Acute effects of two different stretching techniques on isokinetic strength and power

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Braz, J.P. Borin, L. M.P. Spigolon, S.A. Cunha, C.R. Cavaglieri, A.C. Gomes" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T.V." "apellidos" => "Braz" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.P." "apellidos" => "Borin" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L. M.P." "apellidos" => "Spigolon" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S.A." "apellidos" => "Cunha" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.R." "apellidos" => "Cavaglieri" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.C." "apellidos" => "Gomes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "pt" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1888754615000489?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18887546/0000000800000003/v1_201507190108/S1888754615000489/v1_201507190108/pt/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Acute effects of two different stretching techniques on isokinetic strength and power" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "93" "paginaFinal" => "102" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "F. Ayala, M. De Ste Croix, P. Sainz de Baranda, F. Santonja" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "F." 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"apellidos" => "Santonja" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "ISEN University Formation, Centre Affiliated to the University of Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Traumatology, V. de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efecto agudo de 2 técnicas de estiramiento diferentes sobre la fuerza y potencia isocinética" ] "pt" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efeito agudo de 2 diferentes técnicas de alongamento sobre a força e potência isocinética" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 531 "Ancho" => 1916 "Tamanyo" => 93096 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Stretching exercises (left to right: gluteus, quadriceps, hamstrings, psoas, and adductors)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionStretching activities before exercise are believed to prepare the musculo-skeletal system for physical activity and sport events by improving joint range of motion, thus promoting improved performance and reducing the relative risk of injury.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">1</a> Consequently, athletes, coaches and sport practitioners regularly include stretching exercises in both training programs and in pre-event warm-up activities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">2</a>However, recent evidence has questioned the traditional hypothesis that supported the practice of pre-exercise stretching as a measure to increase sport performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220">3,4</a> In this sense, it has been shown that a bout of static stretching may temporarily reduce strength performance, in relation to force and power production, when it is performed prior to events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220">3,4</a> It was shown that pre-exercise static stretching might acutely compromise a muscle's ability to produce strength either isometrically<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">5,6</a> or isokinetically<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">7-11</a>(mainly under concentric actions) for the knee joint measured throughout a single-joint isokinetic testing protocol. Explanations for this so-called stretching-induced strength deficit include: (a) alterations in the mechanical components of skeletal muscle contraction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">7,8</a>; (b) decreases in muscle activation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">5,12,13</a>; or (c) a combination of both mechanical and neural factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420">7</a> In contrast, some evidence exists indicating that dynamic stretching exercises may induce improvement in isometric and isokinetic strength and power performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440">11,14,15</a> Although the exact mechanisms by which dynamic stretching may improve strength performance are not well known, previous studies have suggested that a dynamic stretching exercise might exert positive effects on muscular performance by an elevation of muscular temperature,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">16</a> or post-activation potentiation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455">14,15</a>caused by voluntary contractions of the antagonist of the target muscle.These effects have implications for athletes involved in activities that require maximal strength and power production, such as rugby and football, and have led some researchers to recommend that pre-exercise static stretching should be omitted or replaced by dynamic stretching during warm-ups prior to strenuous exercise and/or sport events. However, when the body of literature regarding the acute effects of pre-exercise stretching on strength and power production is carefully scrutinized, some important limitations are noted, which may question the applicability of the last recommendation in the physical training context. For instance, most of the studies that have investigated the acute effects of static stretching on strength and power have designed protocols which use overall stretch durations on a single muscle group (quadriceps, gastrocnemius and hamstrings mainly), ranging from 90s to 60min.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">5,12-17</a> These single muscle group and long stretching protocols are not representative of typical warm-ups used by athletes and recreationally active people to prepare for exercise or competition.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">18</a> Furthermore, very few studies have carried out direct comparisons between stretching protocols with consistent stretch doses (overall and single stretching duration) and different stretch techniques (i.e. static vs dynamic stretching) on concentric and/or eccentric maximal isokinetic strength and power output to elucidate the optimal pre-participation protocol for sport activities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440">11,19</a> Additionally, although there are studies indicating improved muscle strength performance following dynamic stretching,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455">14,15</a> it is not known how dynamic stretching affects strength and power during isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring actions in concentric and eccentric modes.Therefore, the main purpose of the current study was to examine and compare the acute effects of short duration static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines with consistent stretching parameters (duration, intensity, number of exercises, repetitions) on the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions in recreationally athletes.MethodParticipantsTwenty-five men (age=21.3±2.5 years; stature=176.3±8.4cm; body mass=74.4±10.8kg) and 24 women (age=20.4±1.8 years; stature=164.7±7.6cm; body mass=62.9±8.6kg) who were recreationally active adults (engaging in 2–5h of moderate physical activity 3–5 days per week) completed the current study.The exclusion criteria were: (a) histories of orthopedic problems, such as episodes of hamstrings and quadriceps injuries, fractures, surgery or pain in the spine or hamstring and quadriceps muscles over the past six months; (b) missing a testing session during the data collection phase; and (c) not have delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) through each testing session. Women participants could not be in the ovulation phase of their menstrual cycle during testing to reduce the effects of hormonal status on muscle-tendon unit stiffness and knee joint laxity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">20</a> The participants were verbally informed about the characteristics of the methods to be utilized as well as the purpose and risks of the present study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Furthermore, the study was approved by the University of Gloucestershire Research Ethics Committee (United Kingdom).Experimental designA crossover study design, in which participants executed all experimental conditions, was used to investigate the purposes of the current study. Use of a pre- and post-test design, in which participants performed a pre and post-stretch isokinetic assessment was not adopted because in a pilot study participants reported that the testing procedure was too long and subsequently they felt less able to undertake the post-stretch assessment and hence, bias the results. In addition, some participants reported musculoskeletal fatigue during the post-stretch assessment. Therefore, to ensure the optimal preparedness state of each participant throughout the testing procedure, the current study used a crossover design.Participants visited the laboratory on four occasions with 72–96h rest interval between testing sessions. The first visit was a practice/habituation session to the isokinetic testing procedure and stretching exercises, and the following three visits were the experimental sessions. During each experimental session, participants began by completing a 5min standardized warm-up (cycling at 90W for men and 60W for women at 60–70rpm). The stretching (static or dynamic) or non-stretching (control) intervention was performed immediately after the standardized warm-up. The order of stretching (static and dynamic) and non-stretching conditions was randomized. After the stretching and non-stretching conditions, the participants performed a specific isokinetic warm-up consisting on 4 sub-maximal (self-perceived 50% effort) and 2 maximal eccentric knee flexion actions.The rationale of using this warm up structure (standardized warm-up+stretching or non-stretching+specific warm-up) was to replicate the typical warm-up structure that is usually performed by athletes and recreationally active participants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">4</a>The knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power assessment of the dominant leg (determined through interview and defined as leg preference when kicking a ball) was carried out 2–3min (post-test) after the stretching protocol was completed. In the non-stretching session, the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power assessment was carried out after the standardized warm-up (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The rationale for assessing only the dominant leg was based on the fact that previous studies have not reported leg-related differences in relation to muscle-tendon unit properties, when the same amount of stretching is applied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">21</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Stretching protocolsIn each stretching session, participants performed five un-assisted stretching exercises designed to stretch the major muscle groups used during running (gluteus, psoas, adductors, hamstrings and quadriceps) and reflect the stretching typically performed by athletes and recreationally active people (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The static and dynamic stretching sessions differed only in the stretch technique used; whereas the other stretching load characteristics (duration, intensity, repetition and exercise positions) were identical. The stretching exercises were performed twice in a randomized order under the direct supervision and guidance of the investigators. Each stretching exercise was completed on the right and left limb before another exercise was performed. No-rest interval was allowed between limbs, although a 20s rest period was allowed between stretch repetitions and exercises (once the leg was returned to a neutral position). The intensity of stretching was self-determined but set to the threshold of mild discomfort, not pain, as acknowledged by the participant.During the static stretching session, participants were asked to hold each stretch position for 30s. During the dynamic stretching session, participants were instructed to perform 15 continuous controlled dynamic movements from the neutral stance to the end of the range of movement. A rate of one stretch cycle every 2s was set and the movements were at a controlled speed throughout the range of movements. In addition, during dynamic stretching, participants were instructed that the end position should be the same as the end position during static stretching.Isokinetic testingA Biodex System-3 Isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex Corp., Shirley, NY, USA) and its respective manufacture software were used to determine peak torque and mean power during knee extension and flexion isokinetic movements.Participants were secured in a prone position on the dynamometer with the hip passively flexed at 10–20° and the head maintained erect<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">22</a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). The axis of rotation of the dynamometer lever arm was aligned with the lateral epicondyle of the knee. The force pad was placed approximately 3cm superior to the medial malleolus with the foot in a relaxed position. Adjustable strapping across the pelvic, posterior thigh proximal to the knee and foot localized the action of the musculature involved. The range of movement was set from 90° knee flexion (starting position) to 0° (0° was determined as maximal voluntary knee extension for each participant).