Physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics in professional soccer players of the United Arab Emirates

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AE: antes del ejercicio; PAS: presión arterial sistólica; PE: posterior al ejercicio; *: diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) entre las mediciones en comparación a AE; † : diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) entre las condiciones de control y la sesión al 70 % de la FCR." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Gamboa Granados, A. Solera Herrera" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "M." "apellidos" => "Gamboa Granados" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "A." "apellidos" => "Solera Herrera" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X1888754614396391?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18887546/0000000700000003/v0_201804181625/X1888754614396391/v0_201804181625/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics in professional soccer players of the United Arab Emirates" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "106" "paginaFinal" => "110" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Magalhães Sales, R. A. Vieira Browne, R. Yukio Asano, R. dos Reis Vieira Olher, J. F. Vila Nova, Moraes, H. G. Simões" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "M." "apellidos" => "Magalhães Sales" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "R. A." 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Universidade católica de Brasília - UCB. Taguatinga, DF. Brazil. UDF - Centro Universitário - UDF. Brasília, DF. Brazil." "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN. Natal, RN. Brazil." "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "affb" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes - UMC. Mogi das Cruzes, SP. Brazil" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "affc" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Catholic University of Brasília. Universidade católica de Brasília - UCB. Taguatinga, DF. Brazil." "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "affd" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes - UMC. Mogi das Cruzes, SP. Brazil. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF. Petrolina, PE. Brazil." "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "affe" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF. Petrolina, PE. Brazil." "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "afff" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Aptitud física y características antropométricas de jugadores profesionales de fútbol de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTION Soccer is characterized by acyclic and intermittent actions, such as high intensity sprints, jumps and kicks1. Studies have demonstrated that some physical qualities are determinant to performance in soccer2-3. Therefore, a significant amount of studies approaching the physical and physiological aspects of professional soccer have been performed. Previous investigations4-13 have evaluated the anthopometric and physical fitness profiles of professional soccer players in most parts of Europe and America. However, there is still little descriptive data over these characteristics in elite soccer players from the Asian continent, especially in the Arab world. Characteristics such as body composition (body fat percentage and body mass index), anaerobic power (speed), aerobic power (maximum oxygen uptake), aerobic capacity (anaerobic threshold) among other factors are determinant to the development of training and the performance of professional soccer players1-2,14-18. Thus, the better understanding of the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of professional soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates could provide more information to coaches and physiologists on this specific group of athletes, favoring training and, consequently, the athlete's performance. Hence, the aim of the present study was to describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates.METHODSample The present study has a cross-sectional, analytic and descriptive nature in which participated 27 elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates (table 1). All participants were instructed to refrain from physical exercise and not to ingest alcohol or caffeine in the 24 hours that preceded the experimental procedures. After being informed of the risks and benefits of the study and gave a written informed consent, all individuals were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation, an incremental test in a treadmill, and an anaerobic power test in an athletics track. Finally, the sample was divided into five groups as follows: goal-keepers, full backs, sideways, midfield and forwards, for comparison of anthropometric variables (BMI and body fat percentage) and physical fitness (aerobic and anaerobic) between the different groups. All procedures were approved by the ethics committee of University research center UNIRG (process n° 0001/2008).<img alt="Table 1. Anthropometric characteristics. Data expressed in mean and (±) standard deviation (n = 27)" src="284v07n03-90339640fig1.jpg"></img>Anthropometric measurements (body mass index and boy fat percentage) Body mass index (BMI) was calculated considering the quotient between body mass (Toledo 2096 PP, Brazil) in kilograms, and stature (SECA® 214, USA) in squared meters (kg.m-2). Relative body fat percentage (BF%) was estimated using the skinfold thickness technique, in which body density was calculated using the 7 skinfold thicknesses protocol proposed by Jackson and Pollock19, measured three times at each point, in a rotational order, on the right side of the body, with the mean value of the measurements being registered. All procedures were performed by a single evaluator using a skinfold caliper (Lange, Cambridge Scientific Instruments, Maryland, USA). Afterwards, body density was converted in BF% using Siri's equation20.Physical fitnessRunning-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test Determination of anaerobic power was performed using the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The RAST test consisted of six 35 meters maximal runs separated by a period of 10 secs of passive recovery. The recorded time was conducted after every effort by a stop watch (Casio HS-80TW). Power (P), in Watts (W), for each sprint was calculated through the product of body mass (BM), in kilograms (kg), and the distance (35m) raised to the second power. Afterwards, this result was divided by the time of each sprint (T), in seconds (s), raised to the third power. Registered anaerobic parameters of the RAST were: maximum power (Pmax; highest value in the six sprints); and mean power (Pmean; mean power in the six sprints). In addition, Pmax and Pmean values in relation to body mass (W.kg-1) of each athlete were also calculated.Ventilatory threshold An incremental test (IT) was performed in a treadmill (Super ATL, Imbramed, São Paulo, Brazil) at an initial speed of 7 km.h-1, followed by increments of 1 km.h-1 at each minute until volitional exhaustion. Heart rate was registered during all procedures (Polar® S810i, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland). Ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined as the moment in which occurred an exponential increase in ventilation (VE)21 according to the ventilometer used (Flowmet, Micromed, Guará, Brasília, Brazil).Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) The equation suggested by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was used to predict VO2max, as follows: VO2 = (0.2 x mean speed in m.min-1) + 3.522.Statistical procedures The normality of the data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk's test. Results of all investigated variables are expressed in mean and (±) standard deviation.RESULTS Table 1 presents the anthopometric characteristcs of the evaluated players. RAST test showed that the evaluated players presented a maximum absolute power (Pmax) of 551.9 ± 73.0 W, maximum relative power (Pmax-relative) of 7.8 ± 0.4 W.kg-1, mean absolute power (Pmean) of 484.0 ± 57.8 W, and mean relative power (Pmean-relative) of 6.8 ± 0.2 W.kg-1 (table 2).<img alt="Table 2. Absolute and relative values related to maximum and mean anaerobic power obtained by RAST. Data expressed in mean and (±) standard deviation (n = 27)" src="284v07n03-90339640fig2.jpg"></img> In addition, velocity and heart rate at ventilatory threshold, as well as at the time of exhaustion (VO2max) were also measured. The athletes presented mean velocity at VT of 13.8 ± 0.8 km.h-1, heart rate at VT of 173.1 ± 8.6 b.min-1, heart rate percentage at VT of 91.2 ± 2.8 %, maximum heart rate of 189.9 ± 10.5 b.min-1, VO2max of 62.3 ± 5.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 and mean velocity at VO2max of 17.6 ± 1.5 km.h-1 (table 3).<img alt="Table 3. Velocity and heart rate at ventilatory threshold and at VO2max, maximum heart rate and VO2max during incremental test. Data expressed in mean and (±) standard deviation (n = 27)" src="284v07n03-90339640fig3.jpg"></img> Lastly, all data (anthropometric and physical fitness) separated by position (goalkeepers, full backs, sideways, midfielders and forwards) are presented in table 4. No statistical comparisons were made between the different positions due to the low number of subjects in each group. However, apparently, there were no differences between the parameters of anaerobic fitness related (Pmax-relative [W.kg-1] and Pmean-relative [W.kg-1]) (table 4). On the other hand, goalkeepers and full backs have VO2max values visually inferior to their peers from other positions (mid-fielders, sideways and forwards). Furthermore, midfielders, sideways and forwards, apparently, have lower values of BMI and body fat percentage than goalkeepers and full backs.<img alt="Table 4. Anthropometric characteristics, absolute and relative values related to maximum and mean anaerobic power obtained by RAST and velocity and heart rate at ventilatory threshold and at VO2max, maximum heart rate and VO2max during incremental test (n = 27). Data expressed in mean and (±) standard deviation" src="284v07n03-90339640fig4.jpg"></img>DISCUSSION The main findings of the present study describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates. Regarding anthropometry, the studied sample presented similar BMI (23.10 kg.m-2) to the ones found by Al-Hazzaa et al.11 in Saudi Arabia (23.30 kg.m-2), Bangsbo23 in Denmark (23.87 kg.m-2), Bunc and Psotta24 in Czech Republic (23.58 kg.m-2), Casajús25 in Spain (24.34 kg.m-2), Faina et al.26 in Italy (23.69 kg.m-2), Helgerud et al.1 in Norway (23.18 kg.m-2), Matkovic et al.27 in Croatia (24.16 kg.m-2), Rahkila and Luthanen28 in Finland (23.35 kg.m-2), and Vanfraechem and Tomas29 in Belgium (23.41 kg.m-2), all first division teams at the time. When comparing body fat percentage, our results (11.6 ± 2.1 BF%) agreed with the ones found by other authors, such as Prado et al.30, who found values around 11.19 BF% in 118 Brazilian soccer players, and Silva et al.31 and Santos32 whose mean values showed 11.1 ± 1,3 and 11.4 ± 2.6 BF%, respectively. In addition, Aziz et al.33, evaluating BF% in elite player from the Singaporean League, presented similar results to the ones obtained in the present study, independently from the player's position, being 11.9 ± 2.8 for goalkeepers, 11.0 ± 2.8 for defensive players, 11.7 ± 2.0 for midfielders, and 10.9 ± 2.3 BF% for offensive players. However, Chin et al.8 and Muniroglu and Koz34, when evaluating athletes from Hong Kong and Turkey, respectively, demonstrated lower values when compared to the ones of the present study, being 7.3 ± 3.0 BF% for the athletes from Hong Kong and 7,43 ± 1,67 BF% for the ones from Turkey. The difference found between the values exposed above could de partially explained by the dissimilar moment of evaluation in the training periodization of the investigated teams. The evaluation of power and anaerobic capacity is of fundamental importance for the development and training of these characteristics in soccer athletes35-36. When analyzing the Pmax and Pmean obtained in the present study, the values found were lower than others reported in previous studies, such as Santos' et al.37 and Campeiz and Oliveira's38, both investigating Brazilian players. These different results suggest that there may be intercontinental factors, such as tactic and technical skills, which can demand a more developed physical fitness when compared to Arab soccer. However, data referring to aerobic capacity and power (VT and VO2max, respectively) presented similar or slightly higher values when compared to previous studies. Coelho et al.39 and Casajús25, for instance, found VT velocity between 12.4 ± 1.5 and 12.9 ± 1.2 km.h-1, while in the present study, the athletes presented a mean value of 13.8 ± 0.8 km.h-1. In addition, the sample from the present study reached a higher %HR-max (91.2 ± 1.2%) when compared to Chinese athletes (88.9 ± 3.9%), and similar values to Spanish players (91.0%)8,25. Oxygen consumption levels found in the present study (62.3 ± 5.1 ml.kg-1.min-1) were below others available in the scientific literature, such as Chamari's et al.40 (66.6 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) in players from the Turkish national team and Casajús'25 (66.4 ± 7.6 ml.kg-1.min-1) in Spanish elite players. On the other hand, other studies approaching oxygen consumption showed results similar to the ones of the present study. Balikian et al.41, found values of VO2max of 60.28 ± 6.23 ml.kg-1.min-1 for defensive players, 61.12 ± 5.33 ml.kg-1.min-1 for wingbacks, and 61.01 ± 7.14 ml.kg-1. min-1 for midfielders. Also, when compared to elite Turkish players34 and from Hong Kong8, the present study's findings were higher (62.3 ± 5.