Efficacy of epiphytic bacteria to prevent northern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum in maize

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Ruiz-Jiménez, Azucena González-Coloma, Mari Fe Andrés-Yeves, Esaú Ruiz-Sánchez, Gabriela Heredia, Sergio R. Peraza-Sánchez, Irma L. Medina-Baizabal, Manuela Reyes-Estebanez, Blondy Canto-Canché, Marcela Gamboa-Angulo" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana L." "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Jiménez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Azucena" "apellidos" => "González-Coloma" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mari Fe" "apellidos" => "Andrés-Yeves" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Esaú" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Sánchez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gabriela" "apellidos" => "Heredia" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sergio R." "apellidos" => "Peraza-Sánchez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Irma L." 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Lovato Echeverria, Susana A. Gutiérrez, Marcelo A. Carmona" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfonso D." "apellidos" => "Lovato Echeverria" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Susana A." "apellidos" => "Gutiérrez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marcelo A." "apellidos" => "Carmona" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754117300056?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000004900000001/v1_201704040030/S0325754117300056/v1_201704040030/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Efficacy of epiphytic bacteria to prevent northern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum in maize" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "75" "paginaFinal" => "82" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Melina Sartori, Andrea Nesci, Julián García, María A. Passone, Analía Montemarani, Miriam Etcheverry" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Melina" "apellidos" => "Sartori" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Andrea" "apellidos" => "Nesci" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Julián" "apellidos" => "García" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "María A." "apellidos" => "Passone" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Analía" "apellidos" => "Montemarani" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Miriam" "apellidos" => "Etcheverry" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "metcheverry@exa.unrc.edu.ar" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Oro Verde, Servicios fitosanitarios, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Eficacia de bacterias epifíticas en la prevención del tizón foliar del maíz causado por Exserohilum turcicum" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1115 "Ancho" => 2199 "Tamanyo" => 66737 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Principal component analysis of maintenance of possible biocontrol agents in phyllosphere. Variables analyzed: isolate (C) and time. Time 1 (T1): 48h post-inoculation; time 2 (T2): 20 days; time 3 (T3): 39 days; C1: Enterococcus spp.; C2: Corynebacterium spp.; C3: Pantoea spp.; C4: Corynebacterium spp.; C5: Pantoea spp.; C6: Bacillus spp.; C7: Bacillus spp.; C8: Bacillus spp." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionNorthern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs (Syn. Helminthosporium turcicum Pass.) is an endemic foliar disease in the maize production area of Argentina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">7</a>. This pathogen has been known for its high prevalence and intensity in recent seasons in late planting of maize<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270">10,21</a>. Several factors have influenced the increase of disease, such as late planting dates, expansion of the area under reduced tillage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">11</a> and intense and frequent rainfall during the summer months<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">18,21</a>. E. turcicum is a pathogen characterized by low spore production, long latency periods and lesions with expanded spots<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">17</a>. Disease affects photosynthetic tissues and the increase of lesion size can cause necrosis of the complete leaf. Necrosis and premature leaf death diminishes the capture of solar energy and consequently the translocation of photosynthates necessary for grain filling<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">21</a>. The progress of the disease is favored by moderate temperatures and long leaf-wetness periods due to rain or dew, conditions that commonly occur in the central maize area of Argentina, coinciding with the reproductive stages of the crop<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295">15</a>. A 50% reduction of incident radiation 15 days before and 15 days after flowering may cause a decrease of 40–50% of grain yield<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">20</a>. In the central area of Argentina, De Rossi et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">14</a> have determined that values of 60% severity caused losses of up to 40% in the yield of susceptible hybrids.The control techniques used so far are chemical control and genetic resistance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">22</a>. It has been determined that mixtures of triazoles and strobilurins are valid tools for the reduction of yield losses caused by northern leaf blight<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265">9,12,14,19,33,40</a>. Moreover, the widespread use of chemicals in agriculture has been a subject of public concern and scrutiny due to possible harmful effects on the environment, their undesirable effects on non-target organisms and possible carcinogenicity of some chemicals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">27</a>. Therefore, the need to develop non-chemical methods to prevent and/or control plant diseases is clear<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">26</a>. Genetic resistance with utilization of tolerant hybrids is key to maintaining competitiveness in areas where disease is present<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">18,39</a>. The use of selected hybrids must be accompanied by cultural practices avoiding monoculture<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">22</a>. Resistance, however, is labor-intensive to score and can only be measured late in the growing season<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">31</a>.For these reasons, we believe that there must be a movement to adopt biological control strategies capable of ensuring crop protection. Even more, this protection is achieved when the microorganisms used to antagonize foliar pathogens come from the same ecosystem. Phyllospheric microbiota could contribute to the health of plant species through surface protection against pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">29</a>. Bacteria having antagonistic activity against southern leaf blight caused by the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.) have been shown in maize<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">44</a>. Different non-pathogenic organisms were evaluated as possible antagonists of foliar diseases of crops<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340">24,43</a>. The phyllosphere is an environment that is subject to continuous variations in humidity and temperature, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and limited nutrient availability<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">4</a>. Hence, bacteria must be stable to fluctuating abiotic factors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">3</a>. Therefore, potential biological control agents require a survival strategy to environmental stresses and maintaining a threshold population on leaf surfaces<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">28</a>.In a previous study we performed selection steps of possible biological control agents of E. turcicum, taking into consideration ecological parameters relevant to the maize agroecosystem<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">37</a>. Antagonistic interactions in vitro of bacteria with the pathogen were evaluated using competition for nutrients, antibiosis and the reduction effect on growth parameters. Due to the need to assess the detrimental effects of the potential antagonists selected in vitro against E. turcicum in planta, the objectives proposed in this study were: (a) to evaluate the effectiveness of bacterial antagonists in reducing disease severity in the greenhouse assay, and (b) to evaluate the maintenance of potential biocontrol agents in the phyllosphere throughout the assay.Materials and methodsE. turcicumThe fungal strain of E. turcicum was previously isolated from maize (DK 190) growing on Campus Santa Julia of National University of Córdoba (UNC), in Córdoba province, Argentina. The isolate was maintained at 4°C on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA: dextrose 20g, potato extract 4g, agar 15g, distilled water 1000ml, final pH 5.6±0.2) and in 15% glycerol at −80°C.E. turcicum isolate was subcultured on PDA plates and incubated at 25°C for 30 days to enable significant sporulation. The surface of colonies grown on PDA were scraped and diluted in 300ml of sterile water with vaseline (2%). Inoculum concentration was verified using a Neubauer chamber. An inoculum density of 2×104spores/ml in distilled water plus 0.06g/l of Triton x-100 was obtained.Potential biological control agents (BCA)All antagonistic bacteria were isolated from maize leaves with blight lesions from fields of cultivars in Chucul, Río Cuarto and Vicuña Mackenna, all in Córdoba province, Argentina. The antagonistic ability was previously evaluated in vitro, and eleven potential control agents against E. turcicum were selected<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">37</a>. In this study we evaluated