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The isokinetic examination was separated into two parts. The first part of the examination was the assessment of the knee extensor followed by the knee flexor muscles with a concentric/concentric (CON/CON) testing method. The second part of the examination was the assessment of the knee extensor followed by the knee flexor muscles with an eccentric/eccentric (ECC/ECC) testing method. In both testing methods, two cycles of knee flexions and extensions were performed at three pre-set constant angular speeds in the following order: 60, 180 and 240°/s (slow to fast). When a variation greater than 5% was found in the peak torque scores between cycles at the same speed, an extra cycle was performed and the two most related cycles were used for the subsequent statistical analyses. The 60 and 180°/s angular speeds were chosen to be consistent with previous studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">7,8,10,23</a> The 240°/s angular speed was chosen as the fastest velocity because in a pilot study with 10 participants of similar age and training status, they subjectively indicated that 240°/s was the maximum CON/CON and ECC/ECC cycles speed that they were able to perform comfortably during the test and because the constant velocity period is very short at velocities faster than 240°/s. Pilot work also showed that participants could not maintain the required torque output throughout the range of motion in the reactive eccentric mode, subsequently causing stalling of the lever arm. Therefore, the passive eccentric mode was chosen so that the full range of movement would be completed for every action.The two testing method (CON/CON and ECC/ECC) were separate by a 5min rest interval and a rest of 30s was allowed between action cycles. The number of maximal muscle actions and the rest-period durations were chosen to minimize musculoskeletal fatigue, which is unlikely to occur with only two reciprocal muscle actions at three speeds and a 30s rest between reciprocal muscle actions and speeds and 5min rest between testing modes. Both for CON/CON and ECC/ECC cycles, participants were encouraged to push/resist as hard and as fast as possible and to complete the full range of motion.MeasuresFor both isokinetic parameters of peak torque and mean power, the average of the two trials at each speed through the testing sessions was used for subsequent statistical analysis. In addition, Sole et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">24</a> reported better reproducibility when they used the mean value from 3 trials rather than the single highest value from the 3 repetitions for concentric and eccentric peak torque. In each trial, peak torque was reported as the maximum torque value and power was reported as time-averaged integrated area under the angle-torque relationship. The speed throughout each repetition was analyzed and it was also verified that, at the greater angular velocity, peak torque and power was developed during the constant speed period. The constant speed periods during concentric muscle actions were approximately the 82, 50 and 42% of the full knee flexion and extension ROM for the speeds 60, 180 and 240°/s respectively. For the eccentric muscle action, the constant speed periods were 79, 48 and 40% of the full knee flexion and extension ROM at 60, 180 and 240°/s respectively (data obtained from 20 participants).Statistical analysisBefore any statistical analyses were performed, the distribution of raw data sets was checked using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Descriptive statistics including means, standard error of the means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each measure.Recent research studies have consistently reported no sex-related differences in relation to the same stretching treatment on isokinetic peak torque values<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">7,10,12</a>so men's and women's data were not analyzed separately. Descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations were calculated for each measure.Mean effects of stretching (static and dynamic) and their 90% confidence limits were estimated using a spreadsheet designed by Hopkins<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">19</a> via the unequal-variances t statistic computed for change scores between paired sessions (control vs static; control vs dynamic; static vs dynamic) for each variable. Alpha was p<0.05. Each participant's change score was expressed as a percentage of baseline score via analysis of log-transformed values, to reduce bias arising from nonuniformity of error. Errors of measurement and individual responses expressed as coefficients of variation were also estimated. In addition, the analysis determines the chances that the true effects are substantial or trivial when a value for the smallest worthwhile change is entered.Coefficients of variation (CV) determined the smallest substantial/worthwhile change for each of the variables. To the authors’ knowledge, no studies have analyzed the absolute reliability of the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions with the participants adopting a prone position, so we chose 0.20 standardized units (that is a fraction of the between-subjects standard deviation at baseline) as the smallest worthwhile change.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">25</a> The default of 0.20 gives chances that the true effect is at least small.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">25</a>The qualitative descriptors proposed by Hopkins<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">25</a> were used to interpret the probabilities that the true affects are harmful, trivial or beneficial: <1%, almost certainly not; 1–4%, very unlikely; 5–24%, unlikely or probably not; 25–74%, possibly or may be; 75–94%, likely or probably; 95–99%, very likely; >99%, almost certainly.Effect sizes, which are standardized values that permit the determination of the magnitude of differences between groups or experimental conditions,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">26</a> were also calculated for each of the variables using the method previously described by Cohen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">26</a> Cohen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">26</a> assigned descriptors to the effect sizes (d) such that an effect size of 0.4 or less represented a small magnitude of change while 0.41–0.7 and greater than 0.7 represented moderate and large magnitudes of change, respectively.Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a> present the mean and standard deviation for peak torque and power in each experimental session (k=3) for knee extension and knee flexion in both concentric and eccentric muscle actions respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>As presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>, there were no a clear main effects (p>0.05; trivial effect with a probability of 75–95%; d<0.4) on concentric and eccentric knee flexion and extension peak torque and power between paired treatments. However, there were possible positive effects (d>0.15; positive effect with a probability of 75–95%;) of dynamic stretching on some peak torque and power variables (see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>) when they were compared with the static stretching treatment.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThe primary findings of the present study indicate that short and contextualized lower limb static and dynamic stretching routines have no a stretching-induce strength and power deficit or improvement effects on concentric and eccentric knee flexion and extension isokinetic movements at three different speeds (60, 180 and 240°/s) in recreationally athletes.Our findings are not consistent with several recent studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440">11,12,17-27</a> although not all,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485">23,28,29</a> that has indicated that a bout of static stretching may cause transient decreases in isolated muscle strength. A possible explanation for these conflicting results could be attributed to the different static stretch durations used in these studies. Generally, in those studies that have reported static stretching-induced strength and power deficits, a single muscle group was statically stretched for between 90s and 60min.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">5,12-17</a> Contrarily, our study in conjunction with some studies that have shown no static stretching-induced strength and power deficits have used a lower overall stretch duration ranging from 30 to 90s.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485">23,28,29</a> Therefore, it would appear that there is a dose-dependent threshold of static stretching necessary to reflect any statistically detectable change in isokinetic strength and power. This hypothesis has been recently confirmed by some studies which have examined and carried out direct comparisons between the acute effects of stretching routines with different overall stretch doses and consistent stretching parameters (technique intensity, exercise positions and muscle stretched).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485">23,28,30–32</a> For example, Zakas et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">23</a> after examining the effects of two different overall durations (45s and 300s) of acute static stretching on isokinetic peak torque production in pubescent soccer players reported that stretching caused a significant decrease in strength performance (5–12%) when the stretch duration was 300s, while a stretch duration per isolate muscle of 45s did not alter the mechanism of force production. In addition, Murphy et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">30</a> found that a bout of 6×6s of static stretching for the hamstring was enough to improve hip flexion ROM for 30minutes without cause impairments on jump height and reaction time. Consequently, overall static stretch duration per isolate muscle group ≤60–90s may have no stretching-induced alterations in strength and power during concentric and eccentric isokinetic muscle actions.The results of the current study also suggest that there were no significant differences in isokinetic strength and power performance after dynamic stretching compared with control condition. These findings are not consistent with previous studies that have reported increased strength and/or power after a bout of dynamic stretching.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440">11,33,34</a> A possible explanation for the discrepancy between the results of the current study, that showed no dynamic stretching-induced improvements on isokinetic strength and power; in contrast with the results reported by previous studies may be due to the different stretch duration used. For example, Sekir et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">11</a> designed a dynamic stretching protocol with an overall stretch duration per muscle (quadriceps and hamstrings) of 60s (4×15 dynamic movements) and Manoel et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">34</a> carried out 3 repetitions of 30s dynamic stretches, while the current study stretched the major muscle groups of the lower limb (psoas, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus and adductors) using a overall stretch duration of 30s per muscle group (2×15 dynamic movements). Perhaps, as occur with static stretching, the dynamic stretching-induced enhancement of muscular performance phenomenon may be governed by a dose–response relationship, where the shorter volumes (<30s) do not affect muscle performance and longer duration may facilitate performance (>60–90s).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">4</a> However, future studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.Another important issue regarding the pre-exercise stretching routine design is the stretch technique used. When static and dynamic stretching treatments were compared, the results of the current study showed that dynamic stretching reported slightly higher scores than static stretching (d>0.15; percentage change ranged form 1.2 to 14.7) for most of the strength and power variables. Therefore, this finding supports the recent claims that suggest that dynamic stretching is preferable to static stretching as part of a warm-up designed to prepare for physical activity due to the possible enhancement of muscular performance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440">11,33–37</a>; and the similar acute increases in static flexibility as static stretching.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395">38,39</a>Another important clinical question is whether the effects of stretching of knee flexor and extensor muscle groups, which are closely related to the actual demands of sport on strength performance, elicit a similar response, in order to make evidence-based recommendations. The results of the current study and the findings reported by Sekir et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">11</a> have demonstrated that knee flexor and extensor muscles respond in the same way to static and dynamic stretching.Two different methodological aspects of the current study should be highlighted because they might make the results more valid than previous studies. The first aspect is the design of the stretching protocol used. The current study used a multiple-muscle stretching protocol (in which participants stretched the major lower-limb muscles) instead of the widely used single-muscle protocol (in which participants stretched only the muscle studied).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460">15-27</a> The rationale for using a multiple-muscle stretching protocol was because an acute bout of static stretching may reduce muscle activation via peripheral (autogenic inhibition of the Golgi tendon reflex, mechanoreceptor and nociceptor afferent inhibition) and central nervous system (supraspinal fatigue) mechanisms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">5,8,12</a> In this sense, Avela et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">5</a> and Cramer et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">8</a> found that an acute bout of static stretching caused a decrease in muscle activation not only in the stretched muscle but also in the un-stretched contralateral muscle (via central nervous system mechanism). However, the degree of contribution of each mechanism (peripheral and central) on the reduction in muscle activation is still unclear. Therefore, effects of stretching before exercise and sport events should be investigated using multiple-muscle stretching protocols that reflect the stretching stimuli that athletes and recreationally active people usually apply both to the peripheral and central nervous system during a typical warm-up to make evidence-based recommendations. The second methodological aspect that should be underlined is related to the isokinetic testing position used. Studies that have investigated the effects of stretching on isokinetic strength, with the goal of making recommendations to design warm-up protocols that allow athletes improving performance and reducing the risk of lower limb musculoskeletal injury, have typically reported data obtained from participants tested in a seated position. However, rarely are field and court sport athletes active with those kinematics (e.g., the hip flexed at 80–110°).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405">40,41</a> Most lower limb injuries occur while athletes engage in some running activity where the hip angle is reported to typically be approximately 10–20° to the vertical with foot plant occurring directly inferior to the torso and not with a hip flexion angle of 80–110°.