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 vs. 56.95 ± 4.07 ml.kg-1.min-1 vs. 58.8 ± 3.3 ml.kg-1. min-1), respectively. The analysis of anthropometric variables (BMI and body fat percentage) and physical fitness (Pmax-relative, Pmean-relative, VO2max and ventilator threshold) by position (goalkeepers, defenders, side, mid-fielders and attackers) apparently did not show differences regarding the variables of power and anaerobic capacity. Likewise, the study Moro et al.42, when comparing the average power between different positions, as well as between teams of professional level, being a team of first division in the Sagres League - Portuguese and other second division Championship Gaúcho - Brazil, found no significant differences intra-team (between positions). Moreover, Balikian et al.41 found statistically significant difference for VO2max only between goalkeepers over the other positions, similarly to the present study, which found visual differences only between goal-keepers and full backs over the other playing positions. It is worth highlighting that all studies presented in this discussion obtained oxygen consumption values from direct measurements, while the results found in the present study were estimated through an equation proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine22. This could be acknowledged as a limitation to the present study. Therefore, the VO2max values presented here should be analyzed with caution. Regarding the aerobic capacity (ventilatory threshold), apparently, the data of this study are similar to those reported by Balikian et al.41, who showed that goalkeepers and full backs have a velocity of anaerobic threshold identified by onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA; 4mM) lower than players of other positions. This can partly be explained by the characteristic of these playing positions (goalkeepers and full backs), since goalkeepers and full backs are those covering smaller distances during a match, making this capacity need not be highly trained and developed in this group of athletes43. On the other hand, BMI and body fat percentage are apparently higher in goalkeepers and full backs, which is in agreement with the findings of Reilly et al.44, who showed that goalkeepers and central defenders have greater body adiposity than players of other positions. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the anthropo-metric profile of soccer players that act in the United Arab Emirates is similar to others around the world. However, regarding the physical fitness, results are still inconclusive, since findings from other studies suggest that the aerobic power of our sample is alike or lower than other elite players throughout the world. Furthermore, the data for the maximum oxygen consumption also seem to be inconclusive, in that the present study shows lower values than some studies, but higher than others. Moreover, the acknowledged limitations of the equation used infers that the results of this research should be interpreted with caution. In addition, making an analysis by playing position, the results of this study seem to follow the global trend, once the studies analyzed showed data similar to the present investigation.Acknowledgement The authors thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting the scholarships in undergraduate research level (CNPq), MSc (CAPES), PhD (CAPES and CNPq) and of productivity in research (CNPq).Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.<hr></hr>History of the article: Received August 25, 2012 Accepted November 28, 2013Correspondence: M. Magalhães Sales. E-mail:<a href="mailto:marcelomagalhaessales@gmail.com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">marcelomagalhaessales@gmail.com</a>" "pdfFichero" => "284v07n03a90339640pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec975382" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Fútbol" 1 => "Aptitud física" 2 => "Umbral ventilatorio" 3 => "Test RAST" 4 => "VO2max" ] ] ] "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec975383" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Soccer" 1 => "Physical fitness" 2 => "Ventilatory threshold" 3 => "RAST test" 4 => "VO2max" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => " Objetivo. Describir el perfil antropométrico y la aptitud física de los jugadores de fútbol de élite que trabajan en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos. Métodos. Veintisiete jugadores de fútbol de élite que trabajan en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos fueron some-tidos a una evaluación antropométrica, un test incremental en un tapiz rodante y Running-Based Anaerobic Test (RAST). Resultados. El índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa fueron 23,1 ± 2,0 kg.m-2 y 11,6 ± 2,1 %, respectivamente. El consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2máx) estimado fue 62,3 ± 5,1 ml.kg-1.min-1, y la velocidad media de VO2máx fue 17,6 ± 1,5 km.h-1, y la velocidad media de umbral ventilatorio (UV) fue 13,8 ± 0,8 km.h-1. La frecuencia cardíaca del UV fue en media 173,1 ± 8,6 b.min-1, lo que representa 91,2 ± 2,8 % de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima. El test RAST resultó en una potencia máxima absoluta de 551,9 ± 73,0 W, potencia máxima relativa de 7,8 ± 0,4 W.kg-1, potencia media absoluta de 484,0 ± 7,8 W, y potencia media relativa de 6,8 ± 0,2 W.kg-1. Conclusión. El perfil antropométrico de los jugadores de fútbol que trabajan en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos es similar a otros del resto del mundo. Sin embargo, en cuanto a la aptitud física, los resultados aún no son concluyentes, porque los resultados de otros estudios sugieren que la potencia anaerobia de nuestra muestra es igual o inferior a la de otros jugadores de élite de todo el mundo. Del mismo modo, el VO2max indirecto no es concluyente, teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones reconocidas de obtener indirectamente esta variable. Finalmente, al analizar los jugadores de acuerdo con a la posición táctica, los resultados de este estudio son similares a los estudios anteriores." ] "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => " Objective. To describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates. Method. Twenty