Association between body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness as predictor of health status in schoolchildren

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In this sense, the development of mathematical models for predicting CRF without exercise test could be feasible in epidemiological studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> and very useful for physical education teachers.From this perspective, the presented study aimed to evaluate the CRF and the BMI of schoolchildren of both sexes according to the cutoff points established by the Fitnessgram®, as well as determine the influence of BMI on CRF of children and propose an equation for predicting VO2max from the body composition.MethodParticipantsData collection was performed in a cross-sectional mode, and the target population of this study consisted on students of both genders enrolled in eight elementary schools distributed in the urban area of Aracaju, a city located on the coast of the state of Sergipe, Brazil. It lies between the capitals with lower socioeconomic inequalities and contributes greatly to the second highest Human Developing Index (HDI) among the states in northeastern region. The intervention took place between the months of September and November 2005, in obedience to the school calendar of the season.To determine the surveyed schools, the city was divided into three regions: north, center and south, and by means of a draw three schools were chosen by region. Schools should have the minimum physical structure for the tests (e.g. multi-sports court). The sample, selected randomly during physical education classes, composed by 288 children (142 females) with age range between 9.50 and 14.49 years. We used the decimal age children as Ross and Marfell-Jones,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> which accurately represents the interval between the date of birth and date of the test.The present study adopted the following inclusion criteria: belong to the preset age group, attend school regularly and take part in physical education classes on the day and time scheduled. The exclusion criteria were: experience any clinical symptoms that prevented temporarily or permanently be subjected to the tests and do not agree with the terms of consent by the responsible person.Two professionals and four physical education academics carried out tests and measurements. To avoid discrepancies between measurements, each team member performed the same activity during the intervention. Before data collection, a training program was conducted in the test battery.Procedures and measuresAnthropometric measurementsAnthropometric variables whose values are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, were body mass (kg) and height (m), as well as measures of skinfolds, in conformity with stablished standards.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> The body fat percentage (BF%) was determined as proposed Lohman.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> We used the caliper skinfold Cescorf® (CSC). The CSC presents identical design and mobility to the Harpenden model, provides a pressure of approximately 10g/mm2, measures to an accuracy of 0.1 mm, up to a jaw width of 88 mm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> Skinfolds considered for the study were: triceps and subscapularis.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the ratio of the body mass (kg) and the squared height (m2). Therefore, the cutoff points of the Fitnessgram® were used to calculate the prevalence of children and adolescents located in the recommended range and in the range of risk of overweight and obesity.Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)To evaluate the CRF from the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), we opted for the 20-m shuttle run test, according to what Léger et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> determine. This test was chosen because of its affordable implementation and compliance with the motor tests related to health contained in the Fitnessgram® battery, created by the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> and because of its reliability and validity on children and adolescents has been widely documented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040">8,10,11</a> VO2max was calculated by the following equation, that covers the age range of this study. An r value of 0.71 was obtained:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">y=31.025+3.238x1−3.248x2+0.1536x1x2, where:</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">y= VO2max (ml/kg/min)</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">x1 = maximal speed attained (km/h)</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020">x2 = age (y)</li></ul>Fitnessgram® criteriaTo classify the performance level regarding the criteria established by the Fitnessgram® (VO2max: male 37.4–42.4, female 37.4–39.3; BMI: male 14.5–23.0, female 14.3–23.6),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> the results were categorize in three performance levels, “below”, “normal” and “above”. The following cutoff points were posted by Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research in 2013.Ethics in researchThis study was conducted after the approval of the Municipal Education and according to the laws in force and in compliance with the Guidelines and Standards for Research Involving Humans, it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe under registration 1138.0.000.107-06.Statistical analysisDescriptive statistics was used as first step to data analysis. A t-test for independent samples was chosen to compare means and the Chi-squared test was used to compare proportions. The relationship between VO2max and BMI was verified using the Pearson linear correlation and the lineal regression analysis. Level of significance was set at p< 0.05. The results were analysed by using GraphPadPrism 5 or SPSS software when necessary.ResultsThe results of anthropometric variables observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> were similar when comparing both sexes, regarding age, height, body mass (BM) and BMI. In terms of percentage of body fat, females had higher values (t=6.049, p<0.0001), and the boys showed higher values for maximum oxygen consumption (t=−4.106, p<0.0001).Regarding the behavior of BMI in both sexes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), it may be noted no differences based on established criteria. Considering the cutoff points for the Fitnessgram®, 9.2% of girls were classified as “below”, 80.3% “normal,” and 10.5% “above”, the values considered in the same way for males were respectively, 8.2%, 79.5% and 12.3%.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>In relation to VO2max (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), the percentage of boys classified as ‘above’, according to the cutoffs of the Fitnessgram®, was higher (41.8%) than the percentage of girls (19.7%). No statistically significant difference was found between girls and boys in the other classifications. The percentage of boys and girls classified as ‘below’ were 44.5% and 57.1%, respectively. The percentage of boys and girls classified as ‘normal’ were 13.7% and 23.2%, respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Both <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs. 3 and 4</a> show the correlation between the two variables, as well as the influence of the independent variable, BMI exerts on the dependent, VO2max, by determining the simple linear regression and the R2 value. This behavior was evaluated in both sexes and as many girls (R2=0.907) as boys (R2=0.850) presented strong correlation.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Analyzing <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, it was found in the study group a strong relationship in both sexes between the dependent and independent variables.