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">41</a> Thus, it could be argued that isokinetic screening where the hip angle is more similar to when executing real-world sporting tasks would be more ecologically valid than using other traditional methods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">22,40</a> Based on the last statement, the current study selected a prone position with hip flexed 10–20°, which replicates the hip position and knee flexor and extensor muscle length-tension relationships that occur during running/sprinting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">22,40</a> Although the standing position appears to be the most ecologic valid testing position, it was not used because of technical issues (the bench of the dynamometer could not adapted to this position). However, it is possible that if the same hip flexion is used in both standing and prone positions, the stretch-tension relationship of the knee flexors and extensors will not likely differ and the relative contribution of the active contractile components of the muscles to overall force production would not change. Future studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.Although the current study is the first that has designed and examined the acute effects of a short and sport contextualized static and dynamic pre-exercise lower limb stretching routine with consistent stretch parameters on several isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength parameters (peak torque and power) in a large sample size of recreationally athletes, some limitations should be noted. The first limitation is that this study did not directly evaluate changes in the range of motion or changes in resistance and tolerance to stretch due to the experimental stretching treatments. Therefore it is not known whether the stretching interventions were actually effective in increasing flexibility or in decreasing muscle stiffness, although previous studies from our laboratory that have used identical stretching doses have reported increases in flexibility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395">38</a> Another potential limitation of the current study is the population used. Although this investigation used 49 participants, much higher than previous studies, the participants were homogenous based on age and physical status, which could limit the external validity of the results.Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that short pre-exercise static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines do not elicit stretching-induce deficits or improvements on knee flexor and knee extensor isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength and power. However, there is some evidence from our findings, in conjunction with similar previous studies, that dynamic stretching is preferable to static stretching as part of a warm-up designed to prepare for physical activity due to the possible enhancement of muscular performance.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres534667" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec554945" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres534665" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec554944" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres534666" "titulo" => "Resumo" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec554946" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Experimental design" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Stretching protocols" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Isokinetic testing" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Measures" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-16" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-06-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:3 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec554945" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Warm-up" 1 => "Strength performance" 2 => "Peak torque" 3 => "Power output" 4 => "Isokinetic" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec554944" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Calentamiento" 1 => "Fuerza muscular" 2 => "Pico de fuerza" 3 => "Potencia" 4 => "Isocinético" ] ] ] "pt" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palavras-chave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec554946" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aquecimento" 1 => "Força muscular" 2 => "Pico de força" 3 => "Potência" 4 => "Isocinética" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:3 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectivesTo examine and compare the acute effects of short duration static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines on the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions. MethodForty-nine active adults completed the following intervention protocols on separate days: non-stretching, static stretching and dynamic stretching. After the stretching or control intervention, concentric and eccentric isokinetic peak torque and mean power of the leg extensors and flexors were measured in prone position. Measures were compared via a fully-within-groups factorial ANOVA. ResultsNeither static nor dynamic stretching has influence on isokinetic peak torque and mean power when they were compared with the control condition. Paired comparison also showed that the isokinetic strength and power results reported by dynamic stretching session were slightly higher than those found during the static stretching session. ConclusionsShort pre-exercise static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines did not elicit stretching-induce reductions or improvements in knee flexor and knee extensor isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength. In addition, the findings of the current study support the claim that dynamic stretching may be preferable to static stretching as part of a warm-up designed to prepare for physical activity." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivosExaminar y comparar los efectos agudos de una rutina de estiramientos estáticos o dinámicos de corta duración sobre el pico de fuerza máximo y potencia media de la flexión y extensión concéntrica y excéntrica de la rodilla. MétodoCuarenta y nueve adultos activos completaron los siguientes protocolos de intervención en días separados: no-estiramiento, estiramiento estático y estiramiento dinámico. Después de la intervención de control o estiramiento, el pico de fuerza máximo y la potencia media de la flexión y extensión concéntrica y excéntrica de la rodilla fueron medidos en posición prono. Las medidas fueron comparadas a través de un análisis factorial ANOVA intergrupo. ResultadosNi el protocolo de estiramientos estático ni el dinámico tuvieron influencia sobre el pico de fuerza máximo y potencia media isocinética cuando fueron comparados con la condición de control. Las comparaciones por pares también mostraron que los resultados de fuerza y potencia isocinética durante la sesión de estiramientos dinámicos fueron ligeramente mayores que los encontrados durante la sesión de estiramientos estáticos. ConclusionesUna rutina de corta duración de estiramientos estáticos o dinámicos del tren inferior no produjo alteraciones en la fuerza isocinética concéntrica y excéntrica de la flexión y extensión de rodilla. Además, los hallazgos del presente estudio apoyan la idea de que el estiramiento dinámico podría ser preferible antes que el estiramiento estático como parte del calentamiento previo a una actuación física." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] "pt" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumo" "resumen" => "ObjetivosExaminar e comparar os efeitos agudos de uma rotina de alongamentos estáticos e dinâmicos de curta duração sobre o pico de força máxima e potência média da flexão e extensão concêntrica e excêntrica do joelho. MétodoQuarenta e nove adultos ativos completaram os seguintes protocolos de intervenção em dias distintos: sem alongamento, alongamento estático e alongamento dinâmico. Depois da intervenção de alongamento ou controle, o pico de força máxima e a potência média da flexão, extensão concêntrica e excêntrica do joelho foram medidos em posição pronada. As medidas foram comparadas através de uma análise fatorial ANOVA intergrupo. ResultadosTanto o protocolo de alongamento estático quanto o protocolo de alongamento dinâmico tiveram influência sobre o pico de força máxima e potência média isocinética quando comparados com a condição controle. As comparações por pares também mostraram que os resultados de força e potência isocinética durante a sessão de alongamento dinâmico foram ligeiramente maiores que os encontrados durante a sessão de alongamento estático. ConclusãoUma rotina de curta duração de alongamentos estáticos ou dinâmicos de membros inferiores não produziram alterações na força isocinética concêntrica e excêntrica da flexão e extensão do joelho. Além disso, os achados do presente estudo corroboram com a ideia de que alongamento dinâmico poderia ser preferível ao invés do alongamento estático, como parte do aquecimento antes da atividade física." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Método" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0055" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0060" "titulo" => "Conclusão" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1887 "Ancho" => 2502 "Tamanyo" => 201235 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Flow of participants through experimental sessions of the study." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 531 "Ancho" => 1916 "Tamanyo" => 93096 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Stretching exercises (left to right: gluteus, quadriceps, hamstrings, psoas, and adductors)." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 743 "Ancho" => 995 "Tamanyo" => 109928 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Isokinetic testing position." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concentric mode</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eccentric mode</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">180°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">240°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">180°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">240°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">No-stretching session (control)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Peak torque (Nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">120.7±33.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">96.7±34.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.6±29.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">169.5±66.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">148.0±38.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">144.4±49.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Power (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.4±18.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.2±35.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.2±35.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.00±32.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">140.0±40.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">172.5±48.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Static stretching session</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Peak torque (Nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">122.4±36.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.1±30.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88.4±29.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">154.9±67.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">142.4±40.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">143.2±58.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Power (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.4±18.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.8±32.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">101.3±36.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.0±28.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">133.1±42.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">174.5±52.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Dynamic stretching session</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Peak torque (Nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">128.4±41.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">98.7±29.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">91.5±31.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">165.1±64.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">160.5±63.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">147.6±53.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Power (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.5±21.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100.3±33.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.9±38.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.3±35.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">141.5±41.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">172.1±53.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab859368.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "All values are mean±standard deviation." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Peak torque and mean power output among experimental sessions (k=3) during concentric and eccentric knee extension muscle actions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concentric mode</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eccentric mode</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">180°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">240°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">180°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">240°/s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">No-stretching session (control)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Peak torque (Nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.7±24.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.1±23.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">64.0±22.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.6±27.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.1±26.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.6±25.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Power (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45.5±13.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.3±23.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.2±28.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.3±18.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.1±38.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.4±33.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Static stretching session</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Peak torque (Nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.8±24.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">65.7±21.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.8±20.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.5±25.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.6±23.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.5±23.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Power (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.5±14.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.7±24.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.0±26.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.1±16.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.6±41.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89.5±32.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Dynamic stretching session</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Peak torque (Nm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.0±22.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.6±21.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">60.9±22.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.7±28.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.8±23.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.6±26.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Power (W) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.4±13.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.3±23.