Biodiversity of species of Aspergillus section Fumigati in semi-desert soils in Argentina

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Jure" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gabriela B." "apellidos" => "Pérez Terrazzino" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marina S." "apellidos" => "Condorí" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "López Campo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Silvia" "apellidos" => "Vega" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carolina" "apellidos" => "Carbonari" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Isabel" "apellidos" => "Chinen" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marta" "apellidos" => "Rivas" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marta C." "apellidos" => "de Castillo" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María A." 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Phylogenetic tree inferred from maximum likelihood analysis. Only bootstrap values ≥50% are shown." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionIn the 21st century, Aspergillus and its teleomorphs have been investigated with polyphasic methods to examine variability among species. Currently, according to the polyphasic taxonomy, Houbraken et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">24</a> and Hubka et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">25</a> proposed that the genus Aspergillus is classified into four subgenera (Aspergillus, Circumdati, Fumigati and Nidulantes) and 20 sections and each includes a number of related species.Section Fumigati is one of the most species-rich sections in the genus Aspergillus and includes species with overall significance for medicine, pharmacology, biotechnology, food and soil mycology. At present, the section consists of 51 taxa: 21 strictly anamorphic Aspergillus species and 30 Neosartorya species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445">43</a>.The distribution of Aspergillus species in soil has been widely studied all over the world<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">30</a>. Information on the diversity of Aspergillus species was reported in more than 270 studies of microfungi from soil between 0 and 46 degrees North or South (N/S) and concluded that the relative percentage of Aspergillus species is greatest in 25–35 degrees N/S. Many rare species and most new species of Aspergillus have been reported only from tropical and subtropical soils<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">19,22,29</a>.The distribution of Aspergillus species in Argentinian soils has been treated in several studies, but there are only limited data available regarding section Fumigati<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300">14,31,32</a>. The aim of this study was the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of species belonging to section Fumigati present in soils from two Argentinian semi-desert areas having different geological conditions.Materials and methodsAreas of studyIn winter (July) 2011 soil samples from Talampaya National Park and Pampa de Achala were collected.Talampaya National Park is in the south west of La Rioja province (29°46′S and 67°54′O). The park covers an area of 2150 square kilometers, at an altitude of 1300 meters above mean sea level. This National Park is in a semiarid continental zone with 150–170mm annual rainfall. The climate is hot in summer, with temperatures exceeding 50°C, and going down to −7 to −9°C on winter nights. On the characteristic sandy and stony soils of the place, the vegetation is represented by xerophilous bushes and cactuses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">2,3</a>.Pampa de Achala is a hydrologic natural reserve located in the north west of Córdoba province (31°41′S and 64°50′O). It is a pampa (plain) of 146000 square kilometers with gentle slope and steep gorge located at an altitude between 1500 and 2790m above mean sea level. The climate of the region is temperate-cold; maximum temperatures are generally 30°C in the summer, falling below −20°C during the winter. Rainfall takes place from October to April and is about 800mm annually. The Pampa's vegetation is characterized by scrub and grasslands<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235">1,3</a>.SamplingSoil samples were collected in Talampaya National Park in a 55 km-section of national road 76. Soil samples were collected in Pampa de Achala in a 30km-section of the old provincial route 14. In both cases, sampling was carried out every 5km, moving away 200 or 300m from the main road. Five samples were collected randomly in a 20m2 radius. A pool of about 250g was made. The samples were gathered with a sterilized spoon from the superficial layer (2–3cm). In cases in which the soil was hard, a knife tip sterilized in situ using iodized alcohol was used. The soil samples were stored in sterilized paper bags at 4°C until they were analyzed.Soil processingDilution technique: One gram of each sample was diluted in 10ml sterilized water. From this 1:10 dilution a 1:100 dilution was made. Of each dilution (1:10 and 1:100), 0.2ml were transferred to Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) with chloramphenicol (0.25g/l). Each dilution was cultured twice. Culture plates were incubated for 7 days at 37°C in order to inhibit the growth of mesophilous molds. The plates were kept for 20 days waiting for the possible growth of associated teleomorphs.The pH of each soil sample collected (10g) was measured immediately using a pH meter (Jenco 6230), after dilution in 125ml sterile distilled water with 5min of agitation.Isolation and morphological diagnosisPrimary culture plates were examined under a stereoscopic microscope and every Aspergillus and its teleomorphs were counted and sub-cultured on specific media. Each species was counted once in each sample, even if it appeared twice in the same plate or in the duplicate. Species frequency was calculated by its presence in total samples.Isolates were subcultured on Czapek yeast autolysate agar (CYA), oatmeal agar (OA) and malt extract agar (MEA) and incubated for a week at 25°C. Identification was done by macroscopic and microscopic morphology criteria according to general taxonomic keys. To distinguish growing maximum temperature range, isolates were inoculated on CYA and incubated for 7 days at 10-37-42-45-48 and 50°C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380">30,37,38,40</a>.Molecular identificationCultures were grown on 2ml malt peptone broth [10% (v/v) malt extract (Brix 10) and 0.1% (w/v) bacto peptone (Difco)], in 15ml tubes. The cultures were incubated at 25°C for 7 days<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">37</a>.DNA was extracted from mycelia using the Masterpure™ yeast DNA puriﬁcation kit (Epicenter Biotechnologies, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCRs under the conditions described by Hong<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">18</a> was performed to identify Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto (A. fumigatus s.s.) and to detect other different band patterns. Primers PELF (5′-ATATCATCGAAGCCGC-3′) and URP1F (5′-ATCCAAGGTCCGAGACAACC-3′) were used and the A. fumigatus type strain CBS 133.61 was used as pattern.Isolates genetically different from type strain A. fumigatus were sent to the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary for molecular identification. DNA was extracted as mentioned above. Ampliﬁcation of the partial calmodulin gene (calM) and β-tubulin (benA) was carried out using primers cmd5 (5′-CCGAGTACAAGGAGGCCTTC-3′), cmd6 (5′-CCGATAGAGGTCATAACGTGG-3′)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">18</a>, and Bt2a (5′-GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC-3′), Bt2b (5′-ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC-3′)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">15</a>, respectively. The amplified DNA fragments were purified by the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagene, Hilden, Germany). Sequence analyses were performed with the BigDye Terminator 3.1 Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (ABI 0401041, Foster City, California) for both strands. Sequences were analyzed on the ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Alignment of partial calM and benA sequences was done using MAFFT v7.149b with the L-INS-i option<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370">28</a>. Phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted using Maximum Likelihood analyses in raxmlGUI v1.3.1 under the GTR+Γ model<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">41</a>. The analysis was run in 1000 bootstrap replicates. The calM and benA sequences of type isolates of section Fumigati species were obtained from the database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Nucleotide sequence accession numbersSequences of calM of the 14 Aspergillus section