seven elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates were underwent to an anthropometric evaluation, an incremental test in treadmill and performed the Running-Based Anaerobic Test (RAST). Results. Body mass index and body fat percentage of the athletes were 23.1 ± 2.0 kg.m-2 11.6 ± 2.1 %, respectively. Indirect maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was 62.3 ± 5.1 ml.kg-1.min-1, mean velocity at VO2max was 17.6 ± 1.5 km.h-1, ventilatory threshold (VT) of 13.8 ± 0.8 km.h-1, heart rate at VT of 173.1 ± 8.6 b.min-1, which represents of 91.2 ± 2.8 % of maximum heart rate. RAST resulted in a maximum absolute power of 551.9 ± 73.0 W, maximum relative power of 7.8 ± 0.4 W.kg-1, mean absolute power of 484.0 ± 57.8 W, and mean relative power of 6.8 ± 0.2 W.kg-1. Conclusion. The anthropometric profile of soccer players that act in the United Arab Emirates is similar to others around the world. However, regarding the physical fitness, results are still inconclusive, since findings from other studies suggest that the anaerobic power of our sample is alike or lower than other elite players throughout the world. Likewise indirect VO2max, especially given the acknowledged limitations of obtaining indirectly this variable. In addition, making an analysis by playing position, the results of this study are similar to previous research." ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl1" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa¿a" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "284v07n03-90339640fig1.jpg" "imagenAlto" => 233 "imagenAncho" => 700 "imagenTamanyo" => 30635 ] ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Anthropometric characteristics. 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Aptitud física y características antropométricas de jugadores profesionales de fútbol de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos

M.. Magalhães Salesa, R. A.. Vieira Browneb, R.. Yukio Asanoc, R.. dos Reis Vieira Olherd, J. F.. Vila Novae, Moraesf, H. G.. Simõesd

a Catholic University of Brasília. Universidade católica de Brasília - UCB. Taguatinga, DF. Brazil. UDF - Centro Universitário - UDF. Brasília, DF. Brazil.

b Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN. Natal, RN. Brazil.

c Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes - UMC. Mogi das Cruzes, SP. Brazil

d Catholic University of Brasília. Universidade católica de Brasília - UCB. Taguatinga, DF. Brazil.

e Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes - UMC. Mogi das Cruzes, SP. Brazil. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF. Petrolina, PE. Brazil.

f Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco - UNIVASF. Petrolina, PE. Brazil.

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    "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Soccer is characterized by acyclic and intermittent actions&#44; such as high intensity sprints&#44; jumps and kicks<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>&#46; Studies have demonstrated that some physical qualities are determinant to performance in soccer<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2-3</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Therefore&#44; a significant amount of studies approaching the physical and physiological aspects of professional soccer have been performed&#46; Previous investigations<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4-13</span> have evaluated the anthopometric and physical fitness profiles of professional soccer players in most parts of Europe and America&#46; However&#44; there is still little descriptive data over these characteristics in elite soccer players from the Asian continent&#44; especially in the Arab world&#46; Characteristics such as body composition &#40;body fat percentage and body mass index&#41;&#44; anaerobic power &#40;speed&#41;&#44; aerobic power &#40;maximum oxygen uptake&#41;&#44; aerobic capacity &#40;anaerobic threshold&#41; among other factors are determinant to the development of training and the performance of professional soccer players<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-2&#44;14-18</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Thus&#44; the better understanding of the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of professional soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates could provide more information to coaches and physiologists on this specific group of athletes&#44; favoring training and&#44; consequently&#44; the athlete&#39;s performance&#46; Hence&#44; the aim of the present study was to describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">METHOD</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sample</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The present study has a cross-sectional&#44; analytic and descriptive nature in which participated 27 elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates &#40;table 1&#41;&#46; All participants were instructed to refrain from physical exercise and not to ingest alcohol or caffeine in the 24 hours that preceded the experimental procedures&#46; After being informed of the risks and benefits of the study and gave a written informed consent&#44; all individuals were submitted to an anthropometric evaluation&#44; an incremental test in a treadmill&#44; and an anaerobic power test in an athletics track&#46; Finally&#44; the sample was divided into five groups as follows&#58; goal-keepers&#44; full backs&#44; sideways&#44; midfield and forwards&#44; for comparison of anthropometric variables &#40;BMI and body fat percentage&#41; and physical fitness &#40;aerobic and anaerobic&#41; between the different groups&#46; All procedures were approved by the ethics committee of University research center UNIRG &#40;process n&#176; 0001&#47;2008&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 1&#46; Anthropometric characteristics&#46; Data expressed in mean and &#40;&#177;&#41; standard deviation &#40;n &#61; 27&#41;" src="284v07n03-90339640fig1.