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe present study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness and the BMI of schoolchildren of both sexes according to the cutoff points established by the Fitnessgram®, as well as determine the influence of BMI on CRF of children and propose an equation for predicting VO2max from the body composition.There was a low compliance to the Fitnessgram® criteria associated with risk of obesity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). These results were better than those found by Bergmann et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> in a study with students of 13–14 years old in the city of Canoas (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). In that occasion the authors detected 19% of boys and 15% of girls outside the health criteria recommended by Projeto Esporte Brasil (PROESP-BR). This may be attributed to the changes and differences in lifestyles of each region or country.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a>In relation to other national studies, such as Hobold and Hübner<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> with students of 10–14 years old, the BMI behaved as ‘below’, for both female and male from the city of Marechal Cândido Rondon (Paraná, Brazil). Ronque et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> in adolescents aged 10–15 years old from the city of Londrina (Paraná, Brazil), obtained higher BMI values than the present study, in individuals with low and high cardiorespiratory fitness based on the criteria of the Fitnessgram®. However, the sample here studied remained above the schoolchildren from the Vale do Cotinguiba (Sergipe, Brazil) studied by Petroski et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> Although with respect to Spanish 7–12 years old school children from Aragón, have shown to be equivalent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>The investigation of morphological parameters becomes more relevant when detects possibilities of body fat accumulation, the emergence of chronic diseases and cardiovascular diseases. Malina and Bouchard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> emphasized that the female acquires greater gains of fat mass than boys from late childhood to late adolescence.In this sense, the BF% (Table 1) of both groups were higher than those obtained by Dellagrana et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> and Hobold and Hübner.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> In this perspective, Lloyd et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> in students aged 10–12 years old from Texas – USA, found a BF% of 14.3 in males, at the same level of this study, although the female showed 8.5%, a value very below the results of this study. Despite variations, these results put the sample of this study far from risk of overweight and obesity according Fitnessgram® criteria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> This evidence was corroborated by the parameters of the BMI (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>), which also report levels below normal.Several studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">22–25</a> over the past decade have reported the trend towards a minor cardiorespiratory fitness on female school students compared to their male counterparts. This phenomenon can be explained by sudden changes in body composition during puberty, particularly fat mass for girls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> In addition to this, LaMonte et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> obtained that the maximal oxygen consumption is inversely proportional to BMI, in addition to other serum lipid parameters.It was evidenced that the CRF of males was higher than females, while for the BMI, there were no differences between the groups. While most of the group remained in the normal range for BMI (79.9%), it drew attention to the high prevalence of the entire sample (50.8%) with poor performance for VO2max, particularly with respect to the female group, which 57.1% of them did not fit the health criteria adopted by Fitnessgram®. Furthermore, we proved the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between VO2max and BMI, in children and adolescents, a crucial period of life to develop these physical qualities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a>Because it is an important functional aspect, which if neglected in childhood and adolescence leads to extreme damage to health in adulthood, the result of this study on CRF requires specific attention by the government and educational authorities. It is well known the secular trend in the decline of this physical quality by several factors, including increased time spent in sedentary behaviors, like a high rate of exposure to television.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a>This transition to sedentary lifestyle and its effects are strengthened by the phenomenon of urbanization of the society, as reported Chillón et al., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">29</a> who studied spanish schoolchildren from antagonistic geographic areas, rural and urban, where lower levels of VO2max were found in the urban school children compared to their rural peers. Data from two cross-sectional studies in adolescents of 12.5-17.5 years old from Zaragoza (Spain) revealed an increase in CRF over 5 years.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">30</a> According to the authors, these data follow the opposite to the consistent decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness identified by studies around 27 countries and five geographic regions around the world.The fact that the data from this study are aligned with the global trend is worrying, because low levels of this variable are related to risk of cardiovascular diseases, which begin in childhood and progress silently until adulthood, and are associated with a high number of deaths in some populations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">22,31,32</a> The low performance of students from Aracaju (present study) on 20m shuttle-run test – only one boy for every ten (13.7% and one girl for every five (23.2%) met the cutoff points proposed by Fitnessgram® – contrasts with the results obtained by Guedes et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">33</a> who found that about 50% on both boys and girls, reached health criteria. According to the authors, these results are not optimistic, especially because they observed a decline in proportion when increasing age, especially in physical tests that involve large muscle groups.Usually, girls tend to be more affected by the advancement of puberty, as was also seen in Rodrigues et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">34</a> who found an increase in aerobic power in men, from 43.5 to 49.5mlkg/min. However, similar to the present study, it was observed a decrease in values from 38.3 to 36.8mlkg/min on female, within the age range studied. In turn, 46.0% of students in Canoas (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> reached the zone of normality. Both studies corroborate the performance reached by the students from the present sample.The development of estimative equations of CRF without exercise might be a low-cost alternative to applicate in the studies that involve large quantities of subjects, furthermore, it might provide a rapid diagnostic of the current status, mainly in physical education classes or before training program. However, these tools must be used carefully if the purpose is to predict more accurately VO2max in patients or athletes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">35</a>In the present study it was also possible to identify how BMI exerted influence on VO2max values in males (R2=0.850) and females (R2=0.907). This evidence was also observed in Marques-Vidal and Dias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">36</a>, who studied children in the same age than the present study, Monyeki et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">37</a> in 14-year-old adolescents, Castro-Piñeiro et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">38</a> in 6- to 17-year-old children and adolescents, Arruda