Fumigati isolates were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and assigned accession numbers KP824727–KP824740. Sequences of benA of the isolates related to A. udagawae and to A. felis were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) and assigned accession numbers LT674551–LT674557.ResultsA total of 17 soil samples was collected, 11 in Talampaya National Park and 6 in Pampa de Achala. The pH values of Talampaya National Park soil samples were alkaline, ranging from 8.00 to 9.83. In contrast, the pH values of Pampa de Achala soil samples were acid, ranging from 4.91 to 5.65 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>From these 17 samples, 39 Aspergillus isolates were obtained. According to their phenotypic features, 23/39 belong to subgenus Fumigati, 8/39 to subgenus Nidulantes and 8/39 to subgenus Circumdati.Within subgenus Fumigati only isolates belonging to section Fumigati were found, which were present in all the 17 samples analyzed.The RAPD-PCR for 23 isolates of Aspergillus section Fumigati was conducted. Nine (9/17, 52.94%) isolates were genetically similar to type strain A. fumigatus s.s. (CBS 133.61) (data not shown) and the 14 genetically different isolates were identified by sequencing parts of the calM gene (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) and the benA gene (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Nine (9/17, 52.94%) isolates were clearly identified as A. fumigatiaffinis using the calM gene. Two (2/17, 11.76%) isolates were closely related to A. udagawae and 3/17 (17.65%) isolates belong to the A. felis clade sequencing the calM and benA genes. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the Aspergillus section Fumigati identified and the areas where they were found.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>A. fumigatus s.s. were identified by morphological and growth characteristics: dark blue-green color and velutinous colony, fast and abundant sporulation on MEA and CYA. Most isolates had subclavate vesicles (13-26μm) and the conidiophore stipe diameter ranged from 5 to 9μm. All A. fumigatus s.s. did not grow at 10°C and grew at 50°C on CYA, as was expected according to the literature<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320">18,20,38,40</a>.A. fumigatiaffinis, and the isolates closely related to A. felis and A. udagawae showed less sporulation on MEA and CYA than A. fumigatus s.s. and the colonies were white, with a dull green center. Most isolates of A. fumigatiaffinis showed (sub)globose vesicles (15–23μm), while vesicles of isolates belonging to the A. felis clade were subclavate (15–17μm) and isolates closely related to A. udagawae exhibited hemispherical to flask-shaped vesicles (11–16μm). The width of conidiophore stipes in A. fumigatiaffinis ranged from 6 to 8μm, while in isolates belonging to the A. felis clade from 5 to 9μm and in the isolates closely related to A. udagawae from 4 to 6μm. All these isolates were able to grow at 10°C and unable to grow at 50°C.All isolates were deposited at Szeged Microbiological Collection of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary under the assigned numbers KS695–KS708.DiscussionIn a vast compilation of studies on Aspergillus species in soil it was found that Aspergillus species most frequently occur in subtropical zones, between 25 and 35 degrees N/S<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340">22,23,29</a>. Considering that the area studied is included in those latitudes, the Aspergillus spp. frequencies found probably ratify that assertion.Section Fumigati was represented in both eco-regions studied, although with different species distributions. A. fumigatus s.s. and A. fumigatiaffinis were the most frequent species, followed by isolates closely related to A. felis and A. udagawae. However, unlike the other species, A. fumigatus s.s. occurred in both areas, confirming its capability of adaptation and ubiquity. A. fumigatiaffinis and isolates closely related to A. udagawae and belonging to the A. felis clade were isolated for the first time from Argentinian soils.A. fumigatiaffinis was only isolated in Talampaya Park. The climatic characteristics and height above mean sea level of Talampaya Park are similar to those of Socorro city (USA), where A. fumigatiaffinis was reported for the first time<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">18</a>.The presence of two isolates closely related to A. udagawae only in Pampa de Achala provides more data about the plasticity of this species because, even though it was described in Brazil in a humid subtropical area, it has also been identified as infecting humans and domestic animals in areas with extreme environments<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345">23,26,27,42</a>.A. felis is an important species in Aspergillus section Fumigati described recently<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">10</a>. A. felis (neosartorya-morph) is phenotypically similar to A. viridinutans; however, it differs by its ability to grow at 45°C and is phylogenetically related to A. aureolus and A. udagawae<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365">27</a>. In our study, the isolates belonging to the A. felis clade were only isolated in Pampa de Achala. Although A. felis was isolated in soils of Wyoming, USA, this is the first report on the ambient occurrence of a species of this clade in the South American continent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">34</a>.Aspergillus is a large genus of ubiquitous and cosmopolitan fungi. Their high adaptability allows them to survive at different temperatures, low water activity and variations of pH and O2 concentration in soil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375">29,39,45</a>. This could be an explanation of the isolation of these strains in the extreme environments studied.Fungi can tolerate a wide pH range<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425">39</a>. The available evidence for the fungal growth–pH relationship thus indicates a significantly weaker direct connection with pH than in the case of bacteria, although pure culture studies have shown preference for certain pH values for different taxa of soil fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">12,39,45</a>. In our study, A. fumigatiaffinis was isolated only from alkaline soils of Talampaya Park. In contrast, the isolates closely related to A. felis and A. udagawae were isolated only from Pampa de Achala where the soil pH was slightly acid. Further investigations are essential for correlating the preference for certain pH values for these taxa in order to allow definitive conclusions.Even though A. fumigatus is the most prevalent agent of aspergillosis, several other species of section Fumigati have also been reported from clinical samples as causative agents of disease: A. lentulus<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265">7</a>, A. udagawae<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310">16,26,42</a>, A. felis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">9,10,44</a> and A. fumigatiaffinis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">4</a>. In Argentina, a recent work with clinical isolates shows the circulating Aspergillus section Fumigati species. A. fumigatus s.s. was the most frequent followed by A. udagawae<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">17</a>.Furthermore, these species show high in vitro MICs of azole drugs and amphotericin B, therefore they are frequently refractory to standard antifungal therapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">4,8</a>.In this work, morphological and physiological characteristics were useful for differentiating isolates belonging to section Fumigati from those belonging to other sections. However, sequence-based methods are needed to assign isolates of section Fumigati at the species level. In this study, the species identification of isolates related to A. udagawae (IMR-MF 706 and IMR-MF 708) and to A. felis (IMR-MF 697, IMR-MF 703, IMR-MF 707) was not clear using only the partial calM sequences. The results of the analysis of partial benA sequences were necessary to suggest that IMR-MF 706 and 708 isolates were closer to A. udagawae and to the others isolate belonging to A. felis clade.Identification of environmental and clinical isolates by molecular techniques is common practice in European countries and in the USA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">4,6,18,20–22,34,40,42,43,46</a> but there is scant information in South America<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255">5,11,13,17,33,35,36</a>.In medical mycology, as molecular methods become more available, they will allow the accurate identification of fungal infectious agents. The correct identification of species within section Fumigati could help to predict the severity of the disease and guide antifungal therapy.The present work was carried out as a