Can dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) mobilize selectively inorganic soil phosphorus thereby promoting sorghum growth? A preliminary study

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MJC: nematode infestation control (with nematode, without bacteria). B19S: Bacillus sp. strain B19S. B9T: Bacillus sp. strain B9T. CHA0: P. protegens strain CHA0. MME3: P.fluorescens strain MME3. TAE4: P.fluorescens strain TAE4. Error bars correspond to standard error means. Different letters indicate significant differences in means according to the LSD-Tukey's test (p<0.05)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María P. Borrajo, Eduardo A. Mondino, Guillermo A. Maroniche, Macarena Fernández, Cecilia M. Creus" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María P." "apellidos" => "Borrajo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eduardo A." "apellidos" => "Mondino" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Guillermo A." "apellidos" => "Maroniche" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Macarena" "apellidos" => "Fernández" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cecilia M." "apellidos" => "Creus" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•Autochthonous rhizobacteria against Meloidogyne javanica.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•Biocontrol by bacteria and their cell free supernatants.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025">•Impact of rhizobacteria in lettuce infested with Meloidogyne javanica.</li></ul>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754121000456?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005400000003/v1_202209300808/S0325754121000456/v1_202209300808/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0325754121000754" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2021.04.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-07-01" "aid" => "467" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2022;54:215-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Informe breve" "titulo" => "Calidad microbiológica de la carne picada y detección de patógenos en muestras ambientales de carnicerías de la ciudad de Tandil, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "es" 2 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "215" "paginaFinal" => "219" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Microbiological quality of fresh ground beef and detection of pathogens in environmental samples taken from butcher shops in the city of Tandil, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María Julia Ruiz, Nora Lia Padola, Gerardo Leotta, Rocío Colello, Juan Passucci, Edgardo Rodríguez, Daniel Fernández Fellenz, Alejandra Krüger, Marcelo Sanz, Elida Elichiribehety, Analía Inés Etcheverría" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Julia" "apellidos" => "Ruiz" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nora Lia" "apellidos" => "Padola" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gerardo" "apellidos" => "Leotta" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rocío" "apellidos" => "Colello" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Passucci" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Edgardo" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daniel" "apellidos" => "Fernández Fellenz" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandra" "apellidos" => "Krüger" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marcelo" "apellidos" => "Sanz" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elida" "apellidos" => "Elichiribehety" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Analía Inés" "apellidos" => "Etcheverría" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•Se observó riesgo bajo y buenas condiciones higiénico-sanitarias en carnicerías.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•El 75,0% de las muestras no cumplió con los parámetros microbiológicos.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•Se sugiere identificar desvíos e implementar mejoras continuas.</li></ul>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754121000754?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005400000003/v1_202209300808/S0325754121000754/v1_202209300808/es/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Brief report" "titulo" => "Can dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) mobilize selectively inorganic soil phosphorus thereby promoting sorghum growth? A preliminary study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "220" "paginaFinal" => "223" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Osvaldo Barresi, Raúl S. Lavado, Viviana M. Chiocchio" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Osvaldo" "apellidos" => "Barresi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Raúl S." "apellidos" => "Lavado" ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Viviana M." "apellidos" => "Chiocchio" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "chiocchi@agro.uba.ar" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires & INBA (CONICET/UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "¿Los hongos endófitos septados oscuros (DSE) pueden movilizar selectivamente el fósforo inorgánico y promover así el crecimiento del sorgo? Un estudio preliminar" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "Inorganic soil phosphates are mainly a mix of amorphous and crystalline forms of calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) phosphates, including adsorbed and surface-precipitated phosphates. They are insoluble and the concentration of soluble phosphorus (P) forms is low, therefore fertilization is needed to supply P to crops. However, some negative environmental effects have been detected