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Anthropometric measurements &#40;body mass index and boy fat percentage&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; was calculated considering the quotient between body mass &#40;Toledo 2096 PP&#44; Brazil&#41; in kilograms&#44; and stature &#40;SECA&#174; 214&#44; USA&#41; in squared meters &#40;kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Relative body fat percentage &#40;BF&#37;&#41; was estimated using the skinfold thickness technique&#44; in which body density was calculated using the 7 skinfold thicknesses protocol proposed by Jackson and Pollock<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span>&#44; measured three times at each point&#44; in a rotational order&#44; on the right side of the body&#44; with the mean value of the measurements being registered&#46; All procedures were performed by a single evaluator using a skinfold caliper &#40;Lange&#44; Cambridge Scientific Instruments&#44; Maryland&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Afterwards&#44; body density was converted in BF&#37; using Siri&#39;s equation<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Physical fitness</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Determination of anaerobic power was performed using the Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test &#40;RAST&#41;&#46; The RAST test consisted of six 35 meters maximal runs separated by a period of 10 secs of passive recovery&#46; The recorded time was conducted after every effort by a stop watch &#40;Casio HS-80TW&#41;&#46; Power &#40;P&#41;&#44; in Watts &#40;W&#41;&#44; for each sprint was calculated through the product of body mass &#40;BM&#41;&#44; in kilograms &#40;kg&#41;&#44; and the distance &#40;35m&#41; raised to the second power&#46; Afterwards&#44; this result was divided by the time of each sprint &#40;T&#41;&#44; in seconds &#40;s&#41;&#44; raised to the third power&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Registered anaerobic parameters of the RAST were&#58; maximum power &#40;Pmax&#59; highest value in the six sprints&#41;&#59; and mean power &#40;Pmean&#59; mean power in the six sprints&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; Pmax and Pmean values in relation to body mass &#40;W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; of each athlete were also calculated&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ventilatory threshold</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> An incremental test &#40;IT&#41; was performed in a treadmill &#40;Super ATL&#44; Imbramed&#44; S&#227;o Paulo&#44; Brazil&#41; at an initial speed of 7 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; followed by increments of 1 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> at each minute until volitional exhaustion&#46; Heart rate was registered during all procedures &#40;Polar&#174; S810i&#44; Polar Electro Oy&#44; Kempele&#44; Finland&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Ventilatory threshold &#40;VT&#41; was determined as the moment in which occurred an exponential increase in ventilation &#40;VE&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> according to the ventilometer used &#40;Flowmet&#44; Micromed&#44; Guar&#225;&#44; Bras&#237;lia&#44; Brazil&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prediction of maximal oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#41;</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The equation suggested by the American College of Sports Medicine &#40;ACSM&#41; was used to predict VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#44; as follows&#58; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> &#61; &#40;0&#46;2 x mean speed in m&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; &#43; 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Statistical procedures</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The normality of the data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk&#39;s test&#46; Results of all investigated variables are expressed in mean and &#40;&#177;&#41; standard deviation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">RESULTS</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Table 1 presents the anthopometric characteristcs of the evaluated players&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> RAST test showed that the evaluated players presented a maximum absolute power &#40;Pmax&#41; of 551&#46;9 &#177; 73&#46;0 W&#44; maximum relative power &#40;Pmax-relative&#41; of 7&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;4 W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; mean absolute power &#40;Pmean&#41; of 484&#46;0 &#177; 57&#46;8 W&#44; and mean relative power &#40;Pmean-relative&#41; of 6&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;2 W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> &#40;table 2&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 2&#46; Absolute and relative values related to maximum and mean anaerobic power obtained by RAST&#46; Data expressed in mean and &#40;&#177;&#41; standard deviation &#40;n &#61; 27&#41;" src="284v07n03-90339640fig2.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In addition&#44; velocity and heart rate at ventilatory threshold&#44; as well as at the time of exhaustion &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#41; were also measured&#46; The athletes presented mean velocity at VT of 13&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;8 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; heart rate at VT of 173&#46;1 &#177; 8&#46;6 b&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; heart rate percentage at VT of 91&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;8 &#37;&#44; maximum heart rate of 189&#46;9 &#177; 10&#46;5 b&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max of 62&#46;3 &#177; 5&#46;1 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> and mean velocity at VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max of 17&#46;6 &#177; 1&#46;5 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> &#40;table 3&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 3&#46; Velocity and heart rate at ventilatory threshold and at VO2max&#44; maximum heart rate and VO2max during incremental test&#46; Data expressed in mean and &#40;&#177;&#41; standard deviation &#40;n &#61; 27&#41;" src="284v07n03-90339640fig3.