contribution to the knowledge of the ecology of section Fumigati, to understand where this section occurs in nature due to the increasing importance of these opportunistic pathogens.Ethical responsibilitiesProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflict of interestThe authors have no conflict of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres883268" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec869969" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres883269" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec869970" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Areas of study" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Sampling" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Soil processing" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Isolation and morphological diagnosis" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Molecular identification" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Nucleotide sequence accession numbers" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Ethical responsibilities" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack295014" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-02-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-02-20" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec869969" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aspergillus felis" 1 => "Aspergillus udagawae" 2 => "Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis" 3 => "Aspergillus fumigatus" 4 => "Soil" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec869970" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Aspergillus felis" 1 => "Aspergillus udagawae" 2 => "Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis" 3 => "Aspergillus fumigatus" 4 => "Suelo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "The distribution of Aspergillus species in soil has been widely studied all over the world. The aim of this study was the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of species Aspergillus belonging to section Fumigati present in soils from two Argentinian semi-desert areas having different geological conditions. Altogether, 23 isolates belonging to Aspergillus section Fumigati were recovered and identified using a polyphasic approach including phenotypic and molecular identifications. Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto and Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis had the highest frequency, of occurrence while isolates closely related to Aspergillus udagawae and Aspergillus felis were rarely observed. A. fumigatiaffinis and isolates closer to A. udagawae were isolated for the first time from Argentinian soils and this is the first report on the occurrence of species belonging to the A. felis clade in South America. Recent scientific interests in biodiversity, as well as the increasing importance of aspergilli as causative agents of human and animal diseases increase the need to understand the diversity and occurrence of these fungi in nature." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La distribución de especies de Aspergillus en el suelo se ha estudiado ampliamente en todo el mundo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar fenotípica y genotípicamente las especies pertenecientes a la sección Fumigati presentes en los suelos de dos zonas semidesérticas de Argentina con diferentes geologías. En total, 23 Aspergillus de la sección Fumigati fueron aislados e identificados utilizando un enfoque polifásico incluyendo identificaciones fenotípicas y moleculares. Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto y Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis aparecieron con mayor frecuencia, mientras que los aislamientos relacionados a Aspergillus udagawae y a Aspergillus felis se observaron raramente. Este es el primer informe de A. fumigatiaffinis y de aislamientos estrechamente relacionados a A. udagawae en suelos argentinos; también el primero sobre la ocurrencia de especies pertenecientes al clado A. felis en Sudamérica. El emergente interés científico en la biodiversidad, así como la creciente importancia de Aspergillus como agentes causales de enfermedades humanas y animales, aumentan la necesidad de conocer la diversidad y la ocurrencia de estos hongos en la naturaleza." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "†" "nota" => "†" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3959 "Ancho" => 2569 "Tamanyo" => 360102 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Taxonomic position of the strains of Aspergillus section Fumigati isolated from Argentinian soils based on partial Calmodulin gene phylogeny. Phylogenetic tree inferred from maximum likelihood analysis. Only bootstrap values ≥50% are shown." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 2412 "Ancho" => 2530 "Tamanyo" => 158948 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Taxonomic position of the isolates related to Aspergillus udagawae and Aspergillus felis based on partial β-tubulin gene phylogeny. Phylogenetic tree inferred from Maximum Likelihood analysis. Only bootstrap values ≥50% are shown." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference strain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">calM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">benA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference strain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">calM<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">benA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. udagawae \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CBM FA-070T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AB748566.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AF132226.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. parafelis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CM 3147T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KJ914702.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KJ914692.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. aureolus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 224T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EF669877.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. pseudofelis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CM 4518 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KJ914696.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. wyomingensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CCF 441T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">HF933397.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. pseudofelis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CM 6087T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KJ914705.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KJ914697.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. felis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CBS 13024T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">JX021715.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">JX021700.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. siamensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KUFC 634T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AB776704.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. viridinutans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">IMI 36741T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">DQ534162.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. novofumigatus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">IBT 1680T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">DQ094893.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. arcoverdensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">IFM 6133T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AB818856.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. fumigatiaffinis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">IBT 1270T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">DQ094891.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. takakii \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CBM FA-88T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AB787566.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. fumisynnematus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">IFM 4227T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AB259968.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N. paulistensis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">CBM FA-069T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AB488766.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. lentulus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 3555T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EF669895.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. laciniosus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">UAMH 11627T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">JX845619.