the antagonistic effect of eight of these isolates. Isolate 1 was identified as Enterococcus, isolates 2 and 4 belonged to Corynebacterium, isolates 3 and 5 were included in the Pantoea genus, and finally, isolates 6, 7 and 8 were identified as Bacillus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">37</a>. These isolates were maintained on slants of trypticase soy agar (TSA). Spontaneous mutants resistant to streptomycin 5% and rifampicin 0.5% were obtained.Bacterial isolates were cultured on trypticase soy broth (TSB) for 24h at 140rpm and 25°C. Afterwards, serial dilutions were performed and plated on TSA to evaluate cell viability and to determine the number of colony forming units per ml (CFU/ml). Cultures of different antagonists were diluted in TSB to obtain inocula of 108 to 1010CFU/ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360">28,42</a>.Greenhouse assaysThe experimental design was completely randomized with three blocks and four replications. Pots of 5l capacity were prepared with a mixture of fertile soil and perlite to promote aeration and water reserve. Four seeds of maize susceptible to northern leaf blight Dekalb 670<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">13</a> were sown per pot, that is, twelve plants per treatment were evaluated. Treatments performed were: C-Et: control of E. turcicum; T1: isolate 1 (Enterococcus genus)+E. turcicum; T2: isolate 2 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; T3: isolate 3 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; T4: isolate 4 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; T5: isolate 5 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; T6: isolate 6 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; T7: isolate 7 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; T8: isolate 8 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum. Only one biocontrol agent was used per treatment. Foliar applications with each biocontrol agent alone served as control.Twenty-six-day-old plants, V4 phenological stage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">36</a>, were inoculated with antagonists by foliar spray, using an atomizer. Ten days after this procedure, all treatments were inoculated with E. turcicum by foliar application. Plants were covered for 24h with transparent polyethylene bags simulating a chamber with 100% relative humidity (RH)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">1</a>, and then kept in a greenhouse with an average temperature of 20°C. Artificial light was applied when necessary. Pots were watered daily or as required.Monitoring of BCA in the phyllosphereThe survival of antagonists on the phylloplane of maize was determined using antibiotic resistance as marker<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">28</a>. Monitoring of antagonists on the phyllosphere was performed at time of inoculation (time 0), 48h post-inoculation (time 1), 24h after inoculation of pathogen (time 2) and 39 days post-inoculation of antagonists (time 3). A leaf from each pot was weighed and suspended in phosphate buffer to obtain a 1:10 dilution and incubated for 1h at 180rpm and 30°C. Afterwards, serial dilutions were performed in nutrient broth (NB) and plated on nutrient agar (NA) with rifampicin for isolates 3 and 5, and with streptomycin for isolates 1, 2 and 4. A medium without antibiotic was used for isolates 6, 7 and 8, since they were susceptible to them. Plates were incubated for 48h at 30°C, and then CFU counts were performed. To analyze the variations of isolates on the phyllosphere, principal component analysis (PCA) with the same classification variable and time was performed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">2</a>. The PCA and biplot graphics are known as generally used techniques for interpreting reductions. Artificial axes of PCA (principal components) plotted observations and/or variables of the optimal properties for the interpretation of the underlying variability and co-variability. The CFU variable of different treatments and different times was analyzed. A scatter plot was obtained with PCA, representing treatment and time observations.Assessment of disease severityFifteen days after inoculation of the pathogen and up to 39 days, the effect of treatments on disease was analyzed by determining the percentage of leaf tissue infected with E. turcicum using the scale developed by Bleicher<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">5</a>. This scale measured on four levels (0: undeveloped, 1: incipient development with lesions lower than 5cm, 2: medium development with lesions larger than 5cm, 3: advanced development in most parts of the leaf) allows us to evaluate severity until day 40 post-inoculation.Furthermore, the impact on plant (percentage of affected plants relative to total plants of the treatment)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">23</a> and incidence in leaves (percentage of leaves with at least one lesion relative to total leaves)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390">34</a> were evaluated. Severity of foliar blight until VT phenological stage (39 days post-inoculation) was statistically analyzed with ANOVA, InfoStat 2013. PCA was also performed with treatments as classification variable<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">2,16</a>.Results<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the severity of leaf blight in the different treatments evaluated during 39 days after pathogen inoculation. Severity in control treatment varied from 2.1 to 51.5% during 15 to 39 days after pathogen application. Foliar application of different bacteria significantly reduced the leaf blight between 30–78% and 39–56% at 20 and 39 days respectively.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The sum of two principal components (CP1 and CP2) explained 94.6% of the total data variability (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). It was observed that isolate 8 showed the greatest effect on reducing the severity of northern leaf blight showing a negative correlation (angles between vectors over 90°) with respect to control treatment (C-Et). Other treatments that showed a significant reduction effect were those using isolates 6, 7 and another group of treatments with isolates 5, 1, and 3. In terms of severity progress, a positive correlation was observed over time. Until day 25 post-inoculation a similar effect was observed. However, as from day 29 the greatest effect on severity was manifested.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows mean leaf blight incidence and severity using different possible biocontrol agents in the middle and at the end of the trials under greenhouse conditions. Data showed that the highest mean severity was recorded in the control treatment at the two times evaluated, whereas the lowest was found in the treatment with isolate 8 at 20 days and with all possible biocontrol agents at 39 days, showing a range of 40–56% of severity reduction.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Isolate 8 significantly reduced plant incidence (27%) at 20 days, but this effect was not maintained until the end of the assay. An increase of leaf incidence and number of lesions for control and treatments with possible biocontrol agents was observed between 20 and 39 days.All possible biocontrol agents were able to maintain high population sizes in the phyllosphere during time 0 to time 3 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Population counts were found in the range of 9.04–4.88log. Bacillus isolates reduced their count only one log between time 0 to time 1, and this count (6log) was maintained until time 3. The population count of Enterococcus and one isolate of Corynebacterium was reduced by 3log, while Pantoea and another isolate of Corynebacterium showed a 5-log reduction at the end of the assay.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The sum of two principal components, for analyzing the maintenance of bacterial population in the phyllosphere, was 89.2% (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Data showed that the bacterial population of isolates 1, 3 and 5 decreased through time. Bacterial isolate 8 was able to maintain its population size more stable, followed by isolates 4 and 7.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>A general correlation analysis of the antagonist population and severity of disease at day 39 post-inoculation showed a negative correlation (r −0.08), not statistically significant (p 0.726).DiscussionThe foliar application of possible biocontrol agents to maize leaves led to the effective control of northern leaf blight caused by E. turcicum under greenhouse conditions. In this study, the plants treated with any antagonist significantly decreased the severity of the symptoms caused by the pathogen at the end of the assay.Isolates belonging to the Bacillus genus were the most effective in reducing the severity of disease and also the incidence in plants and the number of lesions at 20 days. At 39 days, all potential biocontrol agents showed better effect on severity reduction, obtaining 40 to 56% reduction in this parameter.Stromberg et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">42</a> demonstrated that the reduction in pathogen population density by antagonists was correlated with the reduction in intensity of foliar disease, and therefore biological control was described as pre-symptomatic reduction in pathogen population size caused by antagonists, and not as a result of induced resistance or changes in the odds of cell infection by the pathogen. Consistently, several studies have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of different antagonists against E. turcicum due to competition and/or antibiosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345">25,30,35</a>. In a previous screening study in vitro, isolates belonging to the Bacillus genus (6, 7, and 8) showed dominance of the pathogen at a distance and a reduction of E. turcicum growth rate of between 84 and 98%, indicating that it may have an ability to synthesize a diffusible substance with inhibitory capacity. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was observed between E. turcicum growth rate and dominance index when the pathogen interacted with selected bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">37</a>. In the present study, isolate 8 showed the highest effect on reducing northern leaf blight in maize plants at the V6 phenological stage, followed by isolates 6 and 7.Corynebacterium spp. (isolate 4) and 3 strains of the Bacillus genus reached a 6-log population size at 39 days, with Bacillus isolates having the highest population survival. Moreover coincidentally, isolate 8 was the potential biological control agent that showed more stability on the phyllosphere, showing minor variations in the population count at the end of the trial. Evidently, high bacteria count can allow for competitive exclusion of certain species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">32</a>. It is noteworthy that all analyzed BCAs maintained high population levels at day 39. Considering that bacteria were not physiologically adapted, a necessary process to increase their tolerance to fluctuating conditions of the environment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">38</a>, the maintenance of these bacteria in phyllosphere may be by their condition of native bacteria. Beattie and Lindow<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">3</a> argue that phyllobacteria can modify their environment to enhance their colonization of plants by increasing local nutrient concentrations or by producing a layer of extracellular polysaccharides either in the surface of leaves or in the interior.We propose the use of biological control agents as a strategy to prevent the incidence of E. turcicum in maize. Although BCAs have a different mode of action to chemical agents, a biological strategy may favor the control of the pathogen performing a second application in V9 and V10 stages included in the critical period of the crop. The critical period of the crop to control this disease extends from V8 (eight leaves unfolded) to R3 (aqueous grain). However, the stage where the probability of response to the application of fungicides is higher, ranging from 15 days before to 15 days after silking (start of panicle or VT and the development of whiskers or R1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">8</a>. In general, the application threshold of chemical agents for common blight corresponds to one lesion less or equal to 1cm long on each sheet<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">6</a>. In this study, all possible biocontrol agents used were able to reduce severity between 40 to 56% in V10. Therefore, we suggest a second application of BCAs in critical periods. Thinking about the use of biological control agents as a strategy for prevention of disease caused by E. turcicum in maize, the application was done in plants of 26 days of development (V 4), that is 10 days before the application of the pathogen. Despite the fact that this preventive treatment was effective in reducing severity by between 40 and 56% at the end of the trial, the average leaf affected was greater than 1 in all treatments. Probably, a second application of BCAs in the critical period could reduce the average of affected leaves, plant incidence and number of lesions. Sillon et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">41</a> showed 100% incidence of E. turcicum in plants of resistant hybrids in Santa Fe, Argentina; however, severity in leaves did not exceed 20%.It is known that yield losses are greater when infection occurs early and moves to the upper leaves of the plant or on grain filling (R1 to R3). Therefore the slow progress of the disease in relation to crop development reduces the impact of disease. Formento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">21</a> has pointed out that if the infection is delayed until six weeks after stigma fertilization, yield reduction will be minimal compared to an infection that occurs before fertilization.The physiological adaptation of bacteria is being carried out in order to facilitate their maintenance in the phyllosphere. In addition, different inoculum doses of previously selected antagonists, as well as the number and period of BCA applications will be determined in order to achieve control or delay the development of leaf blight during the critical period of maize growth.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres824222" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820715" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres824223" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820716" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "E. turcicum" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Potential biological control agents (BCA)" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Greenhouse assays" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Monitoring of BCA in the phyllosphere" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Assessment of disease severity" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack276427" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-07-11" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-09-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820715" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Exserohilum turcicum" 1 => "Biological control" 2 => "Prevention strategy" 3 => "Phyllospheric bacteria" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec820716" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Exserohilum turcicum" 1 => "Control biológico" 2 => "Estrategias de prevención" 3 => "Bacterias filosféricas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Eight potential biological control agents (BCAs) were evaluated in planta in order to assess their effectiveness in reducing disease severity of northern leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum. The assay was carried out in greenhouse. Twenty-six-day-old plants, V4 phenological stage, were inoculated with antagonists by foliar spray. Only one biocontrol agent was used per treatment. Ten days after this procedure, all treatments were inoculated with E. turcicum by foliar application. Treatments performed were: C-Et: control of E. turcicum; T1: isolate 1 (Enterococcus genus)+E. turcicum; T2: isolate 2 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; T3: isolate 3 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; T4: isolate 4 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; T5: isolate 5 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; T6: isolate 6 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; T7: isolate 7 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; T8: isolate 8 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum. Monitoring of antagonists on the phyllosphere was performed at different times. Furthermore, the percentage of infected leaves and, plant and leaf incidence were determined. Foliar application of different bacteria significantly reduced the leaf blight between 30–78% and 39–56% at 20 and 39 days respectively. It was observed that in the V10 stage of maize plants, isolate 8 (Bacillus spp.) caused the greatest effect on reducing the severity of northern leaf blight. Moreover, isolate 8 was the potential BCA that showed more stability in the phyllosphere. At 39 days, all potential biocontrol agents had a significant effect on controlling the disease caused by E. turcicum." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Se evaluó a 8 potenciales agentes de control biológico (ACB) en un ensayo in planta, con el objetivo de probar su efectividad en la reducción del daño provocado por Exserohilum turcicum, agente causal del tizón foliar del maíz. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en invernadero. Plantas de maíz de 26 días, en estadio fenológico V4, se inocularon con los potenciales antagonistas por aplicación foliar como espray. Solo un agente de biocontrol fue usado por tratamiento y todos los tratamientos se inocularon con E. turcicum 10 días después, también por aplicación foliar. Los tratamientos desarrollados fueron los siguientes: C-Et: control de E. turcicum; T1: aislamiento 1 (género Enterococcus)+E. turcicum; T2: aislamiento 2 (género Corynebacterium)+E. turcicum; T3: aislamiento 3 (género Pantoea)+E. turcicum; T4: aislamiento 4 (género Corynebacterium)+E. turcicum; T5: aislamiento 5 (género Pantoea)+E. turcicum; T6: aislamiento 6 (género Bacillus)+E. turcicum; T7: aislamiento 7 (género Bacillus)+E. turcicum; T8: aislamiento 8 (género Bacillus)+E. turcicum. La monitorización en la filosfera de los antagonistas se llevó a cabo a diferentes tiempos. Además, se determinó el porcentaje de hojas infectadas y la incidencia en plantas y hojas. La aplicación foliar de diferentes bacterias redujo significativamente la gravedad del tizón del maíz: entre el 30 y el 78% a los 20 días y entre el 39 y el 56% a los 39 días. En el estadio V10 de las plantas de maíz se observó que el aislamiento 8 (Bacillus spp.) causó el mayor efecto de reducción del tizón foliar. Además, dicho aislamiento fue el potencial agente de biocontrol que mostró mayor estabilidad en la filosfera. A los 39 días, todos los potenciales agentes de biocontrol demostraban un efecto significativo sobre el control de la enfermedad causada por E. turcicum." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1254 "Ancho" => 2620 "Tamanyo" => 126566 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Evaluation of different bacteria for control of foliar blight of maize. Disease was evaluated during 39 days as percentage of leaf area. Data points are the mean values and standard deviation of 12 plants (average of affected foliar area in plants of three blocks) for each treatment. C-Et: control of E. turcicum; 1+Et: isolate 1 (Enterococcus genus)+E. turcicum; 2+Et: isolate 2 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; 3+Et: isolate 3 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; 4+Et: isolate 4 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; 5+Et: isolate 5 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; 6+Et: isolate 6 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; 7+Et: isolate 7 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; 8+Et: isolate 8 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1406 "Ancho" => 2510 "Tamanyo" => 99485 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Principal component analysis of different treatments and effect on severity of leaf blight. Variables analyzed: treatments and days. C-Et: control of E. turcicum; 1+Et: isolate 1 (Enterococcus genus)+E. turcicum; 2+Et: isolate 2 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; 3+Et: isolate 3 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; 4+Et: isolate 4 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; 5+Et: isolate 5 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; 6+Et: isolate 6 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; 7+Et: isolate 7 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; 8+Et: isolate 8 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1115 "Ancho" => 2199 "Tamanyo" => 66737 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Principal component analysis of maintenance of possible biocontrol agents in phyllosphere. Variables analyzed: isolate (C) and time. Time 1 (T1): 48h post-inoculation; time 2 (T2): 20 days; time 3 (T3): 39 days; C1: Enterococcus spp.; C2: Corynebacterium spp.; C3: Pantoea spp.; C4: Corynebacterium spp.; C5: Pantoea spp.; C6: Bacillus spp.; C7: Bacillus spp.; C8: Bacillus spp." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Plants incidence: proportion of disease plants of 12 total plants.Leaves incidence: average value of affected leaves of each plant.Severity: average value of diseased tissue area of 12 total plants.Number of lesions: lesions per plant.Values followed by different letters within a column indicate significant differences between treatments at p<0.10 for each day of post-inoculation and each parameter determined according to DGC test. C-Et: control of E. turcicum; 1+Et: isolate 1 (Enterococcus genus)+E. turcicum; 2+Et: isolate 2 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; 3+Et: isolate 3 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; 4+Et: isolate 4 (Corynebacterium genus)+E. turcicum; 5+Et: isolate 5 (Pantoea genus)+E. turcicum; 6+Et: isolate 6 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; 7+Et: isolate 7 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum; 8+Et: isolate 8 (Bacillus genus)+E. turcicum." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Days post-pathogen inoculation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Plants incidence (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leaves incidence \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Severity (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of lesions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="9" align="char" valign="top">20</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">C-Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">83A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.1a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">5.0A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">20a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">1+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">75C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">0.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">2.0B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">12a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">2+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">75C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">0.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">3.5B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">18a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">3+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">75C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.3a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">3.4B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">16a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">4+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">81B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">2.7B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">15a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">5+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">83A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.2a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">3.3B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">14a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">6+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">58D \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">0.6b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">2.6B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">8b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">7+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">83A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">0.9a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">2.5B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">11a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">8+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">27E \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">0.3b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.1C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " rowspan="9" align="char" valign="top">39</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">C-Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">92B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">52A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">27a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">1+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">83C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.3a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">26B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">18a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">2+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">92B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.6a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">29B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">21a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">3+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">100A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">31B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">23a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">4+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">90B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.5a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">24B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">24a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">5+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">100A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">2.0a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">26B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">24a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">6+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">100A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">25B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">24a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">7+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">83C \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.6a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">23B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">20a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">8+Et \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">100A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">1.8a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">30B \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">23a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385787.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean leaf blight incidence and severity with different treatments under greenhouse conditions at middle (20 days post-inoculation) and end (39 days post-inoculation) of trials." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Time 0: time of inoculation; Time 1: 48h post-inoculation; Time 2: 20 days post-inoculation; Time 3: 39 days post-inoculation; Antagonists: 1: Enterococcus spp.; 2: Corynebacterium spp.; 3: Pantoea spp.; 4: Corynebacterium spp.; 5: Pantoea spp.; 6: Bacillus spp.; 7: Bacillus spp.; 8: Bacillus spp." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antagonists \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">8.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">5.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">8.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">5.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">9.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">5.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">4.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">9.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">9.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">5.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">4.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">7.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">7.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">7.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">6.28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1385788.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Survival of antagonists (Log CFU/g) onto maize phylloplane at different time." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "[M.Sc. thesis]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Studies of sorghum leaf blight incited by Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) 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Original article

Eficacia de bacterias epifíticas en la prevención del tizón foliar del maíz causado por Exserohilum turcicum

Melina Sartoria, Andrea Nescia, Julián Garcíab, María A. Passonea, Analía Montemarania, Miriam Etcheverrya,

Corresponding author

metcheverry@exa.unrc.edu.ar

Corresponding author.

a Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

b Oro Verde, Servicios fitosanitarios, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principal component analysis of maintenance of possible biocontrol agents in phyllosphere&#46; Variables analyzed&#58; isolate &#40;C&#41; and time&#46; Time 1 &#40;T1&#41;&#58; 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-inoculation&#59; time 2 &#40;T2&#41;&#58; 20 days&#59; time 3 &#40;T3&#41;&#58; 39 days&#59; C1&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46;&#59; C2&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46;&#59; C3&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp&#46;&#59; C4&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46;&#59; C5&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp&#46;&#59; C6&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#59; C7&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#59; C8&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Northern leaf blight caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exserohilum turcicum</span> &#40;Pass&#46;&#41; Leonard and Suggs &#40;Syn&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helminthosporium turcicum</span> Pass&#46;&#41; is an endemic foliar disease in the maize production area of Argentina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#46; This pathogen has been known for its high prevalence and intensity in recent seasons in late planting of maize<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;21</span></a>&#46; Several factors have influenced the increase of disease&#44; such as late planting dates&#44; expansion of the area under reduced tillage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> and intense and frequent rainfall during the summer months<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;21</span></a>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> is a pathogen characterized by low spore production&#44; long latency periods and lesions with expanded spots<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Disease affects photosynthetic tissues and the increase of lesion size can cause necrosis of the complete leaf&#46; Necrosis and premature leaf death diminishes the capture of solar energy and consequently the translocation of photosynthates necessary for grain filling<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; The progress of the disease is favored by moderate temperatures and long leaf-wetness periods due to rain or dew&#44; conditions that commonly occur in the central maize area of Argentina&#44; coinciding with the reproductive stages of the crop<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; A 50&#37; reduction of incident radiation 15 days before and 15 days after flowering may cause a decrease of 40&#8211;50&#37; of grain yield<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#46; In the central area of Argentina&#44; De Rossi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> have determined that values of 60&#37; severity caused losses of up to 40&#37; in the yield of susceptible hybrids&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The control techniques used so far are chemical control and genetic resistance<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; It has been determined that mixtures of triazoles and strobilurins are valid tools for the reduction of yield losses caused by northern leaf blight<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;12&#44;14&#44;19&#44;33&#44;40</span></a>&#46; Moreover&#44; the widespread use of chemicals in agriculture has been a subject of public concern and scrutiny due to possible harmful effects on the environment&#44; their undesirable effects on non-target organisms and possible carcinogenicity of some chemicals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; Therefore&#44; the need to develop non-chemical methods to prevent and&#47;or control plant diseases is clear<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a>&#46; Genetic resistance with utilization of tolerant hybrids is key to maintaining competitiveness in areas where disease is present<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;39</span></a>&#46; The use of selected hybrids must be accompanied by cultural practices avoiding monoculture<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46; Resistance&#44; however&#44; is labor-intensive to score and can only be measured late in the growing season<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For these reasons&#44; we believe that there must be a movement to adopt biological control strategies capable of ensuring crop protection&#46; Even more&#44; this protection is achieved when the microorganisms used to antagonize foliar pathogens come from the same ecosystem&#46; Phyllospheric microbiota could contribute to the health of plant species through surface protection against pathogens<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46; Bacteria having antagonistic activity against southern leaf blight caused by the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cochliobolus heterostrophus</span> &#40;Drechs&#46;&#41; have been shown in maize<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46; Different non-pathogenic organisms were evaluated as possible antagonists of foliar diseases of crops<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;43</span></a>&#46; The phyllosphere is an environment that is subject to continuous variations in humidity and temperature&#44; exposure to ultraviolet radiation&#44; and limited nutrient availability<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Hence&#44; bacteria must be stable to fluctuating abiotic factors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46; Therefore&#44; potential biological control agents require a survival strategy to environmental stresses and maintaining a threshold population on leaf surfaces<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a previous study we performed selection steps of possible biological control agents of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#44; taking into consideration ecological parameters relevant to the maize agroecosystem<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; Antagonistic interactions <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> of bacteria with the pathogen were evaluated using competition for nutrients&#44; antibiosis and the reduction effect on growth parameters&#46; Due to the need to assess the detrimental effects of the potential antagonists selected <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum in planta</span>&#44; the objectives proposed in this study were&#58; &#40;a&#41; to evaluate the effectiveness of bacterial antagonists in reducing disease severity in the greenhouse assay&#44; and &#40;b&#41; to evaluate the maintenance of potential biocontrol agents in the phyllosphere throughout the assay&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span></span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fungal strain of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> was previously isolated from maize &#40;DK 190&#41; growing on Campus Santa Julia of National University of C&#243;rdoba &#40;UNC&#41;&#44; in C&#243;rdoba province&#44; Argentina&#46; The isolate was maintained at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on potato dextrose agar medium &#40;PDA&#58; dextrose 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; potato extract 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; agar 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; distilled water 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#44; final pH 5&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&#41; and in 15&#37; glycerol at &#8722;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> isolate was subcultured on PDA plates and incubated at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 30 days to enable significant sporulation&#46; The surface of colonies grown on PDA were scraped and diluted in 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of sterile water with vaseline &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Inoculum concentration was verified using a Neubauer chamber&#46; An inoculum density of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>spores&#47;ml in distilled water plus 0&#46;06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l of Triton x-100 was obtained&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Potential biological control agents &#40;BCA&#41;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All antagonistic bacteria were isolated from maize leaves with blight lesions from fields of cultivars in Chucul&#44; R&#237;o Cuarto and Vicu&#241;a Mackenna&#44; all in C&#243;rdoba province&#44; Argentina&#46; The antagonistic ability was previously evaluated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; and eleven potential control agents against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> were selected<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; In this study we evaluated the antagonistic effect of eight of these isolates&#46; Isolate 1 was identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span>&#44; isolates 2 and 4 belonged to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span>&#44; isolates 3 and 5 were included in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#44; and finally&#44; isolates 6&#44; 7 and 8 were identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; These isolates were maintained on slants of trypticase soy agar &#40;TSA&#41;&#46; Spontaneous mutants resistant to streptomycin 5&#37; and rifampicin 0&#46;5&#37; were obtained&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacterial isolates were cultured on trypticase soy broth &#40;TSB&#41; for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Afterwards&#44; serial dilutions were performed and plated on TSA to evaluate cell viability and to determine the number of colony forming units per ml &#40;CFU&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Cultures of different antagonists were diluted in TSB to obtain inocula of 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> to 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>CFU&#47;ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;42</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Greenhouse assays</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experimental design was completely randomized with three blocks and four replications&#46; Pots of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l capacity were prepared with a mixture of fertile soil and perlite to promote aeration and water reserve&#46; Four seeds of maize susceptible to northern leaf blight Dekalb 670<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> were sown per pot&#44; that