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Argentinean Bacillus thuringiensis strains exhibiting distinct morphology of their parasporal crystals
Cepas argentinas de Bacillus thuringiensis con distinta morfología en sus cristales paraesporales
Cecilia Peraltaa, Diego Herman Saukab, Antonela Marozzic, Eleodoro E. Del Valled, Leopoldo Palmaa,
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a Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia CIT-VM-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina
b Instituto Nacional deTecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
c Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA) – CONICET – UNCo, San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
d ICiagro Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
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"apellidos" => "Diaz" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Cristina" "apellidos" => "Bratanich" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754121000961?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005300000004/v1_202112240942/S0325754121000961/v1_202112240942/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754121000109" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2021.01.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-10-01" "aid" => "440" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2021;53:359-77" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ARTÍCULO ESPECIAL</span>" "titulo" => "Levaduras no convencionales como herramientas de innovación y diferenciación en la producción de cerveza" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "es" 2 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "359" "paginaFinal" => "377" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Non-conventional yeasts as tools for innovation and differentiation in brewing" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2476 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 580230 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cladograma de las especies de levaduras no convencionales de interés para el sector cervecero. Las relaciones de parentesco entre las especies están basadas en la publicación de Daniel et al. (2014)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> y datos propios. Se detallan las familias en las que se agrupan las distintas especies de levaduras, junto con las características y aplicaciones más relevantes para su uso en la producción de cerveza.</p> <p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">POF: fenoles no deseados; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bioflavoring</span>: producción de cervezas con características de aroma y sabor diferenciales; NABLAB: cervezas sin alcohol o bajas en alcohol; bajas calorías: cervezas con bajo contenido de hidratos de carbono; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sour</span>: cervezas ácidas.</p> <p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">* Especies con formato comercial disponible.</p> <p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">● Presentan las características/aplicaciones detalladas.</p> <p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">○ No presentan las características/aplicaciones detalladas.</p> <p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="202112240943333721"></elsevierMultimedia> Las características/aplicaciones detalladas son cepa dependiente. La especie <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saccharomyces pastorianus</span> no se encuentra representada debido a que no es una especie biológicamente reconocida por tratarse de un híbrido.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Julieta Amalia Burini, Juan Ignacio Eizaguirre, Claudia Loviso, Diego Libkind" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Julieta Amalia" "apellidos" => "Burini" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Ignacio" "apellidos" => "Eizaguirre" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Claudia" "apellidos" => "Loviso" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diego" "apellidos" => "Libkind" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las levaduras no convencionales muestran gran potencial para la innovación cervecera.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La caracterización de nuevos microorganismos para el sector cervecero está en constante revisión.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">bioflavoring</span> es una cualidad altamente buscada en las levaduras no convencionales.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las cervezas NABLAB, de bajas calorías y funcionales, son tendencia actual en el mundo.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las levaduras nativas patagónicas muestran atributos promisorios para el sector.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754121000109?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005300000004/v1_202112240942/S0325754121000109/v1_202112240942/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Microbiological image</span>" "titulo" => "Argentinean <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span> strains exhibiting distinct morphology of their parasporal crystals" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "378" "paginaFinal" => "379" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Cecilia Peralta, Diego Herman Sauka, Antonela Marozzi, Eleodoro E. Del Valle, Leopoldo Palma" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cecilia" "apellidos" => "Peralta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Diego Herman" "apellidos" => "Sauka" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Antonela" "apellidos" => "Marozzi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Eleodoro E." "apellidos" => "Del Valle" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Leopoldo" "apellidos" => "Palma" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "palma.leopoldo@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia CIT-VM-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Villa María, Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Nacional deTecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA) – CONICET – UNCo, San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "ICiagro Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cepas argentinas de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span> con distinta morfología en sus cristales paraesporales" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2247 "Ancho" => 1509 "Tamanyo" => 545218 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scanning electron microscopy of parasporal crystals from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span> strains Bt-UNVM_84 and Bt-UNVM_94 (C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>crystal, S<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>spore). (A) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> strain Bt-UNVM_84 showed combinations of amorphous to spherical parasporal crystals of ∼0.7–0.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm from two points along the diametral axis. (B) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> strain Bt-UNVM_94 exhibited quasi symmetric bipyramidal parasporal crystals of ∼1.0–1.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm from two points along the longitudinal axis. Crystal size was measured using ImageJ.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Parameters used for image acquisition are shown: Mag<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>magnification (K×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1000×), WD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>work distance, Eht<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>energy high tension, Det<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>detector type and SE2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>secondary electron.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span> is a Gram-positive and sporulated bacterium exhibiting insecticidal activity against a wide range of insects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> During sporulation, this bacterium produces a number of different proteins forming crystalline inclusions adjacent to the spores (parasporal crystals). Among these insecticidal proteins, the most abundant are those commonly known as Cry (Crystal) proteins, which are responsible for exerting a toxic activity (upon ingestion) against insects of different species.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> For this reason, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> has proved to be the most efficient and used bioinsecticide to date.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodoptera cosmioides</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spodoptera eridania</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agrotis</span> sp. (Lepidoptera) are species that are not yet controlled by some transgenic crops (e.g. Intacta RR2Pro soybean). Thus, in an attempt to enlarge the host spectrum of this bacterium it is necessary to search for novel strains. In this work we show a sporulated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> Bt-UNVM_84 strain exhibiting a number of rare amorphous to spherical crystal combinations, whereas sporulated <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> strain Bt-UNVM-94 showed quasi symmetric bipyramidal parasporal crystals, by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). Strains Bt-UNVM_84 and Bt-UNVM_94 were isolated from Oncativo (Córdoba, Argentina) and Cululú (Santa Fe, Argentina), respectively. The insecticidal activity of these different <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> strains is currently under investigation. Each strain was grown in liquid CCY sporulation medium<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> for ∼48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h (150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>rpm) until no vegetative cells were observed under a light microscope. The presence of parasporal crystals was first determined using Coomassie blue stained slides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> (1000×) under a Nikon E100 light microscope and confirmed later by a Nikon <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ti</span>-Eclipse phase contrast microscope (1000×) (data not shown). For the SEM analysis, aliquots of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml were centrifuged for 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes (16,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span>) at room temperature. Each pellet was washed three times with sterile distilled water and fixed with 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μl 4% formaldehyde. Each fixed preparation was then sent to Centro Integral de Microscopía Electrónica (CIME – CONICET – UNT) for SEM examination.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by Universidad Nacional de Villa María research grant PIC UNVM 2018-2019.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack577338" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-04-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-09-01" "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2247 "Ancho" => 1509 "Tamanyo" => 545218 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scanning electron microscopy of parasporal crystals from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span> strains Bt-UNVM_84 and Bt-UNVM_94 (C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>crystal, S<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>spore). (A) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> strain Bt-UNVM_84 showed combinations of amorphous to spherical parasporal crystals of ∼0.7–0.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm from two points along the diametral axis. (B) <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B. thuringiensis</span> strain Bt-UNVM_94 exhibited quasi symmetric bipyramidal parasporal crystals of ∼1.0–1.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm from two points along the longitudinal axis. Crystal size was measured using ImageJ.