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. fischeri \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 18T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EF669865.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">N. coreana \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KACC 4165T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">AY870718.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. fumigatus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 5587T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EF669922.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. spinosus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 503T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EF669914.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">A. fennelliae<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 553T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EF669920.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">EU014108.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">A. pseudoviridinutans \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">NIH AV 1T \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KJ914708.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">KJ914690.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1491083.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Obtained from the database National Center for Biotechnology Information." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "GenBank accession number for calmodulin (calM) and β-tubulin (benA) gene." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Selected species as outgroup. A.: Aspergillus; N.: Neosartorya." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "calM and benA sequences of type isolates of section Fumigati used for phylogenetic analysis" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "T: Talampaya National Park; P: Pampa de Achala; t: total." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Soil samples \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">pH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Section Fumigati \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Aspergillus felis clade \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Aspergillus fumigatus s. s. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Aspergillus udagawae \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">X \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total species \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1491084.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Frequency of Aspergillus section Fumigati isolated and pH of soil samples" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:46 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Administración de Parques Nacionales, Argentina. 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Original article

Biodiversidad de especies de Aspergillus de la sección Fumigati en suelos semidesérticos de Argentina

Gustavo E. Giusianoa,

Corresponding author

gustavogiusiano@yahoo.com.ar

Corresponding author.

, Eduardo Piontellib, Mariana S. Fernándeza, Magdalena L. Mangiaterraa, María E. Cattanaa, Sándor Kocsubéc, János Vargac,†

a Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, CONICET, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Departamento de Micología, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina

b Universidad de Valparaíso, Escuela de Medicina, Cátedra de Micología, Valparaíso, Chile

c Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Taxonomic position of the strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> isolated from Argentinian soils based on partial Calmodulin gene phylogeny&#46; Phylogenetic tree inferred from maximum likelihood analysis&#46; Only bootstrap values &#8805;50&#37; are shown&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 21st century&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> and its teleomorphs have been investigated with polyphasic methods to examine variability among species&#46; Currently&#44; according to the polyphasic taxonomy&#44; Houbraken et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> and Hubka et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> proposed that the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> is classified into four subgenera &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus&#44; Circumdati&#44; Fumigati and Nidulantes</span>&#41; and 20 sections and each includes a number of related species&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> is one of the most species-rich sections in the genus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> and includes species with overall significance for medicine&#44; pharmacology&#44; biotechnology&#44; food and soil mycology&#46; At present&#44; the section consists of 51 taxa&#58; 21 strictly anamorphic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species and 30 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neosartorya</span> species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species in soil has been widely studied all over the world<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Information on the diversity of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species was reported in more than 270 studies of microfungi from soil between 0 and 46 degrees North or South &#40;N&#47;S&#41; and concluded that the relative percentage of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species is greatest in 25&#8211;35 degrees N&#47;S&#46; Many rare species and most new species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> have been reported only from tropical and subtropical soils<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;22&#44;29</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species in Argentinian soils has been treated in several studies&#44; but there are only limited data available regarding section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;31&#44;32</span></a>&#46; The aim of this study was the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of species belonging to section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> present in soils from two Argentinian semi-desert areas having different geological conditions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Areas of study</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In winter &#40;July&#41; 2011 soil samples from Talampaya National Park and Pampa de Achala were collected&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Talampaya National Park is in the south west of La Rioja province &#40;29&#176;46&#8242;S and 67&#176;54&#8242;O&#41;&#46; The park covers an area of 2150 square kilometers&#44; at an altitude of 1300 meters above mean sea level&#46; This National Park is in a semiarid continental zone with 150&#8211;170<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm annual rainfall&#46; The climate is hot in summer&#44; with temperatures exceeding 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; and going down to &#8722;7 to &#8722;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on winter nights&#46; On the characteristic sandy and stony soils of the place&#44; the vegetation is represented by xerophilous bushes and cactuses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pampa de Achala is a hydrologic natural reserve located in the north west of C&#243;rdoba province &#40;31&#176;41&#8242;S and 64&#176;50&#8242;O&#41;&#46; It is a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pampa</span> &#40;plain&#41; of 146<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 square kilometers with gentle slope and steep gorge located at an altitude between 1500 and 2790<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m above mean sea level&#46; The climate of the region is temperate-cold&#59; maximum temperatures are generally 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in the summer&#44; falling below &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C during the winter&#46; Rainfall takes place from October to April and is about 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm annually&#46; The Pampa&#39;s vegetation is characterized by scrub and grasslands<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Sampling</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soil samples were collected in Talampaya National Park in a 55 km-section of national road 76&#46; Soil samples were collected in Pampa de Achala in a 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km-section of the old provincial route 14&#46; In both cases&#44; sampling was carried out every 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km&#44; moving away 200 or 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m from the main road&#46; Five samples were collected randomly in a 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> radius&#46; A pool of about 