is&#44; twelve plants per treatment were evaluated&#46; Treatments performed were&#58; C-Et&#58; control of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T1&#58; isolate 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T2&#58; isolate 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T3&#58; isolate 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T4&#58; isolate 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T5&#58; isolate 5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T6&#58; isolate 6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T7&#58; isolate 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T8&#58; isolate 8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum&#46;</span> Only one biocontrol agent was used per treatment&#46; Foliar applications with each biocontrol agent alone served as control&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-six-day-old plants&#44; V4 phenological stage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#44; were inoculated with antagonists by foliar spray&#44; using an atomizer&#46; Ten days after this procedure&#44; all treatments were inoculated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> by foliar application&#46; Plants were covered for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with transparent polyethylene bags simulating a chamber with 100&#37; relative humidity &#40;RH&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; and then kept in a greenhouse with an average temperature of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Artificial light was applied when necessary&#46; Pots were watered daily or as required&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Monitoring of BCA in the phyllosphere</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The survival of antagonists on the phylloplane of maize was determined using antibiotic resistance as marker<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Monitoring of antagonists on the phyllosphere was performed at time of inoculation &#40;time 0&#41;&#44; 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-inoculation &#40;time 1&#41;&#44; 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after inoculation of pathogen &#40;time 2&#41; and 39 days post-inoculation of antagonists &#40;time 3&#41;&#46; A leaf from each pot was weighed and suspended in phosphate buffer to obtain a 1&#58;10 dilution and incubated for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 180<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm and 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Afterwards&#44; serial dilutions were performed in nutrient broth &#40;NB&#41; and plated on nutrient agar &#40;NA&#41; with rifampicin for isolates 3 and 5&#44; and with streptomycin for isolates 1&#44; 2 and 4&#46; A medium without antibiotic was used for isolates 6&#44; 7 and 8&#44; since they were susceptible to them&#46; Plates were incubated for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; and then CFU counts were performed&#46; To analyze the variations of isolates on the phyllosphere&#44; principal component analysis &#40;PCA&#41; with the same classification variable and time was performed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; The PCA and biplot graphics are known as generally used techniques for interpreting reductions&#46; Artificial axes of PCA &#40;principal components&#41; plotted observations and&#47;or variables of the optimal properties for the interpretation of the underlying variability and co-variability&#46; The CFU variable of different treatments and different times was analyzed&#46; A scatter plot was obtained with PCA&#44; representing treatment and time observations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Assessment of disease severity</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifteen days after inoculation of the pathogen and up to 39 days&#44; the effect of treatments on disease was analyzed by determining the percentage of leaf tissue infected with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> using the scale developed by Bleicher<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; This scale measured on four levels &#40;0&#58; undeveloped&#44; 1&#58; incipient development with lesions lower than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; 2&#58; medium development with lesions larger than 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; 3&#58; advanced development in most parts of the leaf&#41; allows us to evaluate severity until day 40 post-inoculation&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; the impact on plant &#40;percentage of affected plants relative to total plants of the treatment&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> and incidence in leaves &#40;percentage of leaves with at least one lesion relative to total leaves&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> were evaluated&#46; Severity of foliar blight until VT phenological stage &#40;39 days post-inoculation&#41; was statistically analyzed with ANOVA&#44; InfoStat 2013&#46; PCA was also performed with treatments as classification variable<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;16</span></a>&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> shows the severity of leaf blight in the different treatments evaluated during 39 days after pathogen inoculation&#46; Severity in control treatment varied from 2&#46;1 to 51&#46;5&#37; during 15 to 39 days after pathogen application&#46; Foliar application of different bacteria significantly reduced the leaf blight between 30&#8211;78&#37; and 39&#8211;56&#37; at 20 and 39 days respectively&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sum of two principal components &#40;CP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span> and CP<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41; explained 94&#46;6&#37; of the total data variability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; It was observed that isolate 8 showed the greatest effect on reducing the severity of northern leaf blight showing a negative correlation &#40;angles between vectors over 90&#176;&#41; with respect to control treatment &#40;C-Et&#41;&#46; Other treatments that showed a significant reduction effect were those using isolates 6&#44; 7 and another group of treatments with isolates 5&#44; 1&#44; and 3&#46; In terms of severity progress&#44; a positive correlation was observed over time&#46; Until day 25 post-inoculation a similar effect was observed&#46; However&#44; as from day 29 the greatest effect on severity was manifested&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows mean leaf blight incidence and severity using different possible biocontrol agents in the middle and at the end of the trials under greenhouse conditions&#46; Data showed that the highest mean severity was recorded in the control treatment at the two times evaluated&#44; whereas the lowest was found in the treatment with isolate 8 at 20 days and with all possible biocontrol agents at 39 days&#44; showing a range of 40&#8211;56&#37; of severity reduction&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolate 8 significantly reduced plant incidence &#40;27&#37;&#41; at 20 days&#44; but this effect was not maintained until the end of the assay&#46; An increase of leaf incidence and number of lesions for control and treatments with possible biocontrol agents was observed between 20 and 39 days&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All possible biocontrol agents were able to maintain high population sizes in the phyllosphere during time 0 to time 3 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Population counts were found in the range of 9&#46;04&#8211;4&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>log&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> isolates reduced their count only one log between time 0 to time 1&#44; and this count &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>log&#41; was maintained until time 3&#46; The population count of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> and one isolate of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> was reduced by 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>log&#44; while <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> and another isolate of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> showed a 5-log reduction at the end of the assay&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sum of two principal components&#44; for analyzing the maintenance of bacterial population in the phyllosphere&#44; was 89&#46;2&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; Data showed that the bacterial population of isolates 1&#44; 3 and 5 decreased through time&#46; Bacterial isolate 8 was able to maintain its population size more stable&#44; followed by isolates 4 and 7&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A general correlation analysis of the antagonist population and severity of disease at day 39 post-inoculation showed a negative correlation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> &#8722;0&#46;08&#41;&#44; not statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> 0&#46;726&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Discussion</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The foliar application of possible biocontrol agents to maize leaves led to the effective control of northern leaf blight caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> under greenhouse conditions&#46; In this study&#44; the plants treated with any antagonist significantly decreased the severity of the symptoms caused by the pathogen at the end of the assay&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolates belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus were the most effective in reducing the severity of disease and also the incidence in plants and the number of lesions at 20 days&#46; At 39 days&#44; all potential biocontrol agents showed better effect on severity reduction&#44; obtaining 40 to 56&#37; reduction in this parameter&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stromberg et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42</span></a> demonstrated that the reduction in pathogen population density by antagonists was correlated with the reduction in intensity of foliar disease&#44; and therefore biological control was described as pre-symptomatic reduction in pathogen population size caused by antagonists&#44; and not as a result of induced resistance or changes in the odds of cell infection by the pathogen&#46; Consistently&#44; several studies have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of different antagonists against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> due to competition and&#47;or antibiosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;30&#44;35</span></a>&#46; In