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Lastly&#44; all data &#40;anthropometric and physical fitness&#41; separated by position &#40;goalkeepers&#44; full backs&#44; sideways&#44; midfielders and forwards&#41; are presented in table 4&#46; No statistical comparisons were made between the different positions due to the low number of subjects in each group&#46; However&#44; apparently&#44; there were no differences between the parameters of anaerobic fitness related &#40;Pmax-relative &#91;W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#93; and Pmean-relative &#91;W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#93;&#41; &#40;table 4&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; goalkeepers and full backs have VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max values visually inferior to their peers from other positions &#40;mid-fielders&#44; sideways and forwards&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; midfielders&#44; sideways and forwards&#44; apparently&#44; have lower values of BMI and body fat percentage than goalkeepers and full backs&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img alt="Table 4&#46; Anthropometric characteristics&#44; absolute and relative values related to maximum and mean anaerobic power obtained by RAST and velocity and heart rate at ventilatory threshold and at VO2max&#44; maximum heart rate and VO2max during incremental test &#40;n &#61; 27&#41;&#46; Data expressed in mean and &#40;&#177;&#41; standard deviation" src="284v07n03-90339640fig4.jpg"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">DISCUSSION</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The main findings of the present study describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates&#46; Regarding anthropometry&#44; the studied sample presented similar BMI &#40;23&#46;10 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41; to the ones found by Al-Hazzaa et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span> in Saudi Arabia &#40;23&#46;30 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; Bangsbo<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span> in Denmark &#40;23&#46;87 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; Bunc and Psotta<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> in Czech Republic &#40;23&#46;58 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; Casaj&#250;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> in Spain &#40;24&#46;34 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; Faina et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span> in Italy &#40;23&#46;69 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; Helgerud et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> in Norway &#40;23&#46;18 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; Matkovic et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span> in Croatia &#40;24&#46;16 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; Rahkila and Luthanen<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span> in Finland &#40;23&#46;35 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; and Vanfraechem and Tomas<span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span> in Belgium &#40;23&#46;41 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span>&#41;&#44; all first division teams at the time&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> When comparing body fat percentage&#44; our results &#40;11&#46;6 &#177; 2&#46;1 BF&#37;&#41; agreed with the ones found by other authors&#44; such as Prado et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span>&#44; who found values around 11&#46;19 BF&#37; in 118 Brazilian soccer players&#44; and Silva et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span> and Santos32 whose mean values showed 11&#46;1 &#177; 1&#44;3 and 11&#46;4 &#177; 2&#46;6 BF&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In addition&#44; Aziz et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span>&#44; evaluating BF&#37; in elite player from the Singaporean League&#44; presented similar results to the ones obtained in the present study&#44; independently from the player&#39;s position&#44; being 11&#46;9 &#177; 2&#46;8 for goalkeepers&#44; 11&#46;0 &#177; 2&#46;8 for defensive players&#44; 11&#46;7 &#177; 2&#46;0 for midfielders&#44; and 10&#46;9 &#177; 2&#46;3 BF&#37; for offensive players&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> However&#44; Chin et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> and Muniroglu and Koz<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span>&#44; when evaluating athletes from Hong Kong and Turkey&#44; respectively&#44; demonstrated lower values when compared to the ones of the present study&#44; being 7&#46;3 &#177; 3&#46;0 BF&#37; for the athletes from Hong Kong and 7&#44;43 &#177; 1&#44;67 BF&#37; for the ones from Turkey&#46; The difference found between the values exposed above could de partially explained by the dissimilar moment of evaluation in the training periodization of the investigated teams&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The evaluation of power and anaerobic capacity is of fundamental importance for the development and training of these characteristics in soccer athletes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35-36</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> When analyzing the Pmax and Pmean obtained in the present study&#44; the values found were lower than others reported in previous studies&#44; such as Santos&#39; et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span> and Campeiz and Oliveira&#39;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span>&#44; both investigating Brazilian players&#46; These different results suggest that there may be intercontinental factors&#44; such as tactic and technical skills&#44; which can demand a more developed physical fitness when compared to Arab soccer&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> However&#44; data referring to aerobic capacity and power &#40;VT and VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#44; respectively&#41; presented similar or slightly higher values when compared to previous studies&#46; Coelho et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span> and Casaj&#250;s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span>&#44; for instance&#44; found VT velocity between 12&#46;4 &#177; 1&#46;5 and 12&#46;9 &#177; 1&#46;2 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; while in the present study&#44; the athletes presented a mean value of 13&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;8 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; In addition&#44; the sample from the present study reached a higher &#37;HR-max &#40;91&#46;2 &#177; 1&#46;2&#37;&#41; when compared to Chinese athletes &#40;88&#46;9 &#177; 3&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and similar values to Spanish players &#40;91&#46;0&#37;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;25</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Oxygen consumption levels found in the present study &#40;62&#46;3 &#177; 5&#46;1 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; were below others available in the scientific literature&#44; such as Chamari&#39;s et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span> &#40;66&#46;6 &#177; 5&#46;0 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; in players from the Turkish national team and Casaj&#250;s&#39;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25 </span>&#40;66&#46;4 &#177; 7&#46;6 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; in Spanish