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">83.6±26.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.8±17.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.3±39.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.3±34.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab859371.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "All values are mean±standard deviation." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Peak torque and mean power output among experimental sessions (k=3) during concentric and eccentric knee flexion muscle actions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">a</a>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Static vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs static</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+/Trivial/− (inference)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+/Trivial/− (inference)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+/Trivial/− (inference)</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTCON60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.1 (−8.5 to 2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.9 (−3.5 to 5.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.8 (−1.3 to 11.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/76/23 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">6/92/2 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">45/54/0 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTCON180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−2.8 (−8.4 to 3.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.5 (−3.9 to 7.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.5 (−0.5 to 11.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/87/13 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5/94/1 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">32/68/0 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTCON240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−9.4 (−15.7 to −2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.8 (−9.6 to 2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.4 (−1.7 to 15.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/26/74 (possible negative)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/81/19 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">41/58/0 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWCON60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−4.5 (−10.0 to 1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.4 (−4.2 to 7.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.7 (0.1 to 13.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/64/55 (possible trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">21/74/5 (possible trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">72/28/0 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWCON180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.1 (−5.9 to 6.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.6 (−3.8 to 5.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.2 (−6.2 to 9.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">3/93/4 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">2/98/0 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">11/84/4 (likely trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWCON240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−6.2 (−14.5 to 3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.5 (−5.8 to 5.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.1 (−3.3 to 11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">1/58/42 (possible negative)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">1/97/2 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">45/53/2 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTECC60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.8 (−4.9 to 3.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.6 (−1.6 to 6.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.0 (0.1 to 8.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/99/1 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5/95/0 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">11/84/0 (likely trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTECC180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−4.7 (−9.7 to 0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.4 (−4.3 to 3.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.3 (−0.3 to 11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/70/30 (possible trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/99/1 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">35/65/0 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTECC240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.0 (−7.6 to 1.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−1.4 (−5.6 to 3.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.8 (−3.5 to 7.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/88/12 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/97/3 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">8/92/1 (likely trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWECC60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.8 (−2.7 to 10.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.1 (−2.1 to 10.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.6 (−3.1 to 8.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">14/86/0 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">14/86/0 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">6/94/0 (likely trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWECC180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−4.2 (−11.3 to 3.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.2 (−2.6 to 9.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.8 (0.6 to 17.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/76/23 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">15/85/0 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">64/36/0 possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWECC240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−4.0 (−10.3 to 2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.3 (−6.1 to 5.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.8 (−4.0 to 10.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/79/21 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">2/96/3 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">13/86/1 (likely trivial)</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab859369.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "If chance of benefit and harm both >5%, true effect was assessed as unclear (could be beneficial or harmful). Otherwise, chances of benefit or harm were assessed as follows: <1%, almost certainly not; 1–5%, very unlikely; >5–25%, unlikely; >25–75%, possible; >75–95%, likely; >95–99%, very likely; >99%, almost certain." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) knee flexion peak torque (PT) and power (PW) percentage changes (mean, 90% confidence limit), effect size (d) and likelihood (%) of being positive/trivial/negative among treatment sessions (paired comparisons). Practical assessments of the effects are also shown.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">a</a>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Static vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs static</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+/Trivial/− (inference)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+/Trivial/− (inference)</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">+/Trivial/− (inference)</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTCON60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.2 (−5.6 to 6.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.2 (−1.5 to 10.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.3 (−4.2 to 13.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">9/84/7 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">39/61/0 (possible positive)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">43/53/4 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTCON180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.9 (−8.3 to 7.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.5 (−6.7 to 8.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.8 (−3.0 to 11.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5/85/10 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">8/87/5 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">21/78/1 (likely trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTCON240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−7.8 (−14.4 to −0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.8 (−5.6 to 4.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.3 (−0.9 to 16.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/36/64 (possible negative)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/96/3 (very likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">54/45/0 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWCON60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.6 (−5.6 to 7.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.7 (−4.7 to 8.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.6 (−6.7 to 10.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">14/71/9 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">22/72/6 (possible trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">28/61/11 (possible trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWCON180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−2.9 (−9.8 to 4.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.7 (−7.8 to 6.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6.1 (−1.5 to 14.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/82/17 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">4/89/7 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">38/62/0 (possible positive</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWCON240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.3 (−11.2 to 5.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−2.4 (−8.5 to 4.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.0 (−7.6 to 12.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">2/74/23 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/87/12 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">19/74/7 (possible trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTECC60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−5.9 (−12.5 to 1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.5 (−9.4 to 2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.1 (−2.3 to 13.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/56/44 (possible negative)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/79/20 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">34/65/1 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTECC180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−4.5 (−12.6 to 4.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.0 (−4.0 to 23.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14.7 (0.6 to 30.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/70/29 (possible trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">59/38/2 (possible positive)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">81/18/1 (likely positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PTECC240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−5.4 (−17.7 to 8.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−1.9 (−9.5 to 6.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−2.5 (−9.1 to 4.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">4/67/29 (possible trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/92/7 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/94/6 (likely trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWECC60</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.2 (−9.9 to 4.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−3.1 (−9.8 to 4.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.4 (−5.8 to 11.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/84/15 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0/85/15 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">15/83/2 (likely trivial)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWECC180</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−6.0 (−14.4 to 3.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.0 (−5.8 to 10.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.4 (2.1 to 17.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1/55/44 (possible negative)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">15/82/3 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">68/32/0 (possible positive)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PWECC240</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.8 (−4.9 to 13.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.6 (−9.3 to 11.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−1.6 (−8.6 to 5.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">16/82/2 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5/85/11 (likely trivial)</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">3/87/10 (likely trivial)</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab859370.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "If chance of benefit and harm both >5%, true effect was assessed as unclear (could be beneficial or harmful). Otherwise, chances of benefit or harm were assessed as follows: <1%, almost certainly not; 1–4%, very unlikely; 5–24%, unlikely; 25–74%, possible; 75–94%, likely; 95–99%, very likely; >99%, almost certain." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) knee extension peak torque (PT) and power (PW) percentage changes (mean, 90% confidence limit), effect size (d) and likelihood (%) of being positive/trivial/negative among treatment sessions (paired comparisons). 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Efecto agudo de 2 técnicas de estiramiento diferentes sobre la fuerza y potencia isocinética

Efeito agudo de 2 diferentes técnicas de alongamento sobre a força e potência isocinética

F. Ayalaa,b,

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Franciscoayalarodriguez@gmail.com

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, M. De Ste Croixc, P. Sainz de Barandad, F. Santonjae,f

a Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Spain

b ISEN University Formation, Centre Affiliated to the University of Murcia, Spain

c Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom

d Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, Spain

e Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain

f Department of Traumatology, V. de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stretching exercises &#40;left to right&#58; gluteus&#44; quadriceps&#44; hamstrings&#44; psoas&#44; and adductors&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stretching activities before exercise are believed to prepare the musculo-skeletal system for physical activity and sport events by improving joint range of motion&#44; thus promoting improved performance and reducing the relative risk of injury&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Consequently&#44; athletes&#44; coaches and sport practitioners regularly include stretching exercises in both training programs and in pre-event warm-up activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; recent evidence has questioned the traditional hypothesis that supported the practice of pre-exercise stretching as a measure to increase sport performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> In this sense&#44; it has been shown that a bout of static stretching may temporarily reduce strength performance&#44; in relation to force and power production&#44; when it is performed prior to events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> It was shown that pre-exercise static stretching might acutely compromise a muscle&#39;s ability to produce strength either isometrically<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> or isokinetically<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7-11</span></a>&#40;mainly under concentric actions&#41; for the knee joint measured throughout a single-joint isokinetic testing protocol&#46; Explanations for this so-called stretching-induced strength deficit include&#58; &#40;a&#41; alterations in the mechanical components of skeletal muscle contraction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#59; &#40;b&#41; decreases in muscle activation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12&#44;13</span></a>&#59; or &#40;c&#41; a combination of both mechanical and neural factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In contrast&#44; some evidence exists indicating that dynamic stretching exercises may induce improvement in isometric and isokinetic strength and power performance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;14&#44;15</span></a> Although the exact mechanisms by which dynamic stretching may improve strength performance are not well known&#44; previous studies have suggested that a dynamic stretching exercise might exert positive effects on muscular performance by an elevation of muscular temperature&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> or post-activation potentiation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a>caused by voluntary contractions of the antagonist of the target muscle&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These effects have implications for athletes involved in activities that require maximal strength and power production&#44; such as rugby and football&#44; and have led some researchers to recommend that pre-exercise static stretching should be omitted or replaced by dynamic stretching during warm-ups prior to strenuous exercise and&#47;or sport events&#46; However&#44; when the body of literature regarding the acute effects of pre-exercise stretching on strength and power production is carefully scrutinized&#44; some important limitations are noted&#44; which may question the applicability of the last recommendation in the physical training context&#46; For instance&#44; most of the studies that have investigated the acute effects of static stretching on strength and power have designed protocols which use overall stretch durations on a single muscle group &#40;quadriceps&#44; gastrocnemius and hamstrings mainly&#41;&#44; ranging from 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s to 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12-17</span></a> These single muscle group and long stretching protocols are not representative of typical warm-ups used by athletes and recreationally active people to prepare for exercise or competition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Furthermore&#44; very few studies have carried out direct comparisons between stretching protocols with consistent stretch doses &#40;overall and single stretching duration&#41; and different stretch techniques &#40;i&#46;e&#46; static vs dynamic stretching&#41; on concentric and&#47;or eccentric maximal isokinetic strength and power output to elucidate the optimal pre-participation protocol for sport activities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;19</span></a> Additionally&#44; although there are studies indicating improved muscle strength performance following dynamic stretching&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0455"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> it is not known how dynamic stretching affects strength and power during isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring actions in concentric and eccentric modes&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the main purpose of the current study was to examine and compare the acute effects of short duration static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines with consistent stretching parameters &#40;duration&#44; intensity&#44; number of exercises&#44; repetitions&#41; on the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions in recreationally athletes&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Method</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Participants</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-five men &#40;age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;5 years&#59; stature<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>176&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; body mass<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>74&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#41; and 24 women &#40;age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;8 years&#59; stature<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>164&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; body mass<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#41; who were recreationally active adults &#40;engaging in 2&#8211;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of moderate physical activity 3&#8211;5 days per week&#41; completed the current study&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion criteria were&#58; &#40;a&#41; histories of orthopedic problems&#44; such as episodes of hamstrings and quadriceps injuries&#44; fractures&#44; surgery or pain in the spine or hamstring and quadriceps muscles over the past six months&#59; &#40;b&#41; missing a testing session during the data collection phase&#59; and &#40;c&#41; not have delayed onset muscle soreness &#40;DOMS&#41; through each testing session&#46; Women participants could not be in the ovulation phase of their menstrual cycle during testing to reduce the effects of hormonal status on muscle-tendon unit stiffness and knee joint laxity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> The participants were verbally informed about the characteristics of the methods to be utilized as well as the purpose and risks of the present study&#44; and written informed consent was obtained from all participants&#46; Furthermore&#44; the study was approved by the University of Gloucestershire Research Ethics Committee &#40;United Kingdom&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Experimental design</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A crossover study design&#44; in which participants executed all experimental conditions&#44; was used to investigate the purposes of the current study&#46; Use of a pre- and post-test design&#44; in which participants performed a pre and post-stretch isokinetic assessment was not adopted because in a pilot study participants reported that the testing procedure was too long and subsequently they felt less able to undertake the post-stretch assessment and hence&#44; bias the results&#46; In addition&#44; some participants reported musculoskeletal fatigue during the post-stretch assessment&#46; Therefore&#44; to ensure the optimal preparedness state of each participant throughout the testing procedure&#44; the current study used a crossover design&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants visited the laboratory on four occasions with 72&#8211;96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h rest interval between testing sessions&#46; The first visit was a practice&#47;habituation session to the isokinetic testing procedure and stretching exercises&#44; and the following three visits were the experimental sessions&#46; During each experimental session&#44; participants began by completing a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min standardized warm-up &#40;cycling at 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W for men and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W for women at 60&#8211;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm&#41;&#46; The stretching &#40;static or dynamic&#41; or non-stretching &#40;control&#41; intervention was performed immediately after the standardized warm-up&#46; The order of stretching &#40;static and dynamic&#41; and non-stretching conditions was randomized&#46; After the stretching and non-stretching conditions&#44; the participants performed a specific isokinetic warm-up consisting on 4 sub-maximal &#40;self-perceived 50&#37; effort&#41; and 2 maximal eccentric knee flexion actions&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rationale of using this warm up structure &#40;standardized warm-up<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>stretching or non-stretching<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>specific warm-up&#41; was to replicate the typical warm-up structure that is usually performed by athletes and recreationally active participants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power assessment of the dominant leg &#40;determined through interview and defined as leg preference when kicking a ball&#41; was carried out 2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min &#40;post-test&#41; after the stretching protocol was completed&#46; In the non-stretching session&#44; the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power assessment was carried out after the standardized warm-up &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The rationale for assessing only the dominant leg was based on the fact that previous studies have not reported leg-related differences in relation to muscle-tendon unit properties&#44; when the same amount of stretching is applied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Stretching protocols</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In each stretching session&#44; participants performed five un-assisted stretching exercises designed to stretch the major muscle groups used during running &#40;gluteus&#44; psoas&#44; adductors&#44; hamstrings and quadriceps&#41; and reflect the stretching typically performed by athletes and recreationally active people &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The static and dynamic stretching sessions differed only in the stretch technique used&#59; whereas the other stretching load characteristics &#40;duration&#44; intensity&#44; repetition and exercise positions&#41; were identical&#46; The stretching exercises were performed twice in a randomized order under the direct supervision and guidance of the investigators&#46; Each stretching exercise was completed on the right and left limb before another exercise was performed&#46; No-rest interval was allowed between limbs&#44; although a 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s rest period was allowed between stretch repetitions and exercises &#40;once the leg was returned to a neutral position&#41;&#46; The intensity of stretching was self-determined but set to the threshold of mild discomfort&#44; not pain&#44; as acknowledged by the participant&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the static stretching session&#44; participants were asked to hold each stretch position for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46; During the dynamic stretching session&#44; participants were instructed to perform 15 continuous controlled dynamic movements from the neutral stance to the end of the range of movement&#46; A rate of one stretch cycle every 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s was set and the movements were at a controlled speed throughout the range of movements&#46; In addition&#44; during dynamic stretching&#44; participants were instructed that the end position should be the same as the end position during static stretching&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Isokinetic testing</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Biodex System-3 Isokinetic dynamometer &#40;Biodex Corp&#46;&#44; Shirley&#44; NY&#44; USA&#41; and its respective manufacture software were used to determine peak torque and mean power during knee extension and flexion isokinetic movements&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were secured in a prone position on the dynamometer with the hip passively flexed at 10&#8211;20&#176; and the head maintained erect<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The axis of rotation of the dynamometer lever arm was aligned with the lateral epicondyle of the knee&#46; The force pad was placed approximately 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm superior to the medial malleolus with the foot in a relaxed position&#46; Adjustable strapping across the pelvic&#44; posterior thigh proximal to the knee and foot localized the action of the musculature involved&#46; The range of movement was set from 90&#176; knee flexion &#40;starting position&#41; to 0&#176; &#40;0&#176; was determined as maximal voluntary knee extension for each participant&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The isokinetic examination was separated into two parts&#46; The first part of the examination was the assessment of the knee extensor followed by the knee flexor muscles with a concentric&#47;concentric &#40;CON&#47;CON&#41; testing method&#46; The second part of the examination was the assessment of the knee extensor followed by the knee flexor muscles with an eccentric&#47;eccentric &#40;ECC&#47;ECC&#41; testing method&#46; In both testing methods&#44; two cycles of knee flexions and extensions were performed at three pre-set constant angular speeds in the following order&#58; 60&#44; 180 and 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s &#40;slow to fast&#41;&#46; When a variation greater than 5&#37; was found in the peak torque scores between cycles at the same speed&#44; an extra cycle was performed and the two most related cycles were used for the subsequent statistical analyses&#46; The 60 and 180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s angular speeds were chosen to be consistent with previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8&#44;10&#44;23</span></a> The 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s angular speed was chosen as the fastest velocity because in a pilot study with 10 participants of similar age and training status&#44; they subjectively indicated that 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s was the maximum CON&#47;CON and ECC&#47;ECC cycles speed that they were able to perform comfortably during the test and because the constant velocity period is very short at velocities faster than 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&#46; Pilot work also showed that participants could not maintain the required torque output throughout the range of motion in the reactive eccentric mode&#44; subsequently causing stalling of the lever arm&#46; Therefore&#44; the passive eccentric mode was chosen so that the full range of movement would be