March	22	4	26
2020 February	31	4	35
2020 January	19	13	32
2019 December	17	7	24
2019 November	11	8	19
2019 October	18	5	23
2019 September	17	6	23
2019 August	16	1	17
2019 July	15	10	25
2019 June	48	21	69
2019 May	109	15	124
2019 April	40	7	47
2019 March	10	4	14
2019 February	10	6	16
2019 January	3	10	13
2018 December	6	6	12
2018 November	15	4	19
2018 October	11	17	28
2018 September	19	1	20
2018 August	9	5	14
2018 July	8	4	12
2018 June	4	1	5
2018 May	6	6	12
2018 April	9	2	11
2018 March	8	3	11
2018 February	9	0	9
2018 January	7	0	7
2017 December	13	1	14
2017 November	10	0	10
2017 October	20	2	22
2017 September	7	5	12
2017 August	11	2	13
2017 July	18	2	20
2017 June	16	6	22
2017 May	22	3	25
2017 April	16	9	25
2017 March	22	67	89
2017 February	20	6	26
2017 January	23	2	25
2016 December	29	8	37
2016 November	33	6	39
2016 October	39	2	41
2016 September	34	5	39
2016 August	30	3	33
2016 July	27	5	32
2016 June	25	3	28
2016 May	24	7	31
2016 April	24	2	26
2016 March	34	13	47
2016 February	28	15	43
2016 January	28	20	48
2015 December	23	18	41
2015 November	35	8	43
2015 October	34	8	42
2015 September	23	5	28
2015 August	37	11	48
2015 July	34	9	43
2015 June	18	7	25
2015 May	23	9	32
2015 April	37	17	54
2015 March	24	14	38
2015 February	100	16	116
2015 January	165	36	201
2014 December	94	37	131
2014 November	13	8	21

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