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Parameters used for image acquisition are shown: Mag<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>magnification (K×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1000×), WD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>work distance, Eht<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>energy high tension, Det<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>detector type and SE2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>secondary electron.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Usefulness of staining parasporal bodies when screening for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span>" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D. Ammons" 1 => "J. Rampersad" 2 => "A. Khan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0022-2011(02)00018-6" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Invertebr Pathol" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "79" "paginaInicial" => "203" "paginaFinal" => "204" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12133711" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span>: a successful insecticide with new environmental features and tidings" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "G.S. Jouzani" 1 => "E. Valijanian" 2 => "R. Sharafi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00253-017-8175-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl Microbiol Biotechnol" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "2691" "paginaFinal" => "2711" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28235989" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span>-based biopesticides, are they as effective as they should be?" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "L. Palma" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2016.10.003" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Argent Microbiol" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "119" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108052" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "C.T. Rueden" 1 => "J. Schindelin" 2 => "M.C. Hiner" 3 => "B.E. DeZonia" 4 => "A.E. Walter" 5 => "E.T. Arena" 6 => "K.W. Eliceiri" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s12859-017-1934-z" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Bioinformatics" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "529" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29187165" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diversity and distribution of lepidopteran-specific toxin genes in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bacillus thuringiensis</span> strains from Argentina" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "D.H. Sauka" 1 => "G.B. Benintende" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2017.02.003" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Argent Microbiol" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "273" "paginaFinal" => "281" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28576334" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Commitment of bacterial spores to germinate. A measure of the trigger reaction" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "G.S. Stewart" 1 => "K. Johnstone" 2 => "E. Hagelberg" 3 => "D.J. Ellar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1042/bj1980101" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biochem J" "fecha" => "1981" "volumen" => "198" "paginaInicial" => "101" "paginaFinal" => "106" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6798972" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack577338" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We thank to Hernán Esquivel, Luciano Martínez from CIME-CONICET-UNT and Vanessa Areco for their technical assistance. We also thank to the Instituto de Investigación of Universidad Nacional de Villa María for contributing to this ongoing research.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03257541/0000005300000004/v1_202112240942/S0325754120300924/v1_202112240942/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "41742" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Imagen microbiológica" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03257541/0000005300000004/v1_202112240942/S0325754120300924/v1_202112240942/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754120300924?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2024 October | 50 | 9 | 59 |
| 2024 September | 53 | 11 | 64 |
| 2024 August | 47 | 10 | 57 |
| 2024 July | 45 | 5 | 50 |
| 2024 June | 43 | 8 | 51 |
| 2024 May | 51 | 2 | 53 |
| 2024 April | 41 | 20 | 61 |
| 2024 March | 34 | 7 | 41 |
| 2024 February | 49 | 11 | 60 |
| 2024 January | 53 | 9 | 62 |
| 2023 December | 65 | 22 | 87 |
| 2023 November | 88 | 14 | 102 |
| 2023 October | 87 | 9 | 96 |
| 2023 September | 64 | 5 | 69 |
| 2023 August | 43 | 7 | 50 |
| 2023 July | 67 | 13 | 80 |
| 2023 June | 74 | 5 | 79 |
| 2023 May | 125 | 20 | 145 |
| 2023 April | 78 | 2 | 80 |
| 2023 March | 68 | 3 | 71 |
| 2023 February | 57 | 6 | 63 |
| 2023 January | 56 | 11 | 67 |
| 2022 December | 53 | 16 | 69 |
| 2022 November | 56 | 13 | 69 |
| 2022 October | 56 | 16 | 72 |
| 2022 September | 48 | 22 | 70 |
| 2022 August | 52 | 17 | 69 |
| 2022 July | 39 | 15 | 54 |
| 2022 June | 36 | 10 | 46 |
| 2022 May | 54 | 18 | 72 |
| 2022 April | 76 | 20 | 96 |
| 2022 March | 88 | 19 | 107 |
| 2022 February | 76 | 15 | 91 |
| 2022 January | 102 | 11 | 113 |
| 2021 December | 86 | 14 | 100 |
| 2021 November | 55 | 25 | 80 |
| 2021 October | 56 | 25 | 81 |
| 2021 September | 68 | 14 | 82 |
| 2021 August | 62 | 11 | 73 |
| 2021 July | 24 | 12 | 36 |
| 2021 June | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2021 May | 43 | 5 | 48 |
| 2021 April | 72 | 41 | 113 |
| 2021 March | 16 | 16 | 32 |
| 2021 February | 9 | 11 | 20 |
| 2021 January | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2020 December | 11 | 28 | 39 |
| 2020 November | 11 | 9 | 20 |
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