in recent decades, due to the use of phosphate fertilizers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">10</a>. Soluble phosphate fertilizers tend to precipitate with soil components and sometimes move outside the application site, following the slope and causing economic and environmental problems, i.e. the eutrophication of water bodies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">10</a>.For this reason, an objective of agriculture is to maintain an optimal P level in the rhizosphere, maximizing the efficiency of root absorption and reducing environmental risks. To deal with these issues, different strategies have been developed. One of them is the use of microorganisms that participate in soil P transformation processes. Phosphorous solubilization can be carried out by bacteria or fungi, mainly mycorrhizal and filamentous fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">5</a>. To this purpose, these organisms release organic acids, such as citric, oxalic, malic and gluconic acids, produce siderophores, generate enzymes and chelating substances which act as complexing agents dissolving minerals and inorganic precipitates and releasing nutrients by chelation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">3,4</a>.Dark Septate Endophytes (DSE) are another group of fungi, which can grow in biotrophic and saprophytic forms. Given their great heterogeneity, they are capable of producing different effects on their host, including a wide range of symbiotic relationships<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">6</a>. DSE fungi can function as substitutes or complements for mycorrhizae in environments under different stresses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">12</a>. The ability of these fungi to dissolve soil phosphates is poorly understood, although there are examples referring to the effect of DSE fungi on the absorption of P by plants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">2</a>. Spagnoletti et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">13</a>, studied in-vitro the ability of several DSE fungal species to dissolve reagent grade calcium, aluminum and iron phosphates and found different solubilizing capacities among the fungi studied.Among other crops, DSE fungi could form a mutualistic association with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">15</a>, an important cereal grain in the world. It is cultivated in the Pampas (Argentina) where Mollisols are predominant, and among them, Hapludolls are widespread<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">11</a>. We studied the phosphate solubilizing activity of previously known DSE fungi in a Typic Hapludoll, determining the solubilizing effect of these fungi on inorganic soil P fractions, and their effect on the growth of sorghum by means of the production of sorghum biomass and its P concentration.Soils and DSE fungiThe soil was sampled near the city of Junín, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (−34,585; −60.9589), in accordance with the US Soil Taxonomy, a silty Typic Hapludoll<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">11</a>. The soil was chemically analyzed using standard techniques (Sparks et al., 1996), showing the following characteristics: 1.21% organic carbon (Walkley and Black), 0.24% total nitrogen (Kjeldahl), 5.5 pH (soil:water 1:2.5), 0.42 dS/m electrical conductivity (soil:water 1:2.5), and 32.71mg/kg extractable P (Bray and Kurtz).Three fungi that presented good phosphate solubilizing activity in our previous study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">13</a> were selected from the Fungi Bank of the Microbiology Department, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires. DSE fungi were Alternaria alternata (GenBank accession no KT274695), isolated from wheat; Curvularia sp. (GenBank accession no KU323668), isolated from Chloris gayana forage and Ophiosphaerella sp. (GenBank accession no KT274702) isolated from wheat<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">13</a>.Microcosm experimentsThe three DSE fungi were tested to determine their effect on inorganic soil phosphorous fractions. The fungal inocula used in this test were obtained from cultures in petri dishes containing malt extract agar (MEA) for 7 days, at 25±2°C. One hundred g of dry sieved soil were placed in glass jars with a hermetic lid, moistened to 60% of the value of the field capacity and tyndalized (3 consecutive days for 1h at 100°C in an autoclave). To each microcosm, 1% chloramphenicol and 5 inoculum 0.5cm diameter discs taken from a fungal colony grown in MEA were added.A randomized experiment was developed with four treatments (3 fungi and a control) and five replications. All treatments were under controlled conditions of light and temperature, ensuring that the mycelia contacted the total soil mass. Soil aggregation was observed, which could be attributed to mycelial growth. After 20 days of growth, a composite sample (30/g subsamples) was extracted from each microcosm. Inorganic P fractions were quantified using the Chang and Jackson sequential extraction technique, as modified by Williams et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">14</a>. Thus, Soluble P (NH4Cl 1M, soil/extractant ratio 1:50), P linked to Al (NH4F 0.5M, pH 8.2, soil/extractant ratio 1:12.5), P linked to Fe (NaOH 0.1M, soil/extractant ratio 1:12.5) P linked to Ca (H2SO4 0.25M, soil/extractant ratio 1:7.1), and P residual (sodium citrate 0.3M, NaHCO3 1M and Na2S2O4, soil/extractant ratio 1:12.5) were extracted. Phosphorus concentrations were determined using the Murphy and Riley colorimetric ascorbic acid blue color method<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">14</a>.Pot experimentsA