completed for every action&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The two testing method &#40;CON&#47;CON and ECC&#47;ECC&#41; were separate by a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min rest interval and a rest of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s was allowed between action cycles&#46; The number of maximal muscle actions and the rest-period durations were chosen to minimize musculoskeletal fatigue&#44; which is unlikely to occur with only two reciprocal muscle actions at three speeds and a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s rest between reciprocal muscle actions and speeds and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min rest between testing modes&#46; Both for CON&#47;CON and ECC&#47;ECC cycles&#44; participants were encouraged to push&#47;resist as hard and as fast as possible and to complete the full range of motion&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Measures</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For both isokinetic parameters of peak torque and mean power&#44; the average of the two trials at each speed through the testing sessions was used for subsequent statistical analysis&#46; In addition&#44; Sole et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> reported better reproducibility when they used the mean value from 3 trials rather than the single highest value from the 3 repetitions for concentric and eccentric peak torque&#46; In each trial&#44; peak torque was reported as the maximum torque value and power was reported as time-averaged integrated area under the angle-torque relationship&#46; The speed throughout each repetition was analyzed and it was also verified that&#44; at the greater angular velocity&#44; peak torque and power was developed during the constant speed period&#46; The constant speed periods during concentric muscle actions were approximately the 82&#44; 50 and 42&#37; of the full knee flexion and extension ROM for the speeds 60&#44; 180 and 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s respectively&#46; For the eccentric muscle action&#44; the constant speed periods were 79&#44; 48 and 40&#37; of the full knee flexion and extension ROM at 60&#44; 180 and 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s respectively &#40;data obtained from 20 participants&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before any statistical analyses were performed&#44; the distribution of raw data sets was checked using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test&#46; Descriptive statistics including means&#44; standard error of the means and 95&#37; confidence intervals were calculated for each measure&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent research studies have consistently reported no sex-related differences in relation to the same stretching treatment on isokinetic peak torque values<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;10&#44;12</span></a>so men&#39;s and women&#39;s data were not analyzed separately&#46; Descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations were calculated for each measure&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean effects of stretching &#40;static and dynamic&#41; and their 90&#37; confidence limits were estimated using a spreadsheet designed by Hopkins<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> via the unequal-variances t statistic computed for change scores between paired sessions &#40;control vs static&#59; control vs dynamic&#59; static vs dynamic&#41; for each variable&#46; Alpha was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46; Each participant&#39;s change score was expressed as a percentage of baseline score via analysis of log-transformed values&#44; to reduce bias arising from nonuniformity of error&#46; Errors of measurement and individual responses expressed as coefficients of variation were also estimated&#46; In addition&#44; the analysis determines the chances that the true effects are substantial or trivial when a value for the smallest worthwhile change is entered&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coefficients of variation &#40;CV&#41; determined the smallest substantial&#47;worthwhile change for each of the variables&#46; To the authors&#8217; knowledge&#44; no studies have analyzed the absolute reliability of the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions with the participants adopting a prone position&#44; so we chose 0&#46;20 standardized units &#40;that is a fraction of the between-subjects standard deviation at baseline&#41; as the smallest worthwhile change&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> The default of 0&#46;20 gives chances that the true effect is at least small&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The qualitative descriptors proposed by Hopkins<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> were used to interpret the probabilities that the true affects are harmful&#44; trivial or beneficial&#58; &#60;1&#37;&#44; almost certainly not&#59; 1&#8211;4&#37;&#44; very unlikely&#59; 5&#8211;24&#37;&#44; unlikely or probably not&#59; 25&#8211;74&#37;&#44; possibly or may be&#59; 75&#8211;94&#37;&#44; likely or probably&#59; 95&#8211;99&#37;&#44; very likely&#59; &#62;99&#37;&#44; almost certainly&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Effect sizes&#44; which are standardized values that permit the determination of the magnitude of differences between groups or experimental conditions&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> were also calculated for each of the variables using the method previously described by Cohen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Cohen<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> assigned descriptors to the effect sizes &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#41; such that an effect size of 0&#46;4 or less represented a small magnitude of change while 0&#46;41&#8211;0&#46;7 and greater than 0&#46;7 represented moderate and large magnitudes of change&#44; respectively&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Results</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a> present the mean and standard deviation for peak torque and power in each experimental session &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41; for knee extension and knee flexion in both concentric and eccentric muscle actions respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>&#44; there were no a clear main effects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#59; trivial effect with a probability of 75&#8211;95&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&#41; on concentric and eccentric knee flexion and extension peak torque and power between paired treatments&#46; However&#44; there were possible positive effects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15&#59; positive effect with a probability of 75&#8211;95&#37;&#59;&#41; of dynamic stretching on some peak torque and power variables &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>&#41; when they were compared with the static stretching treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Discussion</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary findings of the present study indicate that short and contextualized lower limb static and dynamic stretching routines have no a stretching-induce strength and power deficit or improvement effects on concentric and eccentric knee flexion and extension isokinetic movements at three different speeds &#40;60&#44; 180 and 240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&#41; in recreationally athletes&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings are not consistent with several recent studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12&#44;17-27</span></a> although not all&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;28&#44;29</span></a> that has indicated that a bout of static stretching may cause transient decreases in isolated muscle strength&#46; A possible explanation for these conflicting results could be attributed to the different static stretch durations used in these studies&#46; Generally&#44; in those studies that have reported static stretching-induced strength and power deficits&#44; a single muscle group was statically stretched for between 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s and 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;12-17</span></a> Contrarily&#44; our study in conjunction with some studies that have shown no static stretching-induced strength and power deficits have used a lower overall stretch duration ranging from 30 to 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;28&#44;29</span></a> Therefore&#44; it would appear that there is a dose-dependent threshold of static stretching necessary to reflect any statistically detectable change in isokinetic strength and power&#46; This hypothesis has been recently confirmed by some studies which have examined and carried out direct comparisons between the acute effects of stretching routines with different overall stretch doses and consistent stretching parameters &#40;technique intensity&#44; exercise positions and muscle stretched&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;28&#44;30&#8211;32</span></a> For example&#44; Zakas et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> after examining the effects of two different overall durations &#40;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s and 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41; of acute static stretching on isokinetic peak torque production in pubescent soccer players reported that stretching caused a significant decrease in strength performance &#40;5&#8211;12&#37;&#41; when the stretch duration was 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#44; while a stretch duration per isolate muscle of 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s did not alter the mechanism of force production&#46; In addition&#44; Murphy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> found that a bout of 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s of static stretching for the hamstring was enough to improve hip flexion ROM for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes without cause impairments on jump height and reaction time&#46; Consequently&#44; overall static stretch duration per isolate muscle group &#8804;60&#8211;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s may have no stretching-induced alterations in strength and power during concentric and eccentric isokinetic muscle actions&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the current study also suggest that there were no significant differences in isokinetic strength and power performance after dynamic stretching compared with control condition&#46; These findings are not consistent with previous studies that have reported increased strength and&#47;or power after a bout of dynamic stretching&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;33&#44;34</span></a> A possible explanation for the discrepancy between the results of the current study&#44; that showed no dynamic stretching-induced improvements on isokinetic strength and power&#59; in contrast with the results reported by previous studies may be due to the different stretch duration used&#46; For example&#44; Sekir et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> designed a dynamic stretching protocol with an overall stretch duration per muscle &#40;quadriceps and hamstrings&#41; of 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s &#40;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 dynamic movements&#41; and Manoel et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> carried out 3 repetitions of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s dynamic stretches&#44; while the current study stretched the major muscle groups of the lower limb &#40;psoas&#44; quadriceps&#44; hamstrings&#44; gluteus and adductors&#41; using a overall stretch duration of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s per muscle group &#40;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15 dynamic movements&#41;&#46; Perhaps&#44; as occur with static stretching&#44; the dynamic stretching-induced enhancement of muscular performance phenomenon may be governed by a dose&#8211;response relationship&#44; where the shorter volumes &#40;&#60;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41; do not affect muscle performance and longer duration may facilitate performance &#40;&#62;60&#8211;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; future studies are necessary to test this hypothesis&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important issue regarding the pre-exercise stretching routine design is the stretch technique used&#46; When static and dynamic stretching treatments were compared&#44; the results of the current study showed that dynamic stretching reported slightly higher scores than static stretching &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;15&#59; percentage change ranged form 1&#46;2 to 14&#46;7&#41; for most of the strength and power variables&#46; Therefore&#44; this finding supports the recent claims that suggest that dynamic stretching is preferable to static stretching as part of a warm-up designed to prepare for physical activity due to the possible enhancement of muscular performance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;33&#8211;37</span></a>&#59; and the similar acute increases in static flexibility as static stretching&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#44;39</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important clinical question is whether the effects of stretching of knee flexor and extensor muscle groups&#44; which are closely related to the actual demands of sport on strength performance&#44; elicit a similar response&#44; in order to make evidence-based recommendations&#46; The results of the current study and the findings reported by Sekir et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> have demonstrated that knee flexor and extensor muscles respond in the same way to static and dynamic stretching&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two different methodological aspects of the current study should be highlighted because they might make the results more valid than previous studies&#46; The first aspect is the design of the stretching protocol used&#46; The current study used a multiple-muscle stretching protocol &#40;in which participants stretched the major lower-limb muscles&#41; instead of the widely used single-muscle protocol &#40;in which participants stretched only the muscle studied&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-27</span></a> The rationale for using a multiple-muscle stretching protocol was because an acute bout of static stretching may reduce muscle activation via peripheral &#40;autogenic inhibition of the Golgi tendon reflex&#44; mechanoreceptor and nociceptor afferent inhibition&#41; and central nervous system &#40;supraspinal fatigue&#41; mechanisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;8&#44;12</span></a> In this sense&#44; Avela et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and Cramer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> found