250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g was made&#46; The samples were gathered with a sterilized spoon from the superficial layer &#40;2&#8211;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41;&#46; In cases in which the soil was hard&#44; a knife tip sterilized <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in situ</span> using iodized alcohol was used&#46; The soil samples were stored in sterilized paper bags at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until they were analyzed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Soil processing</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dilution technique</span>&#58; One gram of each sample was diluted in 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml sterilized water&#46; From this 1&#58;10 dilution a 1&#58;100 dilution was made&#46; Of each dilution &#40;1&#58;10 and 1&#58;100&#41;&#44; 0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml were transferred to Petri dishes containing potato-dextrose-agar &#40;PDA&#41; with chloramphenicol &#40;0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;l&#41;&#46; Each dilution was cultured twice&#46; Culture plates were incubated for 7 days at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in order to inhibit the growth of mesophilous molds&#46; The plates were kept for 20 days waiting for the possible growth of associated teleomorphs&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pH of each soil sample collected &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; was measured immediately using a pH meter &#40;Jenco 6230&#41;&#44; after dilution in 125<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml sterile distilled water with 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min of agitation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Isolation and morphological diagnosis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Primary culture plates were examined under a stereoscopic microscope and every <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> and its teleomorphs were counted and sub-cultured on specific media&#46; Each species was counted once in each sample&#44; even if it appeared twice in the same plate or in the duplicate&#46; Species frequency was calculated by its presence in total samples&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolates were subcultured on Czapek yeast autolysate agar &#40;CYA&#41;&#44; oatmeal agar &#40;OA&#41; and malt extract agar &#40;MEA&#41; and incubated for a week at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; Identification was done by macroscopic and microscopic morphology criteria according to general taxonomic keys&#46; To distinguish growing maximum temperature range&#44; isolates were inoculated on CYA and incubated for 7 days at 10-37-42-45-48 and 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;37&#44;38&#44;40</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Molecular identification</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cultures were grown on 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml malt peptone broth &#91;10&#37; &#40;v&#47;v&#41; malt extract &#40;Brix 10&#41; and 0&#46;1&#37; &#40;w&#47;v&#41; bacto peptone &#40;Difco&#41;&#93;&#44; in 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml tubes&#46; The cultures were incubated at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 7 days<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DNA was extracted from mycelia using the Masterpure&#8482; yeast DNA puri&#64257;cation kit &#40;Epicenter Biotechnologies&#44; Madison&#44; WI&#44; USA&#41; according to the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Random amplified polymorphic DNA &#40;RAPD&#41;-PCRs under the conditions described by Hong<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> was performed to identify <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus s&#46;s&#46;</span>&#41; and to detect other different band patterns&#46; Primers PELF &#40;5&#8242;-ATATCATCGAAGCCGC-3&#8242;&#41; and URP1F &#40;5&#8242;-ATCCAAGGTCCGAGACAACC-3&#8242;&#41; were used and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus</span> type strain CBS 133&#46;61 was used as pattern&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Isolates genetically different from type strain <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus</span> were sent to the Department of Microbiology&#44; Faculty of Science and Informatics&#44; University of Szeged&#44; Hungary for molecular identification&#46; DNA was extracted as mentioned above&#46; Ampli&#64257;cation of the partial calmodulin gene &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span>&#41; and &#946;-tubulin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span>&#41; was carried out using primers cmd5 &#40;5&#8242;-CCGAGTACAAGGAGGCCTTC-3&#8242;&#41;&#44; cmd6 &#40;5&#8242;-CCGATAGAGGTCATAACGTGG-3&#8242;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#44; and Bt2a &#40;5&#8242;-GGTAACCAAATCGGTGCTGCTTTC-3&#8242;&#41;&#44; Bt2b &#40;5&#8242;-ACCCTCAGTGTAGTGACCCTTGGC-3&#8242;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; respectively&#46; The amplified DNA fragments were purified by the QIAquick PCR purification kit &#40;Qiagene&#44; Hilden&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; Sequence analyses were performed with the BigDye Terminator 3&#46;1 Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit &#40;ABI 0401041&#44; Foster City&#44; California&#41; for both strands&#46; Sequences were analyzed on the ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer &#40;Applied Biosystems&#44; Carlsbad&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Alignment of partial c<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">alM</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span> sequences was done using MAFFT v7&#46;149b with the L-INS-i option<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46; Phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted using Maximum Likelihood analyses in raxmlGUI v1&#46;3&#46;1 under the GTR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#915; model<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span></a>&#46; The analysis was run in 1000 bootstrap replicates&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span> sequences of type isolates of section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> species were obtained from the database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information &#40;NCBI&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Nucleotide sequence accession numbers</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sequences of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span> of the 14 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> isolates were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive &#40;ENA&#41; and assigned accession numbers KP824727&#8211;KP824740&#46; Sequences of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span> of the isolates related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> and to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> were submitted to the European Nucleotide Archive &#40;ENA&#41; and assigned accession numbers LT674551&#8211;LT674557&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Results</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 17 soil samples was collected&#44; 11 in Talampaya National Park and 6 in Pampa de Achala&#46; The pH values of Talampaya National Park soil samples were alkaline&#44; ranging from 8&#46;00 to 9&#46;83&#46; In contrast&#44; the pH values of Pampa de Achala soil samples were acid&#44; ranging from 4&#46;91 to 5&#46;65 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From these 17 samples&#44; 39 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> isolates were obtained&#46; According to their phenotypic features&#44; 23&#47;39 belong to subgenus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span>&#44; 8&#47;39 to subgenus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nidulantes</span> and 8&#47;39 to subgenus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Circumdati</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within subgenus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> only isolates belonging to section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> were found&#44; which were present in all the 17 samples analyzed&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The RAPD-PCR for 23 isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> was conducted&#46; Nine &#40;9&#47;17&#44; 52&#46;94&#37;&#41; isolates were genetically similar to type strain <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus s&#46;s&#46;</span> &#40;CBS 133&#46;61&#41; &#40;data not shown&#41; and the 14 genetically different isolates were identified by sequencing parts of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span> gene &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span> gene &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Nine &#40;9&#47;17&#44; 52&#46;94&#37;&#41; isolates were clearly identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> using the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span> gene&#46; Two &#40;2&#47;17&#44; 11&#46;76&#37;&#41; isolates were closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> and 3&#47;17 &#40;17&#46;65&#37;&#41; isolates belong to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> clade sequencing the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span> genes&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> identified and the areas where they were found&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus s&#46;s&#46;</span> were identified by morphological and growth characteristics&#58; dark blue-green color and velutinous colony&#44; fast and abundant sporulation on MEA and CYA&#46; Most isolates had subclavate vesicles &#40;13-26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41; and the conidiophore stipe diameter ranged from 5 to 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#46; All <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus s&#46;s&#46;</span> did not grow at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and grew at 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C on CYA&#44; as was expected according to the literature<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;20&#44;38&#44;40</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span>&#44; and the isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> showed less sporulation on MEA and CYA than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus s&#46;s&#46;</span> and the colonies were white&#44; with a dull green center&#46; Most isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> showed &#40;sub&#41;globose vesicles &#40;15&#8211;23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41;&#44; while vesicles of isolates belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> clade were subclavate &#40;15&#8211;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41; and isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> exhibited hemispherical to flask-shaped vesicles &#40;11&#8211;16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41;&#46; The width of conidiophore stipes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> ranged from 6 to 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#44; while in isolates belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> clade from 5 to 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m and in the isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> from 4 to 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#46; All these isolates were able to grow at 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and unable to grow at 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All isolates were deposited at Szeged Microbiological Collection of the Department of Microbiology&#44; Faculty of Science and Informatics&#44; University of Szeged&#44; Hungary under the assigned numbers KS695&#8211;KS708&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a vast compilation of studies on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species in soil it was found that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species most frequently occur in subtropical zones&#44; between 25 and 35 degrees N&#47;S<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23&#44;29</span></a>&#46; Considering that the area studied is included in those latitudes&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> spp&#46; frequencies found probably ratify that assertion&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> was represented in both eco-regions studied&#44; although with different species distributions&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus s&#46;s&#46;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> were the most frequent species&#44; followed by isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae&#46;</span> However&#44; unlike the other species&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus s&#46;s&#46;</span> occurred in both areas&#44; confirming its capability of adaptation and ubiquity&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> and isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> and belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> clade were isolated for the first time from Argentinian soils&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> was only isolated in Talampaya Park&#46; The climatic characteristics and height above mean sea level of Talampaya Park are similar to those of Socorro city &#40;USA&#41;&#44; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> was reported for the first time<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of two isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> only in Pampa de Achala provides more data about the plasticity of this species because&#44; even though it was described in Brazil in a humid subtropical area&#44; it has also been identified as infecting humans and domestic animals in areas with extreme environments<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;26&#44;27&#44;42</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> is an important species in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> described recently<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> &#40;neosartorya-morph&#41; is phenotypically similar to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; viridinutans</span>&#59; however&#44; it differs by its ability to grow at 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and is phylogenetically related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; aureolus</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; In our study&#44; the isolates belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> clade were only isolated in Pampa de Achala&#46; Although <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> was isolated in soils of Wyoming&#44; USA&#44; this is the first report on the ambient occurrence of a species of this clade in the South American continent<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> is a large genus of ubiquitous and cosmopolitan fungi&#46; Their high adaptability allows them to survive at different temperatures&#44; low water activity and variations of pH and O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> concentration in soil<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29&#44;39&#44;45</span></a>&#46; This could be an explanation of the isolation of these strains in the extreme environments studied&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungi can tolerate a wide pH range<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; The available evidence for the fungal growth&#8211;pH relationship thus indicates a significantly weaker direct connection with pH than in the case of bacteria&#44; although pure culture studies have shown preference for certain pH values for different taxa of soil fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;39&#44;45</span></a>&#46; In our study&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> was isolated only from alkaline soils of Talampaya Park&#46; In contrast&#44; the isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> were isolated only from Pampa de Achala where the soil pH was slightly acid&#46; Further investigations are essential for correlating the preference for certain pH values for these taxa in order to allow definitive conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even though <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus</span> is the most prevalent agent of aspergillosis&#44; several other species of section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> have also been reported from clinical samples as causative agents of disease&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; lentulus</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;26&#44;42</span></a>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10&#44;44</span></a> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; In Argentina&#44; a recent work with clinical isolates shows the circulating <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section Fumigati species&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus</span> s&#46;s&#46; was the most frequent followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; these species show high <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> MICs of azole drugs and amphotericin B&#44; therefore they are frequently refractory to standard antifungal therapy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this work&#44; morphological and physiological characteristics were useful for differentiating isolates