substrate was prepared from a mix of soil, vermiculite and sand (7:2:1) and tyndalized as previously indicated. Ten discs, each of 0.5cm diameter, of each active mycelium of the three fungi were placed in 400g of tyndalized substrate. A final volume of 50ml of water-malt was added to each inoculated substrate and then stored in the dark at 25±2°C for 10 days, adding sterile water when necessary, and maintaining the mycelium in contact with the substrate mass. Seedling germination trays, previously disinfected with 3% sodium hypochlorite, were prepared and the inoculated substrates with each DSE fungi were added. Sorghum seeds (cultivar Minú II) were disinfected with 70% ethanol, then treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite and finally rinsed with sterile distilled water. The seeds were pregerminated for a period of 8 days, and then two plants were transplanted to 2-L volume pots. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under controlled conditions.Each pot was maintained at values close to the field capacity. To favor plant growth, urea and KNO3 were alternately applied at a rate of 10ml of a 1mg/l solution, every 2 days, in all treatments. After 60 days the aerial part was cut, dried at 60°C until constant weight and then, weighed. Half of the radicle biomass was mixed, the composite sample stained and the roots were observed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">9</a> and the other half was dried and weighed. Phosphorus in aerial and root biomass was extracted by calcination and dissolution of the ashes, and determined by the Murphy and Riley colorimetric methodology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">14</a>.The data of soil P fractions, aerial and radicle biomass, P content in the aerial and radicle biomass, and radicle length were statistically analyzed using the RStudio software (version 1.1.453 for Windows RStudio Team 2015) for an ANOVA analysis, after testing the variables for normality and homogeneity of variance. Tukey's multiple range test (p<0.05) was used to assess the differences between the treatment means.The test results to determine the effect of the fungi on inorganic soil P fractions are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. The three studied DSE fungi showed capacity to dissolve soil P fractions compared with the control. Curvularia sp. significantly reduced residual P and P linked to Ca, Alternaria alternata significantly decreased P linked to Al and to Ca fractions and Ophiosphaerella sp. affected P linked to Ca and to Fe. Compared with the control, A. alternata showed a decrease and Curvularia sp. an increase in soluble P.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>In the pot experiment no melanized septate hyphae or microsclerotia were observed inside the roots of any of the treatments. However, septate pigmented conidia were detected in the rhizosphere area for all inoculated treatments, indicating the presence of DSE fungi as soil saprobes. No structure of DSE fungi was observed in the control treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the results for aerial and radicle biomass, radicle length, and P in aerial and radicle biomass, respectively. The Curvularia sp. treatment showed the significantly highest aerial biomass, while the other two fungi neither differed from the control nor even showed lower aerial biomass. The highest radicle biomass was recorded in the control treatment, which agreed with the lowest aerial biomass/root biomass ratio: 3.2, against ratios varying from 4.2 to 7.8 in the fungi treatments. Furthermore, the largest root length was observed in the Curvularia sp. treatment. The control, Curvularia sp. and Ophiosphaerella sp. treatments did not show any significant differences in P concentration, and in aerial and root biomasses. A. alternata showed the lowest P concentration.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>A meta-analysis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">7</a> reported that DSE inoculation had positive effects on total aerial and root biomass in several host species. In this study, only one DSE fungus was related to increases in the sorghum aerial biomass. Moreover, the differences found in root length could be related to differences in root diameters<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">8</a>, although this was not verified in this study.The fungal species did not colonize the cortical parenchyma of sorghum roots because the interaction between the root and the fungi did not find proper conditions for the fungi infection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">8</a>. However, it could be presumed that the effects of DSE fungi on sorghum took place in their saprophytic form. There are indications that DSE fungi are capable of promoting plant growth by improving plant nutrition, releasing nutrients from minerals or organic compounds, or generating secondary metabolites like precursors of plant hormones that stimulate the growth of plants. Additionally, DSE fungi have positive effects controlling pathogens and increasing the abiotic stress tolerance of plants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">3,6</a>.DSE fungi affect the proportion of P insoluble fractions of the soil dissolving each fungi different P compounds, as previously found in reagent grade phosphates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">13</a>. In this experiment, the solubilized P from some fractions did not precipitate in others, as found in other conditions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">1</a>. The extraction of the P-sol. is similar to that used to determine the soil bioavailable P, which in the Pampas region is a mixture of 0.03N NH4F and 0.025N