that an acute bout of static stretching caused a decrease in muscle activation not only in the stretched muscle but also in the un-stretched contralateral muscle &#40;via central nervous system mechanism&#41;&#46; However&#44; the degree of contribution of each mechanism &#40;peripheral and central&#41; on the reduction in muscle activation is still unclear&#46; Therefore&#44; effects of stretching before exercise and sport events should be investigated using multiple-muscle stretching protocols that reflect the stretching stimuli that athletes and recreationally active people usually apply both to the peripheral and central nervous system during a typical warm-up to make evidence-based recommendations&#46; The second methodological aspect that should be underlined is related to the isokinetic testing position used&#46; Studies that have investigated the effects of stretching on isokinetic strength&#44; with the goal of making recommendations to design warm-up protocols that allow athletes improving performance and reducing the risk of lower limb musculoskeletal injury&#44; have typically reported data obtained from participants tested in a seated position&#46; However&#44; rarely are field and court sport athletes active with those kinematics &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; the hip flexed at 80&#8211;110&#176;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40&#44;41</span></a> Most lower limb injuries occur while athletes engage in some running activity where the hip angle is reported to typically be approximately 10&#8211;20&#176; to the vertical with foot plant occurring directly inferior to the torso and not with a hip flexion angle of 80&#8211;110&#176;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> Thus&#44; it could be argued that isokinetic screening where the hip angle is more similar to when executing real-world sporting tasks would be more ecologically valid than using other traditional methods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;40</span></a> Based on the last statement&#44; the current study selected a prone position with hip flexed 10&#8211;20&#176;&#44; which replicates the hip position and knee flexor and extensor muscle length-tension relationships that occur during running&#47;sprinting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;40</span></a> Although the standing position appears to be the most ecologic valid testing position&#44; it was not used because of technical issues &#40;the bench of the dynamometer could not adapted to this position&#41;&#46; However&#44; it is possible that if the same hip flexion is used in both standing and prone positions&#44; the stretch-tension relationship of the knee flexors and extensors will not likely differ and the relative contribution of the active contractile components of the muscles to overall force production would not change&#46; Future studies are necessary to test this hypothesis&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the current study is the first that has designed and examined the acute effects of a short and sport contextualized static and dynamic pre-exercise lower limb stretching routine with consistent stretch parameters on several isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength parameters &#40;peak torque and power&#41; in a large sample size of recreationally athletes&#44; some limitations should be noted&#46; The first limitation is that this study did not directly evaluate changes in the range of motion or changes in resistance and tolerance to stretch due to the experimental stretching treatments&#46; Therefore it is not known whether the stretching interventions were actually effective in increasing flexibility or in decreasing muscle stiffness&#44; although previous studies from our laboratory that have used identical stretching doses have reported increases in flexibility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a> Another potential limitation of the current study is the population used&#46; Although this investigation used 49 participants&#44; much higher than previous studies&#44; the participants were homogenous based on age and physical status&#44; which could limit the external validity of the results&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; the results of the present study indicate that short pre-exercise static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines do not elicit stretching-induce deficits or improvements on knee flexor and knee extensor isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength and power&#46; However&#44; there is some evidence from our findings&#44; in conjunction with similar previous studies&#44; that dynamic stretching is preferable to static stretching as part of a warm-up designed to prepare for physical activity due to the possible enhancement of muscular performance&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To examine and compare the acute effects of short duration static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines on the knee flexor and extensor peak torque and mean power during maximal concentric and eccentric muscle actions&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forty-nine active adults completed the following intervention protocols on separate days&#58; non-stretching&#44; static stretching and dynamic stretching&#46; After the stretching or control intervention&#44; concentric and eccentric isokinetic peak torque and mean power of the leg extensors and flexors were measured in prone position&#46; Measures were compared via a fully-within-groups factorial ANOVA&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Neither static nor dynamic stretching has influence on isokinetic peak torque and mean power when they were compared with the control condition&#46; Paired comparison also showed that the isokinetic strength and power results reported by dynamic stretching session were slightly higher than those found during the static stretching session&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Short pre-exercise static and dynamic lower-limb stretching routines did not elicit stretching-induce reductions or improvements in knee flexor and knee extensor isokinetic concentric and eccentric strength&#46; In addition&#44; the findings of the current study support the claim that dynamic stretching may be preferable to static stretching as part of a warm-up designed to prepare for physical activity&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Method"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Examinar y comparar los efectos agudos de una rutina de estiramientos est&#225;ticos o din&#225;micos de corta duraci&#243;n sobre el pico de fuerza m&#225;ximo y potencia media de la flexi&#243;n y extensi&#243;n conc&#233;ntrica y exc&#233;ntrica de la rodilla&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cuarenta y nueve adultos activos completaron los siguientes protocolos de intervenci&#243;n en d&#237;as separados&#58; no-estiramiento&#44; estiramiento est&#225;tico y estiramiento din&#225;mico&#46; Despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n de control o estiramiento&#44; el pico de fuerza m&#225;ximo y la potencia media de la flexi&#243;n y extensi&#243;n conc&#233;ntrica y exc&#233;ntrica de la rodilla fueron medidos en posici&#243;n prono&#46; Las medidas fueron comparadas a trav&#233;s de un an&#225;lisis factorial ANOVA intergrupo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ni el protocolo de estiramientos est&#225;tico ni el din&#225;mico tuvieron influencia sobre el pico de fuerza m&#225;ximo y potencia media isocin&#233;tica cuando fueron comparados con la condici&#243;n de control&#46; Las comparaciones por pares tambi&#233;n mostraron que los resultados de fuerza y potencia isocin&#233;tica durante la sesi&#243;n de estiramientos din&#225;micos fueron ligeramente mayores que los encontrados durante la sesi&#243;n de estiramientos est&#225;ticos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Una rutina de corta duraci&#243;n de estiramientos est&#225;ticos o din&#225;micos del tren inferior no produjo alteraciones en la fuerza isocin&#233;tica conc&#233;ntrica y exc&#233;ntrica de la flexi&#243;n y extensi&#243;n de rodilla&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; los hallazgos del presente estudio apoyan la idea de que el estiramiento din&#225;mico podr&#237;a ser preferible antes que el estiramiento est&#225;tico como parte del calentamiento previo a una actuaci&#243;n f&#237;sica&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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      "pt" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumo"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Examinar e comparar os efeitos agudos de uma rotina de alongamentos est&#225;ticos e din&#226;micos de curta dura&#231;&#227;o sobre o pico de for&#231;a m&#225;xima e pot&#234;ncia m&#233;dia da flex&#227;o e extens&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica e exc&#234;ntrica do joelho&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quarenta e nove adultos ativos completaram os seguintes protocolos de interven&#231;&#227;o em dias distintos&#58; sem alongamento&#44; alongamento est&#225;tico e alongamento din&#226;mico&#46; Depois da interven&#231;&#227;o de alongamento ou controle&#44; o pico de for&#231;a m&#225;xima e a pot&#234;ncia m&#233;dia da flex&#227;o&#44; extens&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica e exc&#234;ntrica do joelho foram medidos em posi&#231;&#227;o pronada&#46; As medidas foram comparadas atrav&#233;s de uma an&#225;lise fatorial ANOVA intergrupo&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Resultados</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tanto o protocolo de alongamento est&#225;tico quanto o protocolo de alongamento din&#226;mico tiveram influ&#234;ncia sobre o pico de for&#231;a m&#225;xima e pot&#234;ncia m&#233;dia isocin&#233;tica quando comparados com a condi&#231;&#227;o controle&#46; As compara&#231;&#245;es por pares tamb&#233;m mostraram que os resultados de for&#231;a e pot&#234;ncia isocin&#233;tica durante a sess&#227;o de alongamento din&#226;mico foram ligeiramente maiores que os encontrados durante a sess&#227;o de alongamento est&#225;tico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Uma rotina de curta dura&#231;&#227;o de alongamentos est&#225;ticos ou din&#226;micos de membros inferiores n&#227;o produziram altera&#231;&#245;es na for&#231;a isocin&#233;tica conc&#234;ntrica e exc&#234;ntrica da flex&#227;o e extens&#227;o do joelho&#46; Al&#233;m disso&#44; os achados do presente estudo corroboram com a ideia de que alongamento din&#226;mico poderia ser prefer&#237;vel ao inv&#233;s do alongamento est&#225;tico&#44; como parte do aquecimento antes da atividade f&#237;sica&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0045"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todo"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0055"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0060"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow of participants through experimental sessions of the study&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stretching exercises &#40;left to right&#58; gluteus&#44; quadriceps&#44; hamstrings&#44; psoas&#44; and adductors&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "fig0015"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>35&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">141&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">172&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Concentric mode</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="3" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eccentric mode</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">240<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;&#47;s&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">No-stretching session &#40;control&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peak torque &#40;Nm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">64&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>27&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Power &#40;W&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">45&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>18&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>38&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Static stretching session</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peak torque &#40;Nm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">65&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Power &#40;W&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>32&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dynamic stretching session</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Peak torque &#40;Nm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">60&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>28&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Power &#40;W&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">83&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>17&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>39&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Static vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs static</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;&#47;Trivial&#47;&#8722; &#40;inference&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;&#47;Trivial&#47;&#8722; &#40;inference&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;&#47;Trivial&#47;&#8722; &#40;inference&#41;</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;1 &#40;&#8722;8&#46;5 to 2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;9 &#40;&#8722;3&#46;5 to 5&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;1&#46;3 to 11&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;76&#47;23 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">6&#47;92&#47;2 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">45&#47;54&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;8&#46;4 to 3&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;3&#46;9 to 7&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;0&#46;5 to 11&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;87&#47;13 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5&#47;94&#47;1 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">32&#47;68&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;9&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;15&#46;7 to &#8722;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;6 to 2&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;1&#46;7 to 15&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;26&#47;74 &#40;possible negative&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;81&#47;19 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">41&#47;58&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;4&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;10&#46;0 to 1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;2 to 7&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;1 to 13&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;64&#47;55 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">21&#47;74&#47;5 