et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">39</a>, in children and adolescents participating in a sports project, and Botelho et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">40</a> in which the higher the BMI, the lower the cardiorespiratory fitness and physical fitness in general.It should be emphasized the study of Aires et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">41</a> who evaluated 11- to 18-year-old boys and girls from Portugal. The authors obtained that the students in the range of overweight and obesity had lower levels of CRF, thereby confirming a negative correlation between high fat and VO2max, furthermore reaffirming that a sedentary lifestyle is a strong predictor of heart disease.Although cross-sectional studies and the scores of field tests show relative limitation as to its reproducibility, as highlighted in the literature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">42</a> they have been widely adopted as benchmarks for health-related physical fitness. Just as the Fitnessgram® tests battery, benchmarks such as Cole et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">43</a> and World Health Organization (WHO)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">44</a> play a key role, though Khadilkar et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> have emphasized the possible constraints in the adoption of their cutoff points due to the anthropometric changes in population over time and the hindering of the categorization of children and adolescents.The findings of this study were explained to the managers of the Municipal Education from the city of Aracaju, in order to alert them of the need of the development of public policy towards the adoption of regular physical activities within the school community.In conclusion, the data of the present study showed that CRF of boys was higher than the girls and there were no differences with respect to BMI. On the other hand, the BF% of the girls showed higher levels. On both sexes there were a minimal prevalence of schoolchildren at risk of overweight and obesity, according to the criteria proposed by Fitnessgram®. Relative to CRF, a high prevalence on both sexes behaved below the area related to health. The linear regression to estimate VO2max from BMI met expectations for studies on a population scale and confirmed an inverse relationship between both variables, which highlights the need of associate the parameters of physical fitness and health for an early diagnostic of exposure to physical inactivity, obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors.Conflict of interestThe author declare not have conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres491369" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec513324" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres491367" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec513326" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres491368" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec513325" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Procedures and measures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Anthropometric measurements" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Fitnessgram criteria" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ethics in research" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-08-08" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-02-18" "PalabrasClave" => array:3 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec513324" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Cardiorespiratory fitness" 1 => "Body composition" 2 => "Body mass index" 3 => "Fitnessgram®" 4 => "Schoolchildren" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec513326" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aptitud cardiorrespiratoria" 1 => "Composición corporal" 2 => "Índice de masa corporal" 3 => "Fitnessgram®" 4 => "Escolares" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec513325" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aptidão cardiorrespiratória" 1 => "Composição corporal" 2 => "Índice de massa corporal" 3 => "Fitnessgram®" 4 => "Escolares" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:3 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveEvaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and the body mass index (BMI) of schoolchildren according to the cutoff points established by the Fitnessgram®. Just as determine the influence of BMI on CRF in children and propose an equation for predicting VO2max from the body composition. MethodThe sample consisted of 288 students of basic level of public education in the city of Aracaju – Sergipe – Brazil, aged between 10 and 14 years, of these, 142 were female. To evaluate the CRF the 20-m shuttle run test was chosen. The results of the variable were classified in accordance with the criteria established by the Fitnessgram®. ResultsIt was evidenced that the cardiorespiratory fitness on males was higher than females. Relative to BMI, there were no differences between the groups, while more than 80% of the entire sample behaved within criteria established by the Fitnessgram®. On the other hand, 57% of the female group presented VO2max below criterion. It was confirmed an inverse relationship between VO2max and BMI on children and adolescents. ConclusionThe students in this study showed adequate levels of body composition and CRF below the area related to health, according to the criteria of the Fitnessgram®. The proposition of a linear regression equation to estimate VO2max without exercise pointed out an inverse relationship between both variables." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivoEvaluar la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de escolares mediante los puntos de corte establecidos por la batería internacional de test Fitnessgram®. Así como determinar la influencia del IMC en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (CRF) en niños y proponer una ecuación de predicción del VO2máx a partir de la composición corporal. MétodoLa muestra estuvo conformada por 288 estudiantes de nivel básico de la educación pública de la ciudad de Aracaju-Sergipe-Brasil, de edades comprendidas entre 10-14 años, de los cuales, 142 eran mujeres. Para evaluar el CRF fue utilizada la prueba de 20-m shuttle run test (PCN). Los resultados de la variable se clasificaron de acuerdo con los criterios de aplicación establecidos por el test internacional Fitnessgram®. ResultadosSe evidenció que la CRF en varones fue mayor que en las mujeres. Relativo al IMC, no hubo diferencias entre los grupos, mientras que más de 80% de toda la muestra se comportó dentro de los criterios establecidos por la Fitnessgram®. Por otro lado, el 57% del grupo femenino presentó VO2máx por debajo de los niveles. Se confirmó una relación inversa entre el VO2máx y el IMC en niños y adolescentes. ConclusiónLos escolares, en este estudio, mostraron niveles adecuados de composición corporal y CRF por debajo del área relacionada con la salud de acuerdo con los criterios de Fitnessgram®. La proposición de una ecuación de regresión lineal, para estimar el VO2máx sin ejercicio señaló una relación inversa entre ambas variables." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "ObjetivoAvaliar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de escolares de acordo com os pontos de corte estabelecidos pela bateria de teste internacional Fitnessgram®. Além de determinar a influência do IMC sobre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória em crianças e propor uma equação de predição do VO2máx a partir da composição corporal. MétodoA amostra consistiu de 288 estudantes do ensino básico da educação pública na cidade de Aracaju (Sergipe, Brasil), com idade entre 10-14 anos, dos quais 142 eram meninas. Para avaliar a aptidão cardiorrespiratória optou-se pelo 20-m shuttle run test. Os resultados das variáveis foram classificados de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pelo Fitnessgram®. ResultadosConstatou-se que a aptidão cardiorrespiratória dos meninos foi maior do que das meninas. Com relação ao IMC, não houve diferenças entre os grupos, enquanto mais de 80% de toda a amostra se comportou dentro dos critérios estabelecidos pelo Fitnessgram®. Por outro lado, 57% do grupo feminino apresentou VO2máx abaixo dos critérios. Confirmou-se uma relação inversa entre VO2máx e o IMC em crianças e adolescentes. ConclusãoOs alunos deste estudo apresentaram níveis de composição corporal adequados e de aptidão aeróbia abaixo da área relacionada à saúde, de acordo com os critérios do Fitnessgram®. A proposição de uma equação de regressão linear para estimar o VO2máx sem exercício apontou uma relação inversa entre as 2 variáveis." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1479 "Ancho" => 1596 "Tamanyo" => 51684 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relative values by sex, following the Fitnessgram cutoffs established for the Body Mass Index, BMI (kg/m2)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1480 "Ancho" => 1589 "Tamanyo" => 51532 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relative values by sex, following the Fitnessgram cutoffs established for the VO2max (ml kg min–1). *p<0.05: statistically significant difference between male and female; %: percentage; VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1185 "Ancho" => 1595 "Tamanyo" => 47705 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Simple linear regression curve for the relationship between BMI and VO2max in males (R2=0.850). VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake; BMI: body mass index." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1226 "Ancho" => 1653 "Tamanyo" => 51873 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Simple linear regression curve for the relationship between BMI and VO2max in females (R2=0.907). VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake; BMI: body mass index." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "BMI: body mass index; BF%, body fat percentage; VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">All group (n=288) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male (n=142) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female (n=146) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.2 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.2 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.1 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Height (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">149.6 (10.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">149.2 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">150.0 (9.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Body mass (kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.6 (10.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.5 (10.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.8 (9.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg/m2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.4 (3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.3 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.4 (3.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">BF% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.1 (8.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.4 (7.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.9 (7.7)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">VO2max \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.0 (3.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.8 (3.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.1 (3.4)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab781208.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "p<0.05, statistically significant difference between male and female." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Descriptive profile of the sample (mean and standard deviation) for the anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Linear regression; VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake; BMI: body mass index." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Pearson \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">R2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">VO2max=−2.59(BMI)+86.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.922 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.850 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.026 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">VO2max=−0.39(BMI)+32.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.953 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.907 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.012 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab781207.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Simple linear regression analysis to determine VO2max based on BMI." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anthropometric and physical fitness differences among Brazilian adolescents who practice different team court sports" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D.A.S. 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Asociación entre el índice de masa corporal y la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria como predictor del estado de salud de escolares

Associação entre índice de massa corporal e aptidão cardiorrespiratória como preditor de status de saúde em escolares

S.S. De Araujoa,

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silvan.ssa@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, R. Miguel-dos-Santosa,b, R.J.S. Silvaa,b, A.C. Cabral-de-Oliveiraa,b

a Physiology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil

b Nucleus Postgraduate in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative values by sex&#44; following the Fitnessgram cutoffs established for the Body Mass Index&#44; BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The decrease in the amount of motor activity observed on children and adolescents in different socioeconomic spectra<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> has raised interest in the knowledge of physical fitness and health&#44; in order to classify it from scores based on referenced criteria both nationally and internationally&#44; which involve physical qualities able to reflect patterns of behavior and environmental&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Closely related to the health&#44; the low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness &#40;CFR&#41; on childhood and adolescence are associated with an increased early death risk due to any cause&#44; especially cardiovascular diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> So the prevention of cardiovascular diseases should begin still during the school stage&#44; given that the adoption of healthy attitudes on that age range is perpetuated into adulthood&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this way it is important to detect in advance&#44; even within the school environment&#44; children and adolescents with a predisposition to low aerobic fitness&#46; In this sense&#44; the development of mathematical models for predicting CRF without exercise test could be feasible in epidemiological studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and very useful for physical education teachers&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From this perspective&#44; the presented study aimed to evaluate the CRF and the BMI of schoolchildren of both sexes according to the cutoff points established by the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; as well as determine the influence of BMI on CRF of children and propose an equation for predicting VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max from the body composition&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collection was performed in a cross-sectional mode&#44; and the target population of this study consisted on students of both genders enrolled in eight elementary schools distributed in the urban area of Aracaju&#44; a city located on the coast of the state of Sergipe&#44; Brazil&#46; It lies between the capitals with lower socioeconomic inequalities and contributes greatly to the second highest