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First report of Toxocara cati in the domestic land snail Rumina decollata
Primer reporte de Toxocara cati en el caracol doméstico Rumina decollata
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Montironi, Laura N. Cariddi, Elina B. Reinoso" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ivana D." "apellidos" => "Montironi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Laura N." "apellidos" => "Cariddi" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elina B." "apellidos" => "Reinoso" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754116300104?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000004800000003/v1_201610010208/S0325754116300104/v1_201610010208/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754116300499" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2016.03.009" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2016-07-01" "aid" => "116" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2016;48:200-5" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1481 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 69 "HTML" => 934 "PDF" => 478 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Molecular detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcocystis aucheniae</span> in the blood of llamas from Argentina" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "200" "paginaFinal" => "205" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Detección molecular de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sarcocystis aucheniae</span> en sangre de llamas de Argentina" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1355 "Ancho" => 1627 "Tamanyo" => 76492 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. aucheniae</span> DNA in the blood of llamas from Jujuy, Argentina. DNA extracted from blood aliquots of llamas from the Province of Buenos Aires (lanes 1–3: animals No. 26, 34 and 137, respectively) and Jujuy (lanes 5–8: animals No. L_1022, L_1034, L_863, L_961, respectively) was amplified by seminested PCR and analyzed by gel electrophoresis, as in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a>. M: 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kb Plus DNA marker; C−; negative control. Note the presence of a main ∼400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp band in the four samples from Jujuy.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Mara Martin, Cecilia Decker Franco, Sandra Romero, Tamara Carletti, Leonhard Schnittger, Monica Florin-Christensen" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mara" "apellidos" => "Martin" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cecilia" "apellidos" => "Decker Franco" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sandra" "apellidos" => "Romero" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tamara" "apellidos" => "Carletti" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Leonhard" "apellidos" => "Schnittger" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Monica" "apellidos" => "Florin-Christensen" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754116300499?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000004800000003/v1_201610010208/S0325754116300499/v1_201610010208/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief reports</span>" "titulo" => "First report of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara cati</span> in the domestic land snail <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rumina decollata</span>" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "206" "paginaFinal" => "209" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Natalia Cardillo, Cintia Gonzalez Prous, Silvio Krivokapich, Mariana Pittaro, Mariano Ercole, Matías Perez, Mariana Pasqualetti, Fernando Fariña, Adriana Rosa, Graciana Gatti, Mabel Ribicich" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Natalia" "apellidos" => "Cardillo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "ncardillo@fvet.uba.ar" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cintia Gonzalez" "apellidos" => "Prous" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Silvio" "apellidos" => "Krivokapich" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mariana" "apellidos" => "Pittaro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mariano" "apellidos" => "Ercole" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Matías" "apellidos" => "Perez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mariana" "apellidos" => "Pasqualetti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Fernando" "apellidos" => "Fariña" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Adriana" "apellidos" => "Rosa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Graciana" "apellidos" => "Gatti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mabel" "apellidos" => "Ribicich" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Av. Chorroarin 280, C.P. C1427CWO Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS “Carlos G Malbrán”, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Primer reporte de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara cati</span> en el caracol doméstico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rumina decollata</span>" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1040 "Ancho" => 1650 "Tamanyo" => 137555 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DNA amplification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. isolated from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> snails by PCR on 2.5% agarose gel, using the pair of primers 5′-ACGTATGCGTGAGCCG-3′ and 5′-GTGTTTTTGGTTTTTGGCG-3′: lane 1: marker 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp; lane 2: negative control; lane 3–14: amplification of DNA from different isolated larvae, each lane corresponds to a single larva; lane 15: DNA from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> larvae isolated from cats feces, positive control.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp., the common roundworms of dogs and cats, produce eggs that are eliminated with their feces to the environment, which become a source of infection for paratenic hosts like mammals (including humans), birds and invertebrates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. larvae are able to migrate through the tissues of their hosts, and in man cause human Toxocariasis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>. In some countries there are cultural dietary preferences for raw or undercooked meat of paratenic hosts and it became a risk factor for acquiring the human disease. Most human infections are asymptomatic but the infection may lead in clinical syndromes known as visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM) and common or covert toxocariasis (CT)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rumina decollata</span> (Linnaeus, 1758) is a pulmonate land snail native to southern Europe, northern Africa and western Asia, and it borders the Mediterranean Sea. In America, it was accidentally and intentionally introduced as biological control of the garden snail <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helix aspersa</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>. In Argentina, it has been recorded in urban areas of Buenos Aires, Mendoza and La Pampa provinces<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>. The snail is omnivorous; they also prey upon other land snails, eggs, worms and insects and feed from decaying fresh vegetable and organic matter like animal faeces<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was aimed at reporting the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> in a stray cat population living in a public institution of Buenos Aires city and the evidence of infection in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> snail, as potential paratenic host of the parasite in the same environment.