HCl (Bray & Kurtz method). Anyway, there is a clear relationship between P-sol and the sorghum reaction. The released P from the soil inorganic insoluble forms was only partially accumulated in the sorghum biomass, as indicated by the higher quantity of P (concentration×biomass) taken from the soils by sorghum plants in the Curvularia sp. treatment (0.0085mg/biomass vs 0.0073mg/biomass in the control). It is possible that part of the solubilized inorganic fractions could be integrated into the organic P fraction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">10</a> or, also, incorporated into the biomass of the fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">12</a>.The capacity of three DSE fungi (A. alternata, Curvularia sp. and Ophiosphaerella sp.) to dissolve selectively P from reagent grade phosphates is reiterated on the insoluble phosphates of the soil. No endophytic structures in sorghum roots were observed, as the inoculated fungi remained in the saprophytic forms. However, there was a positive effect of Curvularia sp. on the sorghum aerial biomass and radicle length. The potential capacity of DSE fungi to solubilize the insoluble P soil fractions was not clearly related to the root absorption of the released P.Results are far for conclusive but are a step forward to the utilization of DSE fungi as a potential solubilizer to deal with P crop nutrition.FundingThis work was financially supported by Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBACyT) project 20020170100707BA.Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1777048" "titulo" => "Highlights" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1777047" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1560253" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1777049" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1560254" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Soils and DSE fungi" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Microcosm experiments" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Pot experiments" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack627966" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-02-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-02-14" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1560253" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Phosphorus fractions" 1 => "P solubilization" 2 => "Soil fungi" 3 => "Crop nutrition" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1560254" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Fracciones de fósforo" 1 => "Solubilización de fósforo" 2 => "Hongos del suelo" 3 => "Nutrición de cultivos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "highlights" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "resumen" => "<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005">•DSE fungi selectively mobilize insoluble phosphates from soils.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010">•There was a positive effect of Curvularia sp. on sorghum growth.</li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015">•The absorption of P was not clearly related to the capacity of DSE fungi to solubilize it.</li></ul>" ] "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Phosphate fertilizers tend to precipitate with soil components, affecting fertilization efficiency and causing negative environmental effects. Soil microorganisms have been used to solve this problem. However, the ability of dark septate endophytic fungi (DSE) to dissolve phosphates and increase crop yield are not well known. The activity of DSE fungi capable of solubilizing reagent grade phosphates was studied in a Typic Hapludoll (Hapludol típico). The effect of the fungi on the inorganic phosphorus fractions was evaluated and an experiment was conducted in pots with sorghum as a crop. No fungal structures were found in the roots. Curvularia sp. aerial biomass and root length increased; however, P concentration was not affected. Although the results are not conclusive, they represent an advance in the potential use of DSE fungi as P solubilizers to treat crop nutrition." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Los fertilizantes fosfatados tienden a precipitar con componentes del suelo, lo que afecta la eficiencia de la fertilización y causa efectos negativos. Para resolver este problema se han utilizado microorganismos del suelo. Sin embargo, no se conoce bien la capacidad de los hongos endófitos septados oscuros (ESO) para disolver fosfatos y aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos. Se estudió en un hapludol típico (typic hapludoll) la actividad de hongos ESO capaces de solubilizar fosfatos de grado reactivo. Se evaluó el efecto de los hongos sobre las fracciones de fósforo inorgánico y se realizó un experimento en macetas con sorgo como cultivo. No se encontraron estructuras fúngicas en las raíces. Curvularia sp. aumentó la biomasa aérea y la longitud radical, pero la concentración de fósforo no se vio afectada. Aunque los resultados no son concluyentes, representan un avance en el uso potencial de hongos ESO como solubilizadores de fósforo para tratar la nutrición de cultivos." ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Different letters mean significant differences according to Tukey's test (p<0.05)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Fraction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Treatments</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alternaria alternata \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Curvularia sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ophiosphaerella sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P– sol. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.98±1.59 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.38±1.82 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">40.16±1.06 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.88±1.17 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P – Al \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">203.09±5.59 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">182.98±2.68 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">196.32±2.68 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">198.00±1.92 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P – Fe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">153.23±5.94 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">142.99±9.00 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">163.12±9.32 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">138.04±4.20 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P – Res \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136.98±5.65 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">132.04±7.06 ab \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">120.94±7.36 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">133.50±2.70 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P – Ca \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">122.19±0.64 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">115.55±3.89 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">101.16±1.50 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">111.97±3.24 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Soil phosphorus fractions (mg/kg) change caused by DSE fungi. Determinations were done after tyndalization in the microcosm experiment." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Different letters mean significant differences according to Tukey's test (p<0.05)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Curvularia sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ophiosphaerella sp. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Alternaria alternata \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Aboveground biomass (g dry matter/pot) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.97±0.05 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.14±0,07a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.89±0.14 bc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.79±0.04 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Radicle biomass (g dry matter/pot) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.62±0.02 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.33±0.02c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.45±0.04 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.23±0.02 d \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Radicle length (cm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.800.21 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.80±0.40 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.88±0.24 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.26±0.12 c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P in aboveground biomass (g/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.72±0.12 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.97±0.19 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.69±0.16 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.5±0.91 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P in radicle biomass(g/kg) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.18±0.16 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.12±0.26 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.13±0.22 a \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.09±0.42 b \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "DSE fungi effects on sorghum aerial and root biomass (g dry matter/pot), root length (cm) and P concentration (g/kg)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changes in soil phosphorous fractions caused by cropping without nutrient reposition. A case study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "O. Barresi" 1 => "V.M. Chiocchio" 2 => "R.S. Lavado" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Python" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "87" "paginaInicial" => "14" "paginaFinal" => "17" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Phosphorus solubilization and uptake by dark septate fungi in fourwing saltbush, Atriplex canescens" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.R. Barrow" 1 => "P. Osuna" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Arid Environ 2002" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "449" "paginaFinal" => "459" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "From darkness to light: emergence of the mysterious dark septate endophytes in plant growth promotion and stress alleviation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Ch Berthelot" 1 => "M. Chalot" 2 => "C. Leyval" 3 => "D. Blaudez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:5 [ "editores" => "T.R.Hodkinson, F.M.Doohan, M.J.Saunders, B.R.Murphy" "titulo" => "Endophytes for a growing world" "paginaInicial" => "143" "paginaFinal" => "164" "serieFecha" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nutrient cycling by saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial habitats" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Dighton" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:6 [ "editores" => "C.P.Kubicek, I.S.Druzhinina" "titulo" => "Environmental and microbial relationships, the mycota" "paginaInicial" => "287" "paginaFinal" => "300" "edicion" => "2nd ed." 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¿Los hongos endófitos septados oscuros (DSE) pueden movilizar selectivamente el fósforo inorgánico y promover así el crecimiento del sorgo? Un estudio preliminar