Human Developing Index &#40;HDI&#41; among the states in northeastern region&#46; The intervention took place between the months of September and November 2005&#44; in obedience to the school calendar of the season&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the surveyed schools&#44; the city was divided into three regions&#58; north&#44; center and south&#44; and by means of a draw three schools were chosen by region&#46; Schools should have the minimum physical structure for the tests &#40;e&#46;g&#46; multi-sports court&#41;&#46; The sample&#44; selected randomly during physical education classes&#44; composed by 288 children &#40;142 females&#41; with age range between 9&#46;50 and 14&#46;49 years&#46; We used the decimal age children as Ross and Marfell-Jones&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> which accurately represents the interval between the date of birth and date of the test&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study adopted the following inclusion criteria&#58; belong to the preset age group&#44; attend school regularly and take part in physical education classes on the day and time scheduled&#46; The exclusion criteria were&#58; experience any clinical symptoms that prevented temporarily or permanently be subjected to the tests and do not agree with the terms of consent by the responsible person&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two professionals and four physical education academics carried out tests and measurements&#46; To avoid discrepancies between measurements&#44; each team member performed the same activity during the intervention&#46; Before data collection&#44; a training program was conducted in the test battery&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Procedures and measures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Anthropometric measurements</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anthropometric variables whose values are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; were body mass &#40;kg&#41; and height &#40;m&#41;&#44; as well as measures of skinfolds&#44; in conformity with stablished standards&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The body fat percentage &#40;BF&#37;&#41; was determined as proposed Lohman&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> We used the caliper skinfold Cescorf<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;CSC&#41;&#46; The CSC presents identical design and mobility to the Harpenden model&#44; provides a pressure of approximately 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#44; measures to an accuracy of 0&#46;1 mm&#44; up to a jaw width of 88 mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Skinfolds considered for the study were&#58; triceps and subscapularis&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; was calculated as the ratio of the body mass &#40;kg&#41; and the squared height &#40;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; the cutoff points of the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> were used to calculate the prevalence of children and adolescents located in the recommended range and in the range of risk of overweight and obesity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Cardiorespiratory fitness &#40;CRF&#41;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the CRF from the maximal oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#41;&#44; we opted for the 20-m shuttle run test&#44; according to what L&#233;ger et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> determine&#46; This test was chosen because of its affordable implementation and compliance with the motor tests related to health contained in the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> battery&#44; created by the Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and because of its reliability and validity on children and adolescents has been widely documented&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;10&#44;11</span></a> VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max was calculated by the following equation&#44; that covers the age range of this study&#46; An <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> value of 0&#46;71 was obtained&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#46;025<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;238<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;248<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;1536<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; where&#58;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">y&#61; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max &#40;ml&#47;kg&#47;min&#41;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">x<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> &#61; maximal speed attained &#40;km&#47;h&#41;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">x<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#61; age &#40;y&#41;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> criteria</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To classify the performance level regarding the criteria established by the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#58; male 37&#46;4&#8211;42&#46;4&#44; female 37&#46;4&#8211;39&#46;3&#59; BMI&#58; male 14&#46;5&#8211;23&#46;0&#44; female 14&#46;3&#8211;23&#46;6&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> the results were categorize in three performance levels&#44; &#8220;below&#8221;&#44; &#8220;normal&#8221; and &#8220;above&#8221;&#46; The following cutoff points were posted by Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research in 2013&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Ethics in research</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted after the approval of the Municipal Education and according to the laws in force and in compliance with the Guidelines and Standards for Research Involving Humans&#44; it was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe under registration 1138&#46;0&#46;000&#46;107-06&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics was used as first step to data analysis&#46; A t-test for independent samples was chosen to compare means and the Chi-squared test was used to compare proportions&#46; The relationship between VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max and BMI was verified using the Pearson linear correlation and the lineal regression analysis&#46; Level of significance was set at p&#60; 0&#46;05&#46; The results were analysed by using GraphPadPrism 5 or SPSS software when necessary&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Results</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of anthropometric variables observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> were similar when comparing both sexes&#44; regarding age&#44; height&#44; body mass &#40;BM&#41; and BMI&#46; In terms of percentage of body fat&#44; females had higher values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;049&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#44; and the boys showed higher values for maximum oxygen consumption &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;4&#46;106&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the behavior of BMI in both sexes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; it may be noted no differences based on established criteria&#46; Considering the cutoff points for the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; 9&#46;2&#37; of girls were classified as &#8220;below&#8221;&#44; 80&#46;3&#37; &#8220;normal&#44;&#8221; and 10&#46;5&#37; &#8220;above&#8221;&#44; the values considered in the same way for males were respectively&#44; 8&#46;2&#37;&#44; 79&#46;5&#37; and 12&#46;3&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; the percentage of boys classified as &#8216;above&#8217;&#44; according to the cutoffs of the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; was higher &#40;41&#46;8&#37;&#41; than the percentage of girls &#40;19&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#46; No