elite players&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> On the other hand&#44; other studies approaching oxygen consumption showed results similar to the ones of the present study&#46; Balikian et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span>&#44; found values of VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max of 60&#46;28 &#177; 6&#46;23 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> for defensive players&#44; 61&#46;12 &#177; 5&#46;33 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> for wingbacks&#44; and 61&#46;01 &#177; 7&#46;14 ml&#46;kg-1&#46; min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1 </span>for midfielders&#46; Also&#44; when compared to elite Turkish players<span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span> and from Hong Kong<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span>&#44; the present study&#39;s findings were higher &#40;62&#46;3 &#177; 5&#46;1 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> vs&#46; 56&#46;95 &#177; 4&#46;07 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span> vs&#46; 58&#46;8 &#177; 3&#46;3 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#44; respectively&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The analysis of anthropometric variables &#40;BMI and body fat percentage&#41; and physical fitness &#40;Pmax-relative&#44; Pmean-relative&#44; VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max and ventilator threshold&#41; by position &#40;goalkeepers&#44; defenders&#44; side&#44; mid-fielders and attackers&#41; apparently did not show differences regarding the variables of power and anaerobic capacity&#46; Likewise&#44; the study Moro et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span>&#44; when comparing the average power between different positions&#44; as well as between teams of professional level&#44; being a team of first division in the Sagres League - Portuguese and other second division Championship Ga&#250;cho - Brazil&#44; found no significant differences intra-team &#40;between positions&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Moreover&#44; Balikian et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span> found statistically significant difference for VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max only between goalkeepers over the other positions&#44; similarly to the present study&#44; which found visual differences only between goal-keepers and full backs over the other playing positions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> It is worth highlighting that all studies presented in this discussion obtained oxygen consumption values from direct measurements&#44; while the results found in the present study were estimated through an equation proposed by the American College of Sports Medicine<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>&#46; This could be acknowledged as a limitation to the present study&#46; Therefore&#44; the VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max values presented here should be analyzed with caution&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> Regarding the aerobic capacity &#40;ventilatory threshold&#41;&#44; apparently&#44; the data of this study are similar to those reported by Balikian et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span>&#44; who showed that goalkeepers and full backs have a velocity of anaerobic threshold identified by onset of blood lactate accumulation &#40;OBLA&#59; 4mM&#41; lower than players of other positions&#46; This can partly be explained by the characteristic of these playing positions &#40;goalkeepers and full backs&#41;&#44; since goalkeepers and full backs are those covering smaller distances during a match&#44; making this capacity need not be highly trained and developed in this group of athletes<span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span>&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> On the other hand&#44; BMI and body fat percentage are apparently higher in goalkeepers and full backs&#44; which is in agreement with the findings of Reilly et al&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span>&#44; who showed that goalkeepers and central defenders have greater body adiposity than players of other positions&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> In conclusion&#44; the results of this study indicate that the anthropo-metric profile of soccer players that act in the United Arab Emirates is similar to others around the world&#46; However&#44; regarding the physical fitness&#44; results are still inconclusive&#44; since findings from other studies suggest that the aerobic power of our sample is alike or lower than other elite players throughout the world&#46; Furthermore&#44; the data for the maximum oxygen consumption also seem to be inconclusive&#44; in that the present study shows lower values than some studies&#44; but higher than others&#46; Moreover&#44; the acknowledged limitations of the equation used infers that the results of this research should be interpreted with caution&#46; In addition&#44; making an analysis by playing position&#44; the results of this study seem to follow the global trend&#44; once the studies analyzed showed data similar to the present investigation&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Acknowledgement</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The authors thank the Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#40;CAPES&#41; and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico &#40;CNPq&#41; for granting the scholarships in undergraduate research level &#40;CNPq&#41;&#44; MSc &#40;CAPES&#41;&#44; PhD &#40;CAPES and CNPq&#41; and of productivity in research &#40;CNPq&#41;&#46;</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Conflict of interest</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">History of the article&#58;<br></br></span>Received August 25&#44; 2012<br></br> Accepted November 28&#44; 2013</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Correspondence&#58; <br></br></span>M&#46; Magalh&#227;es Sales&#46;<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E-mail&#58;</span><a href="mailto&#58;marcelomagalhaessales&#64;gmail&#46;com" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs">marcelomagalhaessales&#64;gmail&#46;com</a></p>"