a previous screening study <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; isolates belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus &#40;6&#44; 7&#44; and 8&#41; showed dominance of the pathogen at a distance and a reduction of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> growth rate of between 84 and 98&#37;&#44; indicating that it may have an ability to synthesize a diffusible substance with inhibitory capacity&#46; Moreover&#44; a significant negative correlation was observed between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> growth rate and dominance index when the pathogen interacted with selected bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46; In the present study&#44; isolate 8 showed the highest effect on reducing northern leaf blight in maize plants at the V6 phenological stage&#44; followed by isolates 6 and 7&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46; &#40;isolate 4&#41; and 3 strains of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus reached a 6-log population size at 39 days&#44; with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> isolates having the highest population survival&#46; Moreover coincidentally&#44; isolate 8 was the potential biological control agent that showed more stability on the phyllosphere&#44; showing minor variations in the population count at the end of the trial&#46; Evidently&#44; high bacteria count can allow for competitive exclusion of certain species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; It is noteworthy that all analyzed BCAs maintained high population levels at day 39&#46; Considering that bacteria were not physiologically adapted&#44; a necessary process to increase their tolerance to fluctuating conditions of the environment<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; the maintenance of these bacteria in phyllosphere may be by their condition of native bacteria&#46; Beattie and Lindow<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> argue that phyllobacteria can modify their environment to enhance their colonization of plants by increasing local nutrient concentrations or by producing a layer of extracellular polysaccharides either in the surface of leaves or in the interior&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We propose the use of biological control agents as a strategy to prevent the incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> in maize&#46; Although BCAs have a different mode of action to chemical agents&#44; a biological strategy may favor the control of the pathogen performing a second application in V9 and V10 stages included in the critical period of the crop&#46; The critical period of the crop to control this disease extends from V8 &#40;eight leaves unfolded&#41; to R3 &#40;aqueous grain&#41;&#46; However&#44; the stage where the probability of response to the application of fungicides is higher&#44; ranging from 15 days before to 15 days after silking &#40;start of panicle or VT and the development of whiskers or R1&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; In general&#44; the application threshold of chemical agents for common blight corresponds to one lesion less or equal to 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm long on each sheet<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; In this study&#44; all possible biocontrol agents used were able to reduce severity between 40 to 56&#37; in V10&#46; Therefore&#44; we suggest a second application of BCAs in critical periods&#46; Thinking about the use of biological control agents as a strategy for prevention of disease caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> in maize&#44; the application was done in plants of 26 days of development &#40;V 4&#41;&#44; that is 10 days before the application of the pathogen&#46; Despite the fact that this preventive treatment was effective in reducing severity by between 40 and 56&#37; at the end of the trial&#44; the average leaf affected was greater than 1 in all treatments&#46; Probably&#44; a second application of BCAs in the critical period could reduce the average of affected leaves&#44; plant incidence and number of lesions&#46; Sillon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a> showed 100&#37; incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> in plants of resistant hybrids in Santa Fe&#44; Argentina&#59; however&#44; severity in leaves did not exceed 20&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is known that yield losses are greater when infection occurs early and moves to the upper leaves of the plant or on grain filling &#40;R1 to R3&#41;&#46; Therefore the slow progress of the disease in relation to crop development reduces the impact of disease&#46; Formento<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> has pointed out that if the infection is delayed until six weeks after stigma fertilization&#44; yield reduction will be minimal compared to an infection that occurs before fertilization&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The physiological adaptation of bacteria is being carried out in order to facilitate their maintenance in the phyllosphere&#46; In addition&#44; different inoculum doses of previously selected antagonists&#44; as well as the number and period of BCA applications will be determined in order to achieve control or delay the development of leaf blight during the critical period of maize growth&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Eight potential biological control agents &#40;BCAs&#41; were evaluated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in planta</span> in order to assess their effectiveness in reducing disease severity of northern leaf blight caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exserohilum turcicum</span>&#46; The assay was carried out in greenhouse&#46; Twenty-six-day-old plants&#44; V4 phenological stage&#44; were inoculated with antagonists by foliar spray&#46; Only one biocontrol agent was used per treatment&#46; Ten days after this procedure&#44; all treatments were inoculated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> by foliar application&#46; Treatments performed were&#58; C-Et&#58; control of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T1&#58; isolate 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T2&#58; isolate 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T3&#58; isolate 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T4&#58; isolate 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T5&#58; isolate 5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T6&#58; isolate 6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T7&#58; isolate 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T8&#58; isolate 8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#46; Monitoring of antagonists on the phyllosphere was performed at different times&#46; Furthermore&#44; the percentage of infected leaves and&#44; plant and leaf incidence were determined&#46; Foliar application of different bacteria significantly reduced the leaf blight between 30&#8211;78&#37; and 39&#8211;56&#37; at 20 and 39 days respectively&#46; It was observed that in the V10 stage of maize plants&#44; isolate 8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#41; caused the greatest effect on reducing the severity of northern leaf blight&#46; Moreover&#44; isolate 8 was the potential BCA that showed more stability in the phyllosphere&#46; At 39 days&#44; all potential biocontrol agents had a significant effect on controlling the disease caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se evalu&#243; a 8 potenciales agentes de control biol&#243;gico &#40;ACB&#41; en un ensayo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in planta</span>&#44; con el objetivo de probar su efectividad en la reducci&#243;n del da&#241;o provocado por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exserohilum turcicum</span>&#44; agente causal del tiz&#243;n foliar del ma&#237;z&#46; El ensayo se llev&#243; a cabo en invernadero&#46; Plantas de ma&#237;z de 26 d&#237;as&#44; en estadio fenol&#243;gico V4&#44; se inocularon con los potenciales antagonistas por aplicaci&#243;n foliar como espray&#46; Solo un agente de biocontrol fue usado por tratamiento y todos los tratamientos se inocularon con <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span> 10 d&#237;as despu&#233;s&#44; tambi&#233;n por aplicaci&#243;n foliar&#46; Los tratamientos desarrollados fueron los siguientes&#58; C-Et&#58; control de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T1&#58; aislamiento 1 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T2&#58; aislamiento 2 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T3&#58; aislamiento 3 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T4&#58; aislamiento 4 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T5&#58; aislamiento 5 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T6&#58; aislamiento 6 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T7&#58; aislamiento 7 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; T8&#58; aislamiento 8 &#40;g&#233;nero <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum&#46;</span> La monitorizaci&#243;n en la filosfera de los antagonistas se llev&#243; a cabo a diferentes tiempos&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se determin&#243; el porcentaje de hojas infectadas y la incidencia en plantas y hojas&#46; La aplicaci&#243;n foliar de diferentes bacterias redujo significativamente la gravedad del tiz&#243;n del ma&#237;z&#58; entre el 30 y el 78&#37; a los 20 d&#237;as y entre el 39 y el 56&#37; a los 39 d&#237;as&#46; En el estadio V10 de las plantas de ma&#237;z se observ&#243; que el aislamiento 8 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#41; caus&#243; el mayor efecto de reducci&#243;n del tiz&#243;n foliar&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; dicho aislamiento fue el potencial agente de biocontrol que mostr&#243; mayor estabilidad en la filosfera&#46; A los 39 d&#237;as&#44; todos los potenciales agentes de biocontrol demostraban un efecto significativo sobre el control de la enfermedad causada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation of different bacteria for control of foliar blight of maize&#46; Disease was evaluated during 39 days as percentage of leaf area&#46; Data points are the mean values and standard deviation of 12 plants &#40;average of affected foliar area in plants of three blocks&#41; for each treatment&#46; C-Et&#58; control of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principal component analysis of different treatments and effect on severity of leaf blight&#46; Variables analyzed&#58; treatments and days&#46; C-Et&#58; control of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#46;</p>"