belonging to section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> from those belonging to other sections&#46; However&#44; sequence-based methods are needed to assign isolates of section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> at the species level&#46; In this study&#44; the species identification of isolates related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> &#40;IMR-MF 706 and IMR-MF 708&#41; and to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> &#40;IMR-MF 697&#44; IMR-MF 703&#44; IMR-MF 707&#41; was not clear using only the partial <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span> sequences&#46; The results of the analysis of partial <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span> sequences were necessary to suggest that IMR-MF 706 and 708 isolates were closer to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> and to the others isolate belonging to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> clade&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Identification of environmental and clinical isolates by molecular techniques is common practice in European countries and in the USA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#44;18&#44;20&#8211;22&#44;34&#44;40&#44;42&#44;43&#44;46</span></a> but there is scant information in South America<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;11&#44;13&#44;17&#44;33&#44;35&#44;36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In medical mycology&#44; as molecular methods become more available&#44; they will allow the accurate identification of fungal infectious agents&#46; The correct identification of species within section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> could help to predict the severity of the disease and guide antifungal therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present work was carried out as a contribution to the knowledge of the ecology of section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span>&#44; to understand where this section occurs in nature due to the increasing importance of these opportunistic pathogens&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Ethical responsibilities</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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              "titulo" => "Soil processing"
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              "titulo" => "Isolation and morphological diagnosis"
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          "titulo" => "References"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-02-19"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-02-20"
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            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus felis</span>"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus udagawae</span>"
            2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis</span>"
            3 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus</span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> species in soil has been widely studied all over the world&#46; The aim of this study was the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of species <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> belonging to section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> present in soils from two Argentinian semi-desert areas having different geological conditions&#46; Altogether&#44; 23 isolates belonging to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> were recovered and identified using a polyphasic approach including phenotypic and molecular identifications&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis</span> had the highest frequency&#44; of occurrence while isolates closely related to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus udagawae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus felis</span> were rarely observed&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> and isolates closer to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> were isolated for the first time from Argentinian soils and this is the first report on the occurrence of species belonging to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> clade in South America&#46; Recent scientific interests in biodiversity&#44; as well as the increasing importance of aspergilli as causative agents of human and animal diseases increase the need to understand the diversity and occurrence of these fungi in nature&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La distribuci&#243;n de especies de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> en el suelo se ha estudiado ampliamente en todo el mundo&#46; El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar fenot&#237;pica y genot&#237;picamente las especies pertenecientes a la secci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> presentes en los suelos de dos zonas semides&#233;rticas de Argentina con diferentes geolog&#237;as&#46; En total&#44; 23 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> de la secci&#243;n <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> fueron aislados e identificados utilizando un enfoque polif&#225;sico incluyendo identificaciones fenot&#237;picas y moleculares&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis</span> aparecieron con mayor frecuencia&#44; mientras que los aislamientos relacionados a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus udagawae</span> y a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus felis</span> se observaron raramente&#46; Este es el primer informe de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span> y de aislamientos estrechamente relacionados a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span> en suelos argentinos&#59; tambi&#233;n el primero sobre la ocurrencia de especies pertenecientes al clado <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span> en Sudam&#233;rica&#46; El emergente inter&#233;s cient&#237;fico en la biodiversidad&#44; as&#237; como la creciente importancia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> como agentes causales de enfermedades humanas y animales&#44; aumentan la necesidad de conocer la diversidad y la ocurrencia de estos hongos en la naturaleza&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Taxonomic position of the strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> isolated from Argentinian soils based on partial Calmodulin gene phylogeny&#46; Phylogenetic tree inferred from maximum likelihood analysis&#46; Only bootstrap values &#8805;50&#37; are shown&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference strain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Reference strain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; udagawae</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CBM FA-070<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="ncbi-n:AB748566.1">AB748566&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CM 3147<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="ncbi-n:KJ914702.1">KJ914702&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; aureolus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 224<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0025" href="ncbi-n:EF669877.1">EF669877&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CM 4518&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; wyomingensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CCF 441<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0035" href="ncbi-n:HF933397.1">HF933397&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; pseudofelis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CM 6087<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0040" href="ncbi-n:KJ914705.1">KJ914705&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0045" href="ncbi-n:KJ914697.1">KJ914697&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; felis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CBS 13024<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0050" href="ncbi-n:JX021715.1">JX021715&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0055" href="ncbi-n:JX021700.1">JX021700&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; siamensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">KUFC 634<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0060" href="ncbi-n:AB776704.1">AB776704&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; viridinutans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IMI 36741<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0065" href="ncbi-n:DQ534162.1">DQ534162&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; novofumigatus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IBT 1680<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0070" href="ncbi-n:DQ094893.1">DQ094893&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; arcoverdensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IFM 