Osvaldo Barresi, Raúl S. Lavado, Viviana M. Chiocchio

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chiocchi@agro.uba.ar

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Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires & INBA (CONICET/UBA), Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina

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        "autoresLista" => "Osvaldo Barresi, Ra&#250;l S&#46; Lavado, Viviana M&#46; Chiocchio"
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            "nombre" => "Osvaldo"
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            "nombre" => "Ra&#250;l S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Lavado"
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          2 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Viviana M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Chiocchio"
            "email" => array:1 [
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                "identificador" => "cor0005"
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            "entidad" => "Facultad de Agronom&#237;a&#44; Universidad de Buenos Aires &#38; INBA &#40;CONICET&#47;UBA&#41;&#44; Av&#46; San Mart&#237;n 4453&#44; C1417DSE Buenos Aires&#44; Argentina"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
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            "identificador" => "cor0005"
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      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "&#191;Los hongos end&#243;fitos septados oscuros &#40;DSE&#41; pueden movilizar selectivamente el f&#243;sforo inorg&#225;nico y promover as&#237; el crecimiento del sorgo&#63; Un estudio preliminar"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inorganic soil phosphates are mainly a mix of amorphous and crystalline forms of calcium &#40;Ca&#41;&#44; aluminum &#40;Al&#41; and iron &#40;Fe&#41; phosphates&#44; including adsorbed and surface-precipitated phosphates&#46; They are insoluble and the concentration of soluble phosphorus &#40;P&#41; forms is low&#44; therefore fertilization is needed to supply P to crops&#46; However&#44; some negative environmental effects have been detected in recent decades&#44; due to the use of phosphate fertilizers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Soluble phosphate fertilizers tend to precipitate with soil components and sometimes move outside the application site&#44; following the slope and causing economic and environmental problems&#44; i&#46;e&#46; the eutrophication of water bodies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For this reason&#44; an objective of agriculture is to maintain an optimal P level in the rhizosphere&#44; maximizing the efficiency of root absorption and reducing environmental risks&#46; To deal with these issues&#44; different strategies have been developed&#46; One of them is the use of microorganisms that participate in soil P transformation processes&#46; Phosphorous solubilization can be carried out by bacteria or fungi&#44; mainly mycorrhizal and filamentous fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; To this purpose&#44; these organisms release organic acids&#44; such as citric&#44; oxalic&#44; malic and gluconic acids&#44; produce siderophores&#44; generate enzymes and chelating substances which act as complexing agents dissolving minerals and inorganic precipitates and releasing nutrients by chelation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dark Septate Endophytes &#40;DSE&#41; are another group of fungi&#44; which can grow in biotrophic and saprophytic forms&#46; Given their great heterogeneity&#44; they are capable of producing different effects on their host&#44; including a wide range of symbiotic relationships<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; DSE fungi can function as substitutes or complements for mycorrhizae in environments under different stresses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; The ability of these fungi to dissolve soil phosphates is poorly understood&#44; although there are examples referring to the effect of DSE fungi on the absorption of P by plants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Spagnoletti et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; studied <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in-vitro</span> the ability of several DSE fungal species to dissolve reagent grade calcium&#44; aluminum and iron phosphates and found different solubilizing capacities among the fungi studied&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among other crops&#44; DSE fungi could form a mutualistic association with sorghum &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sorghum bicolor</span> L&#46; Moench&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; an important cereal grain in the world&#46; It is cultivated in the Pampas &#40;Argentina&#41; where Mollisols are predominant&#44; and among them&#44; Hapludolls are widespread<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; We studied the phosphate solubilizing activity of previously known DSE fungi in a Typic Hapludoll&#44; determining the solubilizing effect of these fungi on inorganic soil P fractions&#44; and their effect on the growth of sorghum by means of the production of sorghum biomass and its P concentration&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Soils and DSE fungi</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The soil was sampled near the city of Jun&#237;n&#44; Province of Buenos Aires&#44; Argentina &#40;&#8722;34&#44;585&#59; &#8722;60&#46;9589&#41;&#44; in accordance with the US Soil Taxonