Brief report
Equine rhinosporidiosis in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Rinosporidiosis en equinos de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Marco Antonio Tizzanoa, Romina Della Vedovaa,
, Ramón Andrés Lopezd, Verónica Amora, Candelaria Zubíad, Susana Beatriz Córdobaa,c, Francisco José Reynaldia,b
Corresponding author
a Cátedra de Micología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
b CCT CONICET La Plata, Argentina
c Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas Agudas-ANLIS “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
d Cátedra de Medicina Equina, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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array:24 [ "pii" => "S0325754121000390" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2020.12.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-01-01" "aid" => "449" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2021" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2022;54:22-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754121000389" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2021.02.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-01-01" "aid" => "448" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2022;54:25-30" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief report</span>" "titulo" => "Placentitis and abortion caused by a multidrug resistant strain of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter fetus</span> subspecies <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fetus</span> in a sheep in Uruguay" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "en" 2 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "25" "paginaFinal" => "30" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Placentitis y aborto causado por una cepa de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter fetus</span> subespecie <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fetus</span> multirresistente a antibióticos en una oveja en Uruguay" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3017 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 1288853 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Histologic section of the cotyledonary region of the placenta showing severe extensive inflammatory infiltrate. (B) Higher magnification of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a>A. Note abundant degenerate neutrophils admixed with fibrin exudate and karyorrhectic (necrotic) cellular debris (severe extensive fibrinonecrotizing and neutrophilic cotyledonary placentitis. (C) Cross section of a chorionic arteriole (center) depicting concentric necrosis of the tunica media and mural neutrophilic infiltrate (arteriolitis), with abundant fibrin and necrotic debris in the surrounding stroma (hematoxylin and eosin stain, A: 200×, B: 400×, C: 630×).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Matías A. Dorsch, María L. Casaux, Lucía Calleros, Virginia Aráoz, Rubén D. Caffarena, Cecilia Monesiglio, Maila Barcellos, Caroline da Silva Silveira, Yisell Perdomo, Georgget Banchero, Francisco A. Uzal, Martín Fraga, Federico Giannitti" "autores" => array:13 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Matías A." "apellidos" => "Dorsch" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María L." "apellidos" => "Casaux" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lucía" "apellidos" => "Calleros" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Virginia" "apellidos" => "Aráoz" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rubén D." "apellidos" => "Caffarena" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cecilia" "apellidos" => "Monesiglio" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maila" "apellidos" => "Barcellos" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Caroline" "apellidos" => "da Silva Silveira" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yisell" "apellidos" => "Perdomo" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Georgget" "apellidos" => "Banchero" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco A." "apellidos" => "Uzal" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Martín" "apellidos" => "Fraga" ] 12 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Federico" "apellidos" => "Giannitti" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We describe for the first time a case of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter fetus fetus</span> abortion in sheep in Uruguay.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Neutrophilic and fibrinonecrotizing placentitis with arteriolitis was diagnosed.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter fetus fetus</span> was isolated and confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strain was resistant to four antimicrobial classes (multidrug resistance).</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754121000389?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005400000001/v1_202204020607/S0325754121000389/v1_202204020607/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754121000407" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2021.02.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-01-01" "aid" => "450" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2022;54:15-21" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original</span>" "titulo" => "Primer reporte de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> diarreogénica en población pediátrica ambulatoria con diarrea atendida en la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "es" 2 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "15" "paginaFinal" => "21" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "First report of diarrheagenic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> in pediatric outpatient population with diarrhea in La Plata, Argentina" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 962 "Ancho" => 1874 "Tamanyo" => 110487 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Productos de amplificación de factores de virulencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> provenientes de aislamientos de pacientes y de cepas control. Calles 1, 13 y 14: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> 2348/69 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eae</span>), calles 2, 9 y 16: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> KNH-172 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">lt</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stp</span>), calles 3, 18 y 19: ausencia de factores de virulencia (pacientes), calle 4: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> C-481 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ipaH</span>), calles 5 y 12: aislamientos de pacientes (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aggR</span>), calle 6: aislamiento de paciente (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stx2</span>), calles 7 y 15: aislamientos de pacientes (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">eae</span>), línea 8: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> EDL933 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stx1</span> y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">stx2</span>), calle 10: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> O126-53 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sth</span>), calle 17: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> 17-2 (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aggR</span>), calle 20: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> ATCC 25922 (16S rRNA). Calle 11: marcador de PM (100 pb).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Nora Beatriz Molina, Sebastián Oderiz, Cecilia Vescina, Alejandra Córdoba, Juan Ángel Basualdo, Mónica Delfina Sparo" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nora Beatriz" "apellidos" => "Molina" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sebastián" "apellidos" => "Oderiz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cecilia" "apellidos" => "Vescina" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandra" "apellidos" => "Córdoba" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Ángel" "apellidos" => "Basualdo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mónica Delfina" "apellidos" => "Sparo" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> diarreogénica se detectó en el 12,3% de los niños con diarrea.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La infección con EAEC fue prevalente en todos los grupos etarios.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las infecciones con ETEC, EPEC y STEC solamente se detectaron en niños menores de 5 años.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754121000407?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005400000001/v1_202204020607/S0325754121000407/v1_202204020607/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:21 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Brief report</span>" "titulo" => "Equine rhinosporidiosis in Buenos Aires, Argentina" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "22" "paginaFinal" => "24" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Marco Antonio Tizzano, Romina Della Vedova, Ramón Andrés Lopez, Verónica Amor, Candelaria Zubía, Susana Beatriz Córdoba, Francisco José Reynaldi" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marco Antonio" "apellidos" => "Tizzano" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Romina" "apellidos" => "Della Vedova" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "romidellavedova@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ramón Andrés" "apellidos" => "Lopez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Verónica" "apellidos" => "Amor" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Candelaria" "apellidos" => "Zubía" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Susana Beatriz" "apellidos" => "Córdoba" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Francisco José" "apellidos" => "Reynaldi" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra de Micología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "CCT CONICET La Plata, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas Agudas-ANLIS “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra de Medicina Equina, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (UNLP), Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Rinosporidiosis en equinos de Buenos Aires, Argentina" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 530 "Ancho" => 1305 "Tamanyo" => 131810 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Adult horse showing a multilobulated mass arising from the nasal mucosa (black arrow). (B) Thin section of nasal mucosa with mature sporangia (black arrow) and a myriad of endospores. Stained with PAS 100×.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rhinosporidiosis is a disease caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium seeberi</span>, a parasitic organism classified in the family Rhinosporideacea, class <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Micomycetozoa</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,15</span></a>. It is an endemic disease in India; however, some cases have been reported in Europe, Africa, North America, and South America<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,9–11</span></a>. Niño et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> described an endemic area of rhinosporidiosis in the province of Chaco, northern Argentina, and reported 33 cases of equine rhinosporidiosis in 1964. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium seeberi</span> infects mammals including humans, cats, dogs, horses, and cattle<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4,7,8,13</span></a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The natural reservoir of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. seeberi</span> is lacustrine or stagnant water, in tropical and subtropical regions. In susceptible hosts, the lesions are frequently observed in nasal mucosae, partly because contaminated water is the source of infection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,11,14</span></a>.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infected animals present clinical signs characterized by nasal secretion, sneezing, epistaxis, breathing noise<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>, and occasionally, obstruction of the nasal cavity. Less frequently, the ocular conjunctiva can be affected causing epiphora. Taking into account that there is no drug treatment, surgical removal of the polypoid structures is the treatment of choice<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>; however, recurrence can occur<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The microorganism does not grow in culture media, thus, the diagnosis is based on histolopathological findings in tissues. The method used to identify the agent is based on the amplification of the small subunit rRNA gene sequence from infected tissue<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,11</span></a>.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of the present study is to describe three cases of rhinosporidiosis in wild horses in different cities of Buenos Aires province, Argentina identified by histopathology and PCR-sequencing trials.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For confirmation of the causal agent, the pedunculated masses of three horses were removed by surgical excision (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). The fractionated tissues were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for the histopathological studies. The remaining tissue was used in PCR trials. The fixed tissues were stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and spherules (sporangia) of variable size (100–300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm) were observed. Sporangia had thin and weakly stained walls (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DNA was extracted from fresh biopsy samples (25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg) by using a commercially available kit (DNeasy Tissue Kit, QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's protocol. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. seeberi</span> specific primers Rhino 2F (5′-TTTGTGTAGGGGTTCCTCGC-3′) and Rhino 2R (5′-GCAAAACCGTTGCTCCAACT-3′) (7) were used in a PCR. The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. seeberi</span> specific amplification product from the 3 samples were sequenced by Macrogen (<a href="http://www.macrogen.com/">www.macrogen.com</a>). The PCR amplified three specific fragments of 377<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp expected for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. seeberi</span> (Suppl. Fig. 1). The amplification products were sequenced, showing 99% homology with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium</span> spp. (ex <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Canis familiaris</span>) (accession number AY372365.1). The program used to generate the phylogenetic tree was Geneious Version 2020.1 created by Biomatters (<a href="http://www.geneious.com/">http://www.geneious.com</a>) (Suppl. Fig. 2).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The three reported rhinosporidiosis cases in wild horses were from the following cities: Chascomús city located at geographical coordinates 35°34′30′S58°00′32′0, Ensenada city at 34°51′S 57°54′0 and La Plata city at 34°56′00′S57°57′00′0 (cities from Buenos Aires province, Argentina).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two horses exhibited clinical signs of mild cough and rhinitis and the third one had epistaxis and nasal discharge. Therefore, the clinical examination was followed by a nasopharyngeal and laryngeal endoscopy, showing irregular pedunculated structures in shape and sizes (approximately 2.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm each). These pendunculated structures revealed the following:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">-Isolate 1 (Chascomús) pedunculated masses in the larynx of a 15-year old mare.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">-Isolate 2 (Ensenada) pedunculated masses in the larynx of a 10-year-old male horse.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">-Isolate 3 (La Plata) pedunculated masses in the nose of a 4-year-old mare.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The polypoid structures were stained with PAS and microscopically observed. They consisted of a core of mature fibrovascular tissue superficially lined by a hyperplastic epithelium. Inside the granulated tissue and in the submucosa, there were conspicuous spherules (sporangia) of variable size (100–300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter) that showed a thin and weak wall.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The morphological features of the agent observed in all the cases presented here were characteristic, and could be presumptively identified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. seeber</span> based on histopathological features. Nevertheless, a differential diagnosis with polypoid or granulomatous rhinitis caused by a fungal infection such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coccidioides immitis</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chrysosporium parvum</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptococcus neoformans</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Conidiobolus coronatus</span>, and other causes, such as equine nasal amyloidosis and neoplasia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,6,8</span></a> is needed. For this reason, the use of a specific PCR reaction and sequencing could allow us to reach a precise diagnosis in a shorter time.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, the three analyzed samples amplified a specific fragment of 377<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bp expected for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium</span> spp. Moreover, the sequence analysis confirmed these findings.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Argentina, the occurrence of rhinosporidiosis is uncommon, and is rarely suspected by clinical veterinarians, thus it is underestimated o misdiagnosed. Furthermore, if the pedunculated structures are located in anatomical sites other than in the nasal cavity or conjunctiva, the disease can be even harder to diagnose by the practitioners.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be remarked that since there is no specific medical treatment for rhinosporidiosis, it is very important to make a routine clinical diagnosis in wild horses, taking into account that the infected animals not only share the stagnant water and lacustrine environment but also the feeders and drinkers with the healthy animals. These clinical surveys could allow us to delimit the geographical areas with a high prevalence of rhinosporidiosis so that there could be a chance to relocate the breeder farms of polo horses or racehorses. Considering that Argentina is an exporter of highly competitive horses, the early diagnosis of this disease will contribute to its control, preventing its spread to other places.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1688150" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1497081" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1688151" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1497080" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack595654" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 6 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-04-22" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1497081" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Wild horses" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium seeberi</span>" 2 => "Argentina" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1497080" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Caballos silvestres" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium seeberi</span>" 2 => "Argentina" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rhinosporidiosis is caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium seeberi</span>, a parasitic organism of the family Rhinosporideacea family, class <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Micomycetozoa</span>. The disease is endemic in India; however, some cases were reported in Europe, Africa, North America, and South America. The aim of the present study is to report three cases of rhinosporidiosis in wild horses in different cities of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. We confirm the presence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. seeberi</span> in the analyzed samples using histopathological and PCR sequencing techniques.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La rinosporidiosis es una enfermedad causada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rhinosporidium seeberi</span>, un organismo parasitario clasificado en la familia Rhinosporideacea, clase Micomycetozoa. Es una enfermedad endémica de la India, pero se notificaron algunos casos en Europa, África, América del Norte y América del Sur. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir tres casos de rinosporidiosis en caballos de vida libre en diferentes ciudades de la provincia de Buenos Ares, Argentina. Confirmamos la presencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R. seeberi</span> en las muestras analizadas utilizando técnicas histopatológicas, PCR y secuenciación.</p></span>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0020" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 530 "Ancho" => 1305 "Tamanyo" => 131810 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) Adult horse showing a multilobulated mass arising from the nasal mucosa (black arrow). (B) Thin section of nasal mucosa with mature sporangia (black arrow) and a myriad of endospores. Stained with PAS 100×.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 57055 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Equine nasal rhinosporidiosis in the Southern Rio Grande do Sul Brazil – case report" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F.D. Bernardo" 1 => "F.M. Pazinato" 2 => "C.E. Fonseca Alves" 3 => "V. La Cruz Bueno" 4 => "C. Franciscato" 5 => "F. 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