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principal component analysis of maintenance of possible biocontrol agents in phyllosphere&#46; Variables analyzed&#58; isolate &#40;C&#41; and time&#46; Time 1 &#40;T1&#41;&#58; 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-inoculation&#59; time 2 &#40;T2&#41;&#58; 20 days&#59; time 3 &#40;T3&#41;&#58; 39 days&#59; C1&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46;&#59; C2&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46;&#59; C3&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp&#46;&#59; C4&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46;&#59; C5&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp&#46;&#59; C6&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#59; C7&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#59; C8&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plants incidence&#58; proportion of disease plants of 12 total plants&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Leaves incidence&#58; average value of affected leaves of each plant&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Severity&#58; average value of diseased tissue area of 12 total plants&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Number of lesions&#58; lesions per plant&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values followed by different letters within a column indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;10 for each day of post-inoculation and each parameter determined according to DGC test&#46; C-Et&#58; control of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 1 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 2 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 3 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 4 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 5 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 6 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 7 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum</span>&#59; 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&#58; isolate 8 &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> genus&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; turcicum&#46;</span></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Days post-pathogen inoculation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Plants incidence &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leaves incidence&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Severity &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of lesions&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="9" align="char" valign="top">20</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">C-Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">83A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;1a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">5&#46;0A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">20a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">75C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#46;8a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;0B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">12a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">75C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#46;8a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">3&#46;5B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">18a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">75C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;3a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">3&#46;4B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">16a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">81B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;0a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;7B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">15a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">83A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;2a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">3&#46;3B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">14a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">58D&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#46;6b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;6B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">8b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">83A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#46;9a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;5B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">11a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">27E&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">0&#46;3b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;1C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6b&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="9" align="char" valign="top">39</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">C-Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">92B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;8a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">52A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">27a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">83C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;3a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">26B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">18a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">92B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;6a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">29B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">21a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">100A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;8a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">31B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">23a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">90B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;5a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">24B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">24a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">100A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">2&#46;0a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">26B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">24a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">100A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;8a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">25B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">24a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">83C&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;6a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">23B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">20a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="center" valign="top">8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">100A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">1&#46;8a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">30B&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">23a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean leaf blight incidence and severity with different treatments under greenhouse conditions at middle &#40;20 days post-inoculation&#41; and end &#40;39 days post-inoculation&#41; of trials&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Time 0&#58; time of inoculation&#59; Time 1&#58; 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-inoculation&#59; Time 2&#58; 20 days post-inoculation&#59; Time 3&#58; 39 days post-inoculation&#59; Antagonists&#58; 1&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp&#46;&#59; 2&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46;&#59; 3&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp&#46;&#59; 4&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corynebacterium</span> spp&#46;&#59; 5&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pantoea</span> spp&#46;&#59; 6&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#59; 7&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;&#59; 8&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus</span> spp&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Antagonists&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Log Time 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">8&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">5&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">8&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">5&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">5&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">4&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">9&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">5&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">4&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">7&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">6&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2016.09.008

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	1	6
2024 October	12	9	21
2024 September	13	9	22
2024 August	10	9	19
2024 July	13	6	19
2024 June	14	10	24
2024 May	10	18	28
2024 April	29	10	39
2024 March	32	14	46
2024 February	19	18	37
2024 January	32	20	52
2023 December	31	15	46
2023 November	35	13	48
2023 October	29	20	49
2023 September	29	12	41
2023 August	22	9	31
2023 July	11	3	14
2023 June	16	7	23
2023 May	36	10	46
2023 April	31	5	36
2023 March	24	5	29
2023 February	14	9	23
2023 January	24	5	29
2022 December	21	12	33
2022 November	15	5	20
2022 October	17	7	24
2022 September	13	13	26
2022 August	13	16	29
2022 July	14	10	24
2022 June	15	12	27
2022 May	34	12	46
2022 April	23	20	43
2022 March	43	14	57
2022 February	33	8	41
2022 January	39	16	55
2021 December	30	11	41
2021 November	50	17	67
2021 October	45	27	72
2021 September	35	25	60
2021 August	27	13	40
2021 July	25	21	46
2021 June	36	20	56
2021 May	20	13	33
2021 April	36	26	62
2021 March	22	15	37
2021 February	11	12	23
2021 January	14	25	39
2020 December	10	15	25
2020 November	10	11	21
2020 October	12	14	26
2020 September	7	13	20
2020 August	9	13	22
2020 July	16	12	28
2020 June	14	21	35
2020 May	11	19	30
2020 April	15	4	19
2020 March	16	5	21
2020 February	24	23	47
2020 January	14	9	23
2019 December	19	10	29
2019 November	14	7	21
2019 October	14	3	17
2019 September	24	7	31
2019 August	20	2	22
2019 July	25	14	39
2019 June	32	8	40
2019 May	77	12	89
2019 April	39	5	44
2019 March	11	8	19
2019 February	9	8	17
2019 January	11	4	15
2018 December	12	5	17
2018 November	26	2	28
2018 October	29	17	46
2018 September	12	17	29
2018 August	3	5	8
2018 July	7	5	12
2018 June	5	9	14
2018 May	4	7	11
2018 April	6	10	16
2018 March	8	4	12
2018 February	8	0	8
2018 January	4	2	6
2017 December	11	1	12
2017 November	11	3	14
2017 October	12	3	15
2017 September	10	6	16
2017 August	7	6	13
2017 July	13	2	15
2017 June	15	14	29
2017 May	36	14	50
2017 April	13	6	19
2017 March	5	10	15
2017 February	1	4	5

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