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study site was the open spaces of a public Hospital from the city of Buenos Aires, inhabited by a feline stray population. The general characteristics of the surrounding fences do not allow the entrance of dogs but permit cats’ access. Seventeen samples of cats’ feces were collected individually from the environment of the open spaces surrounding the buildings of this public Institution. They were stored at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C before being processed. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> snails were identified according to the descriptions of Dundee<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>, and 75 adult specimens were collected from the same environment and were kept in plastic bags<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifteen grams of each cat sample feces was weighted and processed by Benbrook's technique, with modification according to Dolcetti<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> eggs were identified under optic microscope (10×), according to Sprent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> descriptions. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> snails were processed in 25 pools of three adult snails each one, since its low weight made it difficult for individual processing. They were cleaned individually by brushing the foot and shell in order to remove free living nematodes attached or their eggs. Snails were killed by immersion in tepid water for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h; shells were removed and bodies were weighed, minced with scissors and processed by artificial digestion technique<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>. Each snail macerated pool was placed in an Erlenmeyer with the digestive fluid (per 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of snail tissue it was used 0.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, pepsin, 0.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml concentrated HCl and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml tap water), incubated in a magnetic shaker (1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span>), for one hour, at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. Afterwards, the fluid of the digestion was filtered in a 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μ mesh and centrifuged at 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm for three minutes. The supernatant was discharged and total larvae were counted under the light microscope (10×). Larvae were identified according to morphological characteristics described by Sprent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>, like the anterior end with a mouth dorsally inclined and a spine-like cuticular thickening forms the ventral margin of a shallow buccal capsule<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of larval DNA was carried out to confirm <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. infection. DNA isolation and extraction was performed using lysis buffer and proteinase K for two hours at 65<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. The PCR mixture (total volume of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl) consisted of 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of a single larvae preparation, 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of 10× PCR Buffer, 0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl of 2.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mM each deoxynucleotide triphosphate, 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U Taq polymerase and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl (6.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μM) of two pair of primers designed in silico by González Prous et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> (5′-ACGTATGCGTGAGCCG-3′ and 5′-GTGTTTTTGGTTTTTGGCG-3′). The bioinformatic analysis was performed using ITS-1 from ribosomal DNA from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. canis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> obtained from the public database, GenBank. It has been designed in-silico primers in order to amplify a region that could, after sequencing, reveals species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span>. Direct sequencing was performed on an automated Sequencer, using forward and reverse primers and the Big Dye Terminator kit from Applied Biosystems, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sequences were analyzed by alignment with reference sequences from Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm optimized for highly similar sequences (megablast) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, MD, USA) (<a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/">www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/</a>).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DNA was amplified for 35 cycles, each cycle consisted of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, and 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. Previously to the first cycle and after the final cycle longer denaturation (3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C) and extension (10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min at 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C) steps were applied, respectively. Amplification products were visualized after electrophoresis on 2.5% agarose gel and visualized under an UV transiluminator after staining with ethidium bromide.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> positive feces was calculated. Proportion of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> positive pools and mean value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> total larvae (L3) per gram and per pool of snail was reported. The estimation of the confidence intervals (CI) was created at the 95% confidence level. Statistical analysis was performed using InfoStat software.