statistically significant difference was found between girls and boys in the other classifications&#46; The percentage of boys and girls classified as &#8216;below&#8217; were 44&#46;5&#37; and 57&#46;1&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; The percentage of boys and girls classified as &#8216;normal&#8217; were 13&#46;7&#37; and 23&#46;2&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3 and 4</a> show the correlation between the two variables&#44; as well as the influence of the independent variable&#44; BMI exerts on the dependent&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#44; by determining the simple linear regression and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> value&#46; This behavior was evaluated in both sexes and as many girls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;907&#41; as boys &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;850&#41; presented strong correlation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analyzing <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; it was found in the study group a strong relationship in both sexes between the dependent and independent variables&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness and the BMI of schoolchildren of both sexes according to the cutoff points established by the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; as well as determine the influence of BMI on CRF of children and propose an equation for predicting VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max from the body composition&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was a low compliance to the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> criteria associated with risk of obesity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; These results were better than those found by Bergmann et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> in a study with students of 13&#8211;14 years old in the city of Canoas &#40;Rio Grande do Sul&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; In that occasion the authors detected 19&#37; of boys and 15&#37; of girls outside the health criteria recommended by Projeto Esporte Brasil &#40;PROESP-BR&#41;&#46; This may be attributed to the changes and differences in lifestyles of each region or country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to other national studies&#44; such as Hobold and H&#252;bner<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> with students of 10&#8211;14 years old&#44; the BMI behaved as &#8216;below&#8217;&#44; for both female and male from the city of Marechal C&#226;ndido Rondon &#40;Paran&#225;&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46; Ronque et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> in adolescents aged 10&#8211;15 years old from the city of Londrina &#40;Paran&#225;&#44; Brazil&#41;&#44; obtained higher BMI values than the present study&#44; in individuals with low and high cardiorespiratory fitness based on the criteria of the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; However&#44; the sample here studied remained above the schoolchildren from the Vale do Cotinguiba &#40;Sergipe&#44; Brazil&#41; studied by Petroski et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Although with respect to Spanish 7&#8211;12 years old school children from Arag&#243;n&#44; have shown to be equivalent&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The investigation of morphological parameters becomes more relevant when detects possibilities of body fat accumulation&#44; the emergence of chronic diseases and cardiovascular diseases&#46; Malina and Bouchard<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> emphasized that the female acquires greater gains of fat mass than boys from late childhood to late adolescence&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this sense&#44; the BF&#37; &#40;Table 1&#41; of both groups were higher than those obtained by Dellagrana et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and Hobold and H&#252;bner&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In this perspective&#44; Lloyd et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> in students aged 10&#8211;12 years old from Texas &#8211; USA&#44; found a BF&#37; of 14&#46;3 in males&#44; at the same level of this study&#44; although the female showed 8&#46;5&#37;&#44; a value very below the results of this study&#46; Despite variations&#44; these results put the sample of this study far from risk of overweight and obesity according Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> This evidence was corroborated by the parameters of the BMI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; which also report levels below normal&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;25</span></a> over the past decade have reported the trend towards a minor cardiorespiratory fitness on female school students compared to their male counterparts&#46; This phenomenon can be explained by sudden changes in body composition during puberty&#44; particularly fat mass for girls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In addition to this&#44; LaMonte et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> obtained that the maximal oxygen consumption is inversely proportional to BMI&#44; in addition to other serum lipid parameters&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was evidenced that the CRF of males was higher than females&#44; while for the BMI&#44; there were no differences between the groups&#46; While most of the group remained in the normal range for BMI &#40;79&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; it drew attention to the high prevalence of the entire sample &#40;50&#46;8&#37;&#41; with poor performance for VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#44; particularly with respect to the female group&#44; which 57&#46;1&#37; of them did not fit the health criteria adopted by Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Furthermore&#44; we proved the hypothesis of an inverse relationship between VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max and BMI&#44; in children and adolescents&#44; a crucial period of life to develop these physical qualities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because it is an important functional aspect&#44; which if neglected in childhood and adolescence leads to extreme damage to health in adulthood&#44; the result of this study on CRF requires specific attention by the government and educational authorities&#46; It is well known the secular trend in the decline of this physical quality by several factors&#44; including increased time spent in sedentary behaviors&#44; like a high rate of exposure to television&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This transition to sedentary lifestyle and its effects are strengthened by the phenomenon of urbanization of the society&#44; as reported Chill&#243;n et al&#46;&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> who studied spanish schoolchildren from antagonistic geographic areas&#44; rural and urban&#44; where lower levels of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max were found in the urban school children compared to their rural peers&#46; Data from two cross-sectional studies in adolescents of 12&#46;5-17&#46;5 years old from Zaragoza &#40;Spain&#41; revealed an increase in CRF over 5 years&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> According to the authors&#44; these data follow the opposite to the consistent decrease in cardiorespiratory fitness identified by studies around 27 countries and five geographic regions around the world&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fact that the data from this study are aligned with the global trend is worrying&#44; because low levels of this variable are related to risk of cardiovascular diseases&#44; which begin in childhood and progress silently until adulthood&#44; and are associated with a high number of deaths in some populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;31&#44;32</span></a> The