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">72&#47;28&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;1 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;9 to 6&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;&#8722;3&#46;8 to 5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;2 &#40;&#8722;6&#46;2 to 9&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">3&#47;93&#47;4 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">2&#47;98&#47;0 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">11&#47;84&#47;4 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;6&#46;2 &#40;&#8722;14&#46;5 to 3&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;8 to 5&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;1 &#40;&#8722;3&#46;3 to 11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">1&#47;58&#47;42 &#40;possible negative&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">1&#47;97&#47;2 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">45&#47;53&#47;2 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;9 to 3&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;6 &#40;&#8722;1&#46;6 to 6&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;0 &#40;0&#46;1 to 8&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;99&#47;1 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5&#47;95&#47;0 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">11&#47;84&#47;0 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;4&#46;7 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;7 to 0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;3 to 3&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;3 &#40;&#8722;0&#46;3 to 11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;70&#47;30 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;99&#47;1 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">35&#47;65&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;0 &#40;&#8722;7&#46;6 to 1&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;6 to 3&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;3&#46;5 to 7&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;88&#47;12 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;97&#47;3 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">8&#47;92&#47;1 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;2&#46;7 to 10&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;1 &#40;&#8722;2&#46;1 to 10&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;6 &#40;&#8722;3&#46;1 to 8&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">14&#47;86&#47;0 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">14&#47;86&#47;0 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">6&#47;94&#47;0 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;4&#46;2 &#40;&#8722;11&#46;3 to 3&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;2 &#40;&#8722;2&#46;6 to 9&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;8 &#40;0&#46;6 to 17&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;76&#47;23 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">15&#47;85&#47;0 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">64&#47;36&#47;0 possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;4&#46;0 &#40;&#8722;10&#46;3 to 2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;3 &#40;&#8722;6&#46;1 to 5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;0 to 10&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;79&#47;21 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">2&#47;96&#47;3 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">13&#47;86&#47;1 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concentric &#40;CON&#41; and eccentric &#40;ECC&#41; knee flexion peak torque &#40;PT&#41; and power &#40;PW&#41; percentage changes &#40;mean&#44; 90&#37; confidence limit&#41;&#44; effect size &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#41; and likelihood &#40;&#37;&#41; of being positive&#47;trivial&#47;negative among treatment sessions &#40;paired comparisons&#41;&#46; Practical assessments of the effects are also shown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Static vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs control</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dynamic vs static</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Change &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Effect size&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;&#47;Trivial&#47;&#8722; &#40;inference&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;&#47;Trivial&#47;&#8722; &#40;inference&#41;</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#43;&#47;Trivial&#47;&#8722; &#40;inference&#41;</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;2 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;6 to 6&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;2 &#40;&#8722;1&#46;5 to 10&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;3 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;2 to 13&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">9&#47;84&#47;7 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">39&#47;61&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">43&#47;53&#47;4 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;9 &#40;&#8722;8&#46;3 to 7&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;6&#46;7 to 8&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;3&#46;0 to 11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5&#47;85&#47;10 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">8&#47;87&#47;5 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">21&#47;78&#47;1 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;7&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;14&#46;4 to &#8722;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;6 to 4&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;3 &#40;&#8722;0&#46;9 to 16&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;36&#47;64 &#40;possible negative&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;96&#47;3 &#40;very likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">54&#47;45&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;6 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;6 to 7&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;7 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;7 to 8&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;6 &#40;&#8722;6&#46;7 to 10&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">14&#47;71&#47;9 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">22&#47;72&#47;6 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">28&#47;61&#47;11 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;9 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;8 to 4&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;7 &#40;&#8722;7&#46;8 to 6&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;1 &#40;&#8722;1&#46;5 to 14&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;82&#47;17 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">4&#47;89&#47;7 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">38&#47;62&#47;0 &#40;possible positive</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">CON240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;3 &#40;&#8722;11&#46;2 to 5&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;8&#46;5 to 4&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;0 &#40;&#8722;7&#46;6 to 12&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">2&#47;74&#47;23 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;87&#47;12 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">19&#47;74&#47;7 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;5&#46;9 &#40;&#8722;12&#46;5 to 1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;4 to 2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;1 &#40;&#8722;2&#46;3 to 13&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;56&#47;44 &#40;possible negative&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;79&#47;20 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">34&#47;65&#47;1 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;4&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;12&#46;6 to 4&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;0 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;0 to 23&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;6 to 30&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;70&#47;29 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">59&#47;38&#47;2 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">81&#47;18&#47;1 &#40;likely positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PT<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;5&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;17&#46;7 to 8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;9 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;5 to 6&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;5 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;1 to 4&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">4&#47;67&#47;29 &#40;possible trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;92&#47;7 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;94&#47;6 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC60</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;2 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;9 to 4&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;1 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;8 to 4&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;4 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;8 to 11&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;84&#47;15 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">0&#47;85&#47;15 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">15&#47;83&#47;2 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC180</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;6&#46;0 &#40;&#8722;14&#46;4 to 3&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;0 &#40;&#8722;5&#46;8 to 10&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;4 &#40;2&#46;1 to 17&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">1&#47;55&#47;44 &#40;possible negative&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">15&#47;82&#47;3 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">68&#47;32&#47;0 &#40;possible positive&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle">PW<span class="elsevierStyleInf">ECC240</span></td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;8 &#40;&#8722;4&#46;9 to 13&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;6 &#40;&#8722;9&#46;3 to 11&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;6 &#40;&#8722;8&#46;6 to 5&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">16&#47;82&#47;2 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">5&#47;85&#47;11 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top">3&#47;87&#47;10 &#40;likely trivial&#41;</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0020"
              "etiqueta" => "a"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">If chance of benefit and harm both &#62;5&#37;&#44; true effect was assessed as unclear &#40;could be beneficial or harmful&#41;&#46; Otherwise&#44; chances of benefit or harm were assessed as follows&#58; &#60;1&#37;&#44; almost certainly not&#59; 1&#8211;4&#37;&#44; very unlikely&#59; 5&#8211;24&#37;&#44; unlikely&#59; 25&#8211;74&#37;&#44; possible&#59; 75&#8211;94&#37;&#44; likely&#59; 95&#8211;99&#37;&#44; very likely&#59; &#62;99&#37;&#44; almost certain&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concentric &#40;CON&#41; and eccentric &#40;ECC&#41; knee extension peak torque &#40;PT&#41; and power &#40;PW&#41; percentage changes &#40;mean&#44; 90&#37; confidence limit&#41;&#44; effect size &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span>&#41; and likelihood &#40;&#37;&#41; of being positive&#47;trivial&#47;negative among treatment sessions &#40;paired comparisons&#41;&#46; Practical assessments of the effects are also shown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a></p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:41 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Warming-up and stretching for improved physical performance and prevention of sports-related injuries"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46;G&#46; Shellock"
                            1 => "W&#46;E&#46; Prentice"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sports Med"
                        "fecha" => "1985"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "267"
                        "paginaFinal" => "278"
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  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1888754615000465?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 18887546
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ramd.2014.06.003

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	8	0	8
2024 October	41	8	49
2024 September	54	8	62
2024 August	42	12	54
2024 July	37	4	41
2024 June	41	5	46
2024 May	41	6	47
2024 April	44	8	52
2024 March	43	9	52
2024 February	51	18	69
2024 January	90	18	108
2023 December	63	18	81
2023 November	102	12	114
2023 October	117	14	131
2023 September	50	9	59
2023 August	62	6	68
2023 July	69	8	77
2023 June	61	9	70
2023 May	66	18	84
2023 April	66	15	81
2023 March	62	6	68
2023 February	66	7	73
2023 January	41	8	49
2022 December	58	23	81
2022 November	53	14	67
2022 October	45	14	59
2022 September	38	12	50
2022 August	53	13	66
2022 July	34	6	40
2022 June	49	7	56
2022 May	81	4	85
2022 April	46	13	59
2022 March	60	17	77
2022 February	44	4	48
2022 January	75	9	84
2021 December	62	15	77
2021 November	55	12	67
2021 October	91	16	107
2021 September	67	12	79
2021 August	47	25	72
2021 July	65	16	81
2021 June	39	11	50
2021 May	56	6	62
2021 April	108	35	143
2021 March	74	21	95
2021 February	57	10	67
2021 January	51	13	64
2020 December	54	15	69
2020 November	34	12	46
2020 October	30	12	42
2020 September	33	16	49
2020 August	50	6	56
2020 July	44	16	60
2020 June	29	5	34
2020 May	31	13	44
2020 April	39	5	44
2020 March	35	8	43
2020 February	43	18	61
2020 January	41	15	56
2019 December	32	10	42
2019 November	36	10	46
2019 October	25	8	33
2019 September	35	11	46
2019 August	38	9	47
2019 July	37	17	54
2019 June	77	18	95
2019 May	92	20	112
2019 April	65	19	84
2019 March	32	14	46
2019 February	34	10	44
2019 January	36	10	46
2018 December	25	13	38
2018 November	36	9	45
2018 October	41	23	64
2018 September	57	3	60
2018 August	12	17	29
2018 July	9	3	12
2018 June	22	3	25
2018 May	26	4	30
2018 April	18	1	19
2018 March	18	5	23
2018 February	19	2	21
2018 January	13	2	15
2017 December	29	5	34
2017 November	22	1	23
2017 October	37	8	45
2017 September	25	3	28
2017 August	23	3	26
2017 July	18	10	28
2017 June	28	13	41
2017 May	43	7	50
2017 April	31	12	43
2017 March	33	55	88
2017 February	36	7	43
2017 January	36	5	41
2016 December	43	5	48
2016 November	39	4	43
2016 October	67	8	75
2016 September	65	5	70
2016 August	30	16	46
2016 July	32	2	34
2016 June	54	13	67
2016 May	53	1	54
2016 April	41	1	42
2016 March	37	19	56
2016 February	37	28	65
2016 January	37	33	70
2015 December	99	37	136
2015 November	153	60	213
2015 October	160	83	243
2015 September	150	48	198
2015 August	189	53	242
2015 July	61	22	83

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