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> larval eggs were recovered in 23.5% (4/17) of the cat sample feces collected. Most of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> snails were found on buried feces (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Third <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> larval stages (L3) were recovered from the 20% (5/25) of snails’ pools (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The mean value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> total larvae per gram of snail recovered in total positive pools was 5.1 larvas (CI 95%: −2.5 to 12.7), Mean value of total L3/pool was 8.4 (CI 95%: −8.8 to 25.6), and the maximum was 33 L3/pool. There have been sequenced two amplicons of 297<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp in length (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>) from individual larvae that were deposited into the GenBank database under Accession Nos. KR337264 and KR337265. BLASTN searches against GenBank reference sequences for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> with a query cover of 100% displayed high degrees of similarities (100–98%). The DNA sequence GenBank Accession No KR337264 in study revealed the highest nucleotide identity to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> (100%, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KJ777179">KJ777179</a>; GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0015" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AB571303">AB571303</a>; GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0020" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AB110025">AB110025</a>; 99%<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0025" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KJ777163">KJ777163</a>; GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0030" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=JF837172">JF837172</a>; GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0035" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AJ002436">AJ002436</a>; 98%, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0040" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AJ002437">AJ002437</a>), whereas the nucleotide sequence GenBank Accession No KR337265 showed a slightly lower similarity to this <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> species (99%, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0045" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KJ777179">KJ777179</a>; GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0050" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AB571303">AB571303</a>; GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0055" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AB110025">AB110025</a>, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0060" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=KJ777163">KJ777163</a>, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0065" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=JF837172">JF837172</a>, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0070" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AJ002436">AJ002436</a>; 98%, GenBank Accesión No. <a id="intr0075" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=nucleotide&doptcmdl=genbank&term=AJ002437">AJ002437</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the city of Buenos Aires, there are free cats populations living in semi-wild conditions in public institutions which offer them shelter and protection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>. The presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> (23.5%) in cats feces, confirmed that the life cycle of the parasite takes place in the area. Most of snails were found feeding on buried feces so coprophagus habits of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> were confirm. It seems that feces provide food for snails and protective substrate for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> eggs by perpetuating the snail and parasite cycle in contaminated environments. These conditions would represent a risk for rodents and birds as paratenic hosts and also for cats. Dubinsky et al<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">.</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> reported the importance of earthworms and mice as natural reservoirs of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. larvae in nature, even more, as sentinels of environmental contamination, especially in urban areas, representing an important source of infection for hunter cats.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sprent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> recovered <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> larvae by experimental infection of earthworms and cockroaches. Mizgajska et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>, obtained an 87% of earthworms, collected from urban gardens and courtyards, positive to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. eggs. Umeche et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> found <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. eggs in domestic flies captured in Nigeria.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Human cases of toxocariasis acquired by eating raw snails were reported in Spain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and in Italy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. In all cases, the snail species involved probably was <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. aspers</span>; since there is a popular belief in eating raw snails as a good treatment and prevention of gastric ulcer so it was traditionally medicinally used<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. Romeu et al<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">.</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> suggested that the likely mechanism of transmission might have been the ingestion of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. eggs mechanically attached to snail bodies, eaten raw without a thorough cleaning.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Molecular identification revealed the highest nucleotide identity to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> (100–98%), and was coincident with that previously reported<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,9</span></a>. Specific PCR assays were both sensitive and specific, and provide molecular tools for diagnosis and epidemiological surveys with species-specific primers designed, using the ITS-1 and ITS-2 sequences for the identification and differentiation of dog and cat <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,9</span></a>. The increase of cats’ populations which live in semi-wild conditions in urban areas without health care needs special attention from sanitary authorities. They may consider the role of these cats in the circulation of emerging pathogens and as reservoirs of other diseases, which include some zoonotic infections like toxocariasis. Moreover, it is necessary to improve epidemiological surveillance of ecological species such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span>, which could become intermediate hosts of animals’ parasites and contribute to maintain them in the environment.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres736615" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec740648" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres736616" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec740649" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-11-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-04-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec740648" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara cati</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rumina decollata</span>" 2 => "Paratenic host" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec740649" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara cati</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rumina decollata</span>" 2 => "Hospedador paraténico" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prospective role of the land snail <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rumina decollata</span> as a potential paratenic host of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara cati</span> for domestic cats was studied. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> specimens and cats’ feces were collected from the open spaces of a Buenos Aires city hospital. Cats’ feces were analyzed and snails were digested to identify <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> stages, by morphological and molecular analyses. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> larval eggs were recovered from 23.5% (4/17) of the sampled feces. Twenty percent of snail pools (5/25) were confirmed to be positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. third larval stage (L3) by PCR. The mean value of total larvae recovered per gram of snail in all positive pools was 5.1, with a maximum 33 L3/pool. This is the first report of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> infective larvae in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> domestic snail as a paratenic host, since the relationship between infection in snails and in cats’ feces could be demonstrated in a common environment.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se estudió el rol prospectivo de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rumina decollata</span> como potencial hospedador paraténico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara cati</span> para los gatos domésticos. Se recolectaron caracoles <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> y heces de gatos de un hospital de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Se procesaron las heces y los caracoles fueron digeridos para identificar estadios de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> por análisis morfológico y molecular. El 23,5% (4/17) de las muestras de heces resultaron positivas a huevos larvados de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span>. El 20% (5/25) de los pooles de caracoles fue positivo a larvas de tercer estadío (L3) de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. por PCR. El promedio de larvas totales recuperadas por gramo de caracol en todos los pooles positivos fue de 5.1, con un máximo de 33 L3/pool. Se trata del primer reporte de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> como hospedador paraténico de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span>, puesto que ha sido demostrada la infección en caracoles y gatos en un ambiente común.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 829 "Ancho" => 990 "Tamanyo" => 189556 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> snails feeding on buried feces from the open spaces of a public hospital, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 717 "Ancho" => 990 "Tamanyo" => 122097 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> larva 3 obtained from digested snails collected from the open spaces of a public hospital, Autonomous city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The arrow shows the anterior end with a mouth dorsally inclined (45×).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1040 "Ancho" => 1650 "Tamanyo" => 137555 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DNA amplification of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxocara</span> spp. isolated from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. decollata</span> snails by PCR on 2.5% agarose gel, using the pair of primers 5′-ACGTATGCGTGAGCCG-3′ and 5′-GTGTTTTTGGTTTTTGGCG-3′: lane 1: marker 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp; lane 2: negative control; lane 3–14: amplification of DNA from different isolated larvae, each lane corresponds to a single larva; lane 15: DNA from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T. cati</span> larvae isolated from cats feces, positive control.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Toxocara encephalitis presenting with autonomous nervous system involvement" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "F. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2024 October | 40 | 11 | 51 |
| 2024 September | 75 | 6 | 81 |
| 2024 August | 47 | 4 | 51 |
| 2024 July | 32 | 4 | 36 |
| 2024 June | 29 | 3 | 32 |
| 2024 May | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2024 April | 43 | 7 | 50 |
| 2024 March | 40 | 15 | 55 |
| 2024 February | 38 | 7 | 45 |
| 2024 January | 40 | 5 | 45 |
| 2023 December | 53 | 7 | 60 |
| 2023 November | 56 | 7 | 63 |
| 2023 October | 65 | 3 | 68 |
| 2023 September | 46 | 8 | 54 |
| 2023 August | 38 | 2 | 40 |
| 2023 July | 31 | 7 | 38 |
| 2023 June | 55 | 8 | 63 |
| 2023 May | 64 | 3 | 67 |
| 2023 April | 42 | 1 | 43 |
| 2023 March | 55 | 22 | 77 |
| 2023 February | 57 | 10 | 67 |
| 2023 January | 45 | 10 | 55 |
| 2022 December | 60 | 24 | 84 |
| 2022 November | 67 | 19 | 86 |
| 2022 October | 50 | 20 | 70 |
| 2022 September | 82 | 17 | 99 |
| 2022 August | 45 | 8 | 53 |
| 2022 July | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2022 June | 106 | 9 | 115 |
| 2022 May | 55 | 8 | 63 |
| 2022 April | 50 | 21 | 71 |
| 2022 March | 94 | 21 | 115 |
| 2022 February | 74 | 17 | 91 |
| 2022 January | 86 | 15 | 101 |
| 2021 December | 105 | 15 | 120 |
| 2021 November | 105 | 18 | 123 |
| 2021 October | 86 | 16 | 102 |
| 2021 September | 87 | 12 | 99 |
| 2021 August | 96 | 10 | 106 |
| 2021 July | 67 | 13 | 80 |
| 2021 June | 86 | 13 | 99 |
| 2021 May | 120 | 10 | 130 |
| 2021 April | 259 | 30 | 289 |
| 2021 March | 112 | 16 | 128 |
| 2021 February | 81 | 19 | 100 |
| 2021 January | 67 | 20 | 87 |
| 2020 December | 95 | 29 | 124 |
| 2020 November | 69 | 15 | 84 |
| 2020 October | 50 | 16 | 66 |
| 2020 September | 42 | 17 | 59 |
| 2020 August | 52 | 4 | 56 |
| 2020 July | 46 | 10 | 56 |
| 2020 June | 49 | 18 | 67 |
| 2020 May | 62 | 23 | 85 |
| 2020 April | 59 | 14 | 73 |
| 2020 March | 54 | 15 | 69 |
| 2020 February | 62 | 27 | 89 |
| 2020 January | 47 | 17 | 64 |
| 2019 December | 47 | 18 | 65 |
| 2019 November | 60 | 21 | 81 |
| 2019 October | 65 | 20 | 85 |
| 2019 September | 67 | 11 | 78 |
| 2019 August | 49 | 16 | 65 |
| 2019 July | 46 | 26 | 72 |
| 2019 June | 80 | 31 | 111 |
| 2019 May | 132 | 39 | 171 |
| 2019 April | 85 | 25 | 110 |
| 2019 March | 43 | 17 | 60 |
| 2019 February | 30 | 16 | 46 |
| 2019 January | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2018 December | 21 | 9 | 30 |
| 2018 November | 33 | 8 | 41 |
| 2018 October | 51 | 14 | 65 |
| 2018 September | 61 | 6 | 67 |
| 2018 August | 26 | 3 | 29 |
| 2018 July | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2018 June | 27 | 1 | 28 |
| 2018 May | 24 | 2 | 26 |
| 2018 April | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2018 March | 17 | 3 | 20 |
| 2018 February | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2018 January | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2017 December | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2017 November | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2017 October | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2017 September | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2017 August | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2017 July | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| 2017 June | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2017 May | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2017 April | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2017 March | 11 | 34 | 45 |
| 2017 February | 13 | 15 | 28 |
| 2017 January | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2016 December | 20 | 7 | 27 |
| 2016 November | 34 | 11 | 45 |
| 2016 October | 43 | 16 | 59 |
| 2016 September | 5 | 10 | 15 |
| 2016 August | 0 | 2 | 2 |
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