6133<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0075" href="ncbi-n:AB818856.1">AB818856&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatiaffinis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IBT 1270<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0080" href="ncbi-n:DQ094891.1">DQ094891&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; takakii</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CBM FA-88<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0085" href="ncbi-n:AB787566.1">AB787566&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumisynnematus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">IFM 4227<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0090" href="ncbi-n:AB259968.1">AB259968&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; paulistensis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">CBM FA-069<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0095" href="ncbi-n:AB488766.1">AB488766&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; lentulus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 3555<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0100" href="ncbi-n:EF669895.1">EF669895&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; laciniosus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">UAMH 11627<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0105" href="ncbi-n:JX845619.1">JX845619&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fischeri</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 18<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0110" href="ncbi-n:EF669865.1">EF669865&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N&#46; coreana</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">KACC 4165<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0115" href="ncbi-n:AY870718.1">AY870718&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fumigatus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 5587<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0120" href="ncbi-n:EF669922.1">EF669922&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; spinosus</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 503<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0125" href="ncbi-n:EF669914.1">EF669914&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; fennelliae</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NRRL 553<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0130" href="ncbi-n:EF669920.1">EF669920&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0135" href="ncbi-n:EU014108.1">EU014108&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; pseudoviridinutans</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">NIH AV 1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">T</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0140" href="ncbi-n:KJ914708.1">KJ914708&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0145" href="ncbi-n:KJ914690.1">KJ914690&#46;1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0010"
              "etiqueta" => "b"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">GenBank accession number for calmodulin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span>&#41; and &#946;-tubulin &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span>&#41; gene&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0015"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Selected species as outgroup&#46; A&#46;&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span>&#59; N&#46;&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Neosartorya</span>&#46;</p>"
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          ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">calM</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">benA</span> sequences of type isolates of section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> used for phylogenetic analysis</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">T&#58; Talampaya National Park&#59; P&#58; Pampa de Achala&#59; t&#58; total&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Soil samples&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">T11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">t&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">pH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus felis</span> clade&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus s&#46; s&#46;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus udagawae</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">X&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total species&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab1491084.png"
              ]
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          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span> isolated and pH of soil samples</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:46 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Administraci&#243;n de Parques Nacionales&#44; Argentina&#46; &#91;Internet&#93;&#46; &#91;updated 10 March 2014&#44; cited 4 March 2015&#93;&#46; Available from&#58; <a href="http://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/areas-protegidas/region-centro/pn-quebrada-del-condorito/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;parquesnacionales&#46;gob&#46;ar&#47;areas-protegidas&#47;region-centro&#47;pn-quebrada-del-condorito&#47;&#46;</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Administraci&#243;n de Parques Nacionales&#44; Argentina&#46; Parque Nacional Talampaya&#46; &#91;Internet&#93;&#46; &#91;updated 10 March 2014&#44; cited 4 March 2015&#93;&#46; Available from <a href="http://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/areas-protegidas/region-centro/pn-talampaya/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;parquesnacionales&#46;gob&#46;ar&#47;areas-protegidas&#47;region-centro&#47;pn-talampaya&#47;&#46;</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "referenciaCompleta" => "Administraci&#243;n de Parques Nacionales&#46; Sistema de Informaci&#243;n de Biodiversidad&#46; &#91;Internet&#93;&#46; &#91;updated 10 March 2014&#44; cited 4 March 2015&#93;&#46; Available from <a href="https://www.sib.gov.ar/">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;sib&#46;gov&#46;ar&#47;&#46;</a>"
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus</span> section <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fumigati</span>&#58; antifungal susceptibility patterns and sequence-based identification"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Alcazar-Fuoli"
                            1 => "E&#46; Mellado"
                            2 => "A&#46; Alastruey-Izquierdo"
                            3 => "M&#46; Cuenca-Estrella"
                            4 => "J&#46;L&#46; Rodriguez-Tudela"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
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Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2017.02.002

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	1	3
2024 October	56	16	72
2024 September	52	8	60
2024 August	54	6	60
2024 July	62	11	73
2024 June	45	6	51
2024 May	28	2	30
2024 April	42	9	51
2024 March	41	7	48
2024 February	41	10	51
2024 January	20	3	23
2023 December	35	10	45
2023 November	36	11	47
2023 October	42	14	56
2023 September	33	21	54
2023 August	19	3	22
2023 July	26	8	34
2023 June	14	17	31
2023 May	31	11	42
2023 April	45	5	50
2023 March	47	7	54
2023 February	37	9	46
2023 January	34	4	38
2022 December	46	9	55
2022 November	40	15	55
2022 October	36	12	48
2022 September	58	29	87
2022 August	42	29	71
2022 July	23	8	31
2022 June	50	23	73
2022 May	60	27	87
2022 April	40	15	55
2022 March	65	15	80
2022 February	64	13	77
2022 January	89	12	101
2021 December	72	14	86
2021 November	41	16	57
2021 October	50	19	69
2021 September	54	11	65
2021 August	36	6	42
2021 July	19	10	29
2021 June	17	7	24
2021 May	31	6	37
2021 April	79	19	98
2021 March	54	11	65
2021 February	37	6	43
2021 January	38	12	50
2020 December	36	18	54
2020 November	42	18	60
2020 October	30	13	43
2020 September	38	15	53
2020 August	40	20	60
2020 July	28	15	43
2020 June	29	13	42
2020 May	28	9	37
2020 April	22	7	29
2020 March	36	7	43
2020 February	30	12	42
2020 January	24	9	33
2019 December	30	15	45
2019 November	31	6	37
2019 October	26	7	33
2019 September	42	14	56
2019 August	25	2	27
2019 July	21	5	26
2019 June	38	19	57
2019 May	113	41	154
2019 April	81	23	104
2019 March	8	10	18
2019 February	13	3	16
2019 January	4	9	13
2018 December	4	8	12
2018 November	8	13	21
2018 October	18	13	31
2018 September	12	7	19
2018 August	15	4	19
2018 July	10	6	16
2018 June	11	3	14
2018 May	20	11	31
2018 April	5	11	16
2018 March	14	4	18
2018 February	9	4	13
2018 January	20	10	30
2017 December	19	4	23
2017 November	31	5	36
2017 October	41	2	43
2017 September	36	13	49
2017 August	25	10	35
2017 July	7	10	17
2017 June	3	11	14
2017 May	3	3	6

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