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            0 => "F&#250;tbol"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Objetivo&#46; Describir el perfil antropom&#233;trico y la aptitud f&#237;sica de los jugadores de f&#250;tbol de &#233;lite que trabajan en los Emiratos &#193;rabes Unidos&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> M&#233;todos&#46; Veintisiete jugadores de f&#250;tbol de &#233;lite que trabajan en los Emiratos &#193;rabes Unidos fueron some-tidos a una evaluaci&#243;n antropom&#233;trica&#44; un test incremental en un tapiz rodante y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Running-Based Anaerobic Test</span> &#40;RAST&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Resultados&#46; El &#237;ndice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa fueron 23&#44;1 &#177; 2&#44;0 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span> y 11&#44;6 &#177; 2&#44;1 &#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; El consumo m&#225;ximo de ox&#237;geno &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x&#41; estimado fue 62&#44;3 &#177; 5&#44;1 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; y la velocidad media de VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>m&#225;x fue 17&#44;6 &#177; 1&#44;5 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; y la velocidad media de umbral ventilatorio &#40;UV&#41; fue 13&#44;8 &#177; 0&#44;8 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46; La frecuencia card&#237;aca del UV fue en media 173&#44;1 &#177; 8&#44;6 b&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; lo que representa 91&#44;2 &#177; 2&#44;8 &#37; de la frecuencia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima&#46; El test RAST result&#243; en una potencia m&#225;xima absoluta de 551&#44;9 &#177; 73&#44;0 W&#44; potencia m&#225;xima relativa de 7&#44;8 &#177; 0&#44;4 W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; potencia media absoluta de 484&#44;0 &#177; 7&#44;8 W&#44; y potencia media relativa de 6&#44;8 &#177; 0&#44;2 W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Conclusi&#243;n&#46; El perfil antropom&#233;trico de los jugadores de f&#250;tbol que trabajan en los Emiratos &#193;rabes Unidos es similar a otros del resto del mundo&#46; Sin embargo&#44; en cuanto a la aptitud f&#237;sica&#44; los resultados a&#250;n no son concluyentes&#44; porque los resultados de otros estudios sugieren que la potencia anaerobia de nuestra muestra es igual o inferior a la de otros jugadores de &#233;lite de todo el mundo&#46; Del mismo modo&#44; el VO2max indirecto no es concluyente&#44; teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones reconocidas de obtener indirectamente esta variable&#46; Finalmente&#44; al analizar los jugadores de acuerdo con a la posici&#243;n t&#225;ctica&#44; los resultados de este estudio son similares a los estudios anteriores&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> Objective&#46; To describe the anthropometric and physical fitness profiles of elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Method&#46; Twenty seven elite soccer players acting in the United Arab Emirates were underwent to an anthropometric evaluation&#44; an incremental test in treadmill and performed the Running-Based Anaerobic Test &#40;RAST&#41;&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Results&#46; Body mass index and body fat percentage of the athletes were 23&#46;1 &#177; 2&#46;0 kg&#46;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-2</span> 11&#46;6 &#177; 2&#46;1 &#37;&#44; respectively&#46; Indirect maximum oxygen uptake &#40;VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#41; was 62&#46;3 &#177; 5&#46;1 ml&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; mean velocity at VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max was 17&#46;6 &#177; 1&#46;5 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; ventilatory threshold &#40;VT&#41; of 13&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;8 km&#46;h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; heart rate at VT of 173&#46;1 &#177; 8&#46;6 b&#46;min-1&#44; which represents of 91&#46;2 &#177; 2&#46;8 &#37; of maximum heart rate&#46; RAST resulted in a maximum absolute power of 551&#46;9 &#177; 73&#46;0 W&#44; maximum relative power of 7&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;4 W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#44; mean absolute power of 484&#46;0 &#177; 57&#46;8 W&#44; and mean relative power of 6&#46;8 &#177; 0&#46;2 W&#46;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Conclusion&#46; The anthropometric profile of soccer players that act in the United Arab Emirates is similar to others around the world&#46; However&#44; regarding the physical fitness&#44; results are still inconclusive&#44; since findings from other studies suggest that the anaerobic power of our sample is alike or lower than other elite players throughout the world&#46; Likewise indirect VO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>max&#44; especially given the acknowledged limitations of obtaining indirectly this variable&#46; In addition&#44; making an analysis by playing position&#44; the results of this study are similar to previous research&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 18887546
Original language: English

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	6	0	6
2024 October	17	8	25
2024 September	24	13	37
2024 August	27	16	43
2024 July	21	12	33
2024 June	15	7	22
2024 May	20	5	25
2024 April	10	10	20
2024 March	10	8	18
2024 February	19	8	27
2024 January	21	4	25
2023 December	19	9	28
2023 November	25	4	29
2023 October	26	8	34
2023 September	18	5	23
2023 August	14	3	17
2023 July	19	13	32
2023 June	20	2	22
2023 May	25	3	28
2023 April	20	3	23
2023 March	9	2	11
2023 February	20	3	23
2023 January	10	4	14
2022 December	22	9	31
2022 November	20	6	26
2022 October	26	11	37
2022 September	34	6	40
2022 August	24	16	40
2022 July	16	11	27
2022 June	16	7	23
2022 May	17	14	31
2022 April	17	7	24
2022 March	39	11	50
2022 February	31	5	36
2022 January	25	4	29
2021 December	17	13	30
2021 November	13	8	21
2021 October	22	8	30
2021 September	24	11	35
2021 August	26	7	33
2021 July	59	14	73
2021 June	48	18	66
2021 May	44	10	54
2021 April	83	23	106
2021 March	34	10	44
2021 February	14	6	20
2021 January	18	16	34
2020 December	18	7	25
2020 November	16	9	25
2020 October	4	5	9
2020 September	16	14	30
2020 August	28	7	35
2020 July	18	6	24
2020 June	19	6	25
2020 May	27	3	30
2020 April	21	11	32
2020 March	16	5	21
2020 February	21	12	33
2020 January	30	12	42
2019 December	49	10	59
2019 November	18	10	28
2019 October	35	4	39
2019 September	33	13	46
2019 August	9	0	9
2019 July	20	7	27
2019 June	38	16	54
2019 May	108	18	126
2019 April	38	18	56
2019 March	8	11	19
2019 February	6	11	17
2019 January	5	5	10
2018 December	3	4	7
2018 November	3	9	12
2018 October	8	12	20
2018 September	11	7	18
2018 August	9	10	19
2018 July	8	2	10
2018 June	11	5	16
2018 May	8	0	8
2018 April	7	1	8
2014 December	1	0	1

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