low performance of students from Aracaju &#40;present study&#41; on 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m shuttle-run test &#8211; only one boy for every ten &#40;13&#46;7&#37; and one girl for every five &#40;23&#46;2&#37;&#41; met the cutoff points proposed by Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; contrasts with the results obtained by Guedes et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a> who found that about 50&#37; on both boys and girls&#44; reached health criteria&#46; According to the authors&#44; these results are not optimistic&#44; especially because they observed a decline in proportion when increasing age&#44; especially in physical tests that involve large muscle groups&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Usually&#44; girls tend to be more affected by the advancement of puberty&#44; as was also seen in Rodrigues et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> who found an increase in aerobic power in men&#44; from 43&#46;5 to 49&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;min&#46; However&#44; similar to the present study&#44; it was observed a decrease in values from 38&#46;3 to 36&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;min on female&#44; within the age range studied&#46; In turn&#44; 46&#46;0&#37; of students in Canoas &#40;Rio Grande do Sul&#44; Brazil&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> reached the zone of normality&#46; Both studies corroborate the performance reached by the students from the present sample&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The development of estimative equations of CRF without exercise might be a low-cost alternative to applicate in the studies that involve large quantities of subjects&#44; furthermore&#44; it might provide a rapid diagnostic of the current status&#44; mainly in physical education classes or before training program&#46; However&#44; these tools must be used carefully if the purpose is to predict more accurately VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max in patients or athletes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a></p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study it was also possible to identify how BMI exerted influence on VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max values in males &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;850&#41; and females &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;907&#41;&#46; This evidence was also observed in Marques-Vidal and Dias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#44; who studied children in the same age than the present study&#44; Monyeki et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> in 14-year-old adolescents&#44; Castro-Pi&#241;eiro et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> in 6- to 17-year-old children and adolescents&#44; Arruda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#44; in children and adolescents participating in a sports project&#44; and Botelho et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a> in which the higher the BMI&#44; the lower the cardiorespiratory fitness and physical fitness in general&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be emphasized the study of Aires et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> who evaluated 11- to 18-year-old boys and girls from Portugal&#46; The authors obtained that the students in the range of overweight and obesity had lower levels of CRF&#44; thereby confirming a negative correlation between high fat and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#44; furthermore reaffirming that a sedentary lifestyle is a strong predictor of heart disease&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although cross-sectional studies and the scores of field tests show relative limitation as to its reproducibility&#44; as highlighted in the literature&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> they have been widely adopted as benchmarks for health-related physical fitness&#46; Just as the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> tests battery&#44; benchmarks such as Cole et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a> and World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a> play a key role&#44; though Khadilkar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> have emphasized the possible constraints in the adoption of their cutoff points due to the anthropometric changes in population over time and the hindering of the categorization of children and adolescents&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The findings of this study were explained to the managers of the Municipal Education from the city of Aracaju&#44; in order to alert them of the need of the development of public policy towards the adoption of regular physical activities within the school community&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the data of the present study showed that CRF of boys was higher than the girls and there were no differences with respect to BMI&#46; On the other hand&#44; the BF&#37; of the girls showed higher levels&#46; On both sexes there were a minimal prevalence of schoolchildren at risk of overweight and obesity&#44; according to the criteria proposed by Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Relative to CRF&#44; a high prevalence on both sexes behaved below the area related to health&#46; The linear regression to estimate VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max from BMI met expectations for studies on a population scale and confirmed an inverse relationship between both variables&#44; which highlights the need of associate the parameters of physical fitness and health for an early diagnostic of exposure to physical inactivity&#44; obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author declare not have conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness &#40;CRF&#41; and the body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; of schoolchildren according to the cutoff points established by the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Just as determine the influence of BMI on CRF in children and propose an equation for predicting VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max from the body composition&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sample consisted of 288 students of basic level of public education in the city of Aracaju &#8211; Sergipe &#8211; Brazil&#44; aged between 10 and 14 years&#44; of these&#44; 142 were female&#46; To evaluate the CRF the 20-m shuttle run test was chosen&#46; The results of the variable were classified in accordance with the criteria established by the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It was evidenced that the cardiorespiratory fitness on males was higher than females&#46; Relative to BMI&#44; there were no differences between the groups&#44; while more than 80&#37; of the entire sample behaved within criteria established by the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; On the other hand&#44; 57&#37; of the female group presented VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max below criterion&#46; It was confirmed an inverse relationship between VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max and BMI on children and adolescents&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The students in this study showed adequate levels of body composition and CRF below the area related to health&#44; according to the criteria of the Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; The proposition of a linear regression equation to estimate VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max without exercise pointed out an inverse relationship between both variables&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y el &#237;ndice de masa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; de escolares mediante los puntos de corte establecidos por la bater&#237;a internacional de test Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; As&#237; como determinar la influencia del IMC en la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria &#40;CRF&#41; en ni&#241;os y proponer una ecuaci&#243;n de predicci&#243;n del VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x a partir de la composici&#243;n corporal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La muestra estuvo conformada por 288 estudiantes de nivel b&#225;sico de la educaci&#243;n p&#250;blica de la ciudad de Aracaju-Sergipe-Brasil&#44; de edades comprendidas entre 10-14 a&#241;os&#44; de los cuales&#44; 142 eran mujeres&#46; Para evaluar el CRF fue utilizada la prueba de 20-m shuttle run test &#40;PCN&#41;&#46; Los resultados de la variable se clasificaron de acuerdo con los criterios de aplicaci&#243;n establecidos por el test internacional Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se evidenci&#243; que la CRF en varones fue mayor que en las mujeres&#46; Relativo al IMC&#44; no hubo diferencias entre los grupos&#44; mientras que m&#225;s de 80&#37; de toda la muestra se comport&#243; dentro de los criterios establecidos por la Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Por otro lado&#44; el 57&#37; del grupo femenino present&#243; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x por debajo de los niveles&#46; Se confirm&#243; una relaci&#243;n inversa entre el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x y el IMC en ni&#241;os y adolescentes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los escolares&#44; en este estudio&#44; mostraron niveles adecuados de composici&#243;n corporal y CRF por debajo del &#225;rea relacionada con la salud de acuerdo con los criterios de Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; La proposici&#243;n de una ecuaci&#243;n de regresi&#243;n lineal&#44; para estimar el VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x sin ejercicio se&#241;al&#243; una relaci&#243;n inversa entre ambas variables&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Avaliar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#40;IMC&#41; de escolares de acordo com os pontos de corte estabelecidos pela bateria de teste internacional Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Al&#233;m de determinar a influ&#234;ncia do IMC sobre a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em crian&#231;as e propor uma equa&#231;&#227;o de predi&#231;&#227;o do VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x a partir da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A amostra consistiu de 288 estudantes do ensino b&#225;sico da educa&#231;&#227;o p&#250;blica na cidade de Aracaju &#40;Sergipe&#44; Brasil&#41;&#44; com idade entre 10-14 anos&#44; dos quais 142 eram meninas&#46; Para avaliar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria optou-se pelo 20-m shuttle run test&#46; Os resultados das vari&#225;veis foram classificados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Constatou-se que a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria dos meninos foi maior do que das meninas&#46; Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC&#44; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos&#44; enquanto mais de 80&#37; de toda a amostra se comportou dentro dos crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; Por outro lado&#44; 57&#37; do grupo feminino apresentou VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x abaixo dos crit&#233;rios&#46; Confirmou-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x e o IMC em crian&#231;as e adolescentes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Os alunos deste estudo apresentaram n&#237;veis de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal adequados e de aptid&#227;o aer&#243;bia abaixo da &#225;rea relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de&#44; de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do Fitnessgram<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46; A proposi&#231;&#227;o de uma equa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o linear para estimar o VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x sem exerc&#237;cio apontou uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre as 2 vari&#225;veis&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relative values by sex&#44; following the Fitnessgram cutoffs established for the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max &#40;ml kg min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#46; &#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#58; statistically significant difference between male and female&#59; &#37;&#58; percentage&#59; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#58; maximal oxygen uptake&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simple linear regression curve for the relationship between BMI and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max in males &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;850&#41;&#46; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#58; maximal oxygen uptake&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simple linear regression curve for the relationship between BMI and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max in females &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;907&#41;&#46; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#58; maximal oxygen uptake&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;2 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;2 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;1 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Height &#40;cm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">149&#46;6 &#40;10&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">149&#46;2 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">150&#46;0 &#40;9&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Body mass &#40;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;6 &#40;10&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;5 &#40;10&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;8 &#40;9&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">BMI &#40;kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&#46;3 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;8 &#40;3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;1 &#40;3&#46;4&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive profile of the sample &#40;mean and standard deviation&#41; for the anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simple linear regression analysis to determine VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max based on BMI&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 18887546
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ramd.2014.02.003

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

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2024 August	27	8	35
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2020 February	21	8	29
2020 January	17	5	22
2019 December	23	3	26
2019 November	9	12	21
2019 October	25	1	26
2019 September	10	10	20
2019 August	10	0	10
2019 July	22	10	32
2019 June	46	24	70
2019 May	114	18	132
2019 April	64	14	78
2019 March	7	8	15
2019 February	12	32	44
2019 January	9	8	17
2018 December	10	4	14
2018 November	25	3	28
2018 October	17	13	30
2018 September	11	6	17
2018 August	7	9	16
2018 July	5	4	9
2018 June	19	0	19
2018 May	18	5	23
2018 April	16	11	27
2018 March	13	3	16
2018 February	9	3	12
2018 January	9	3	12
2017 December	11	1	12
2017 November	24	2	26
2017 October	21	10	31
2017 September	9	3	12
2017 August	18	1	19
2017 July	20	4	24
2017 June	17	9	26
2017 May	23	4	27
2017 April	16	4	20
2017 March	40	46	86
2017 February	23	4	27
2017 January	25	6	31
2016 December	35	7	42
2016 November	43	8	51
2016 October	100	9	109
2016 September	54	9	63
2016 August	37	7	44
2016 July	33	3	36
2016 June	36	1	37
2016 May	27	1	28
2016 April	26	13	39
2016 March	46	13	59
2016 February	46	9	55
2016 January	27	11	38
2015 December	43	13	56
2015 November	40	25	65
2015 October	61	20	81
2015 September	36	6	42
2015 August	60	11	71
2015 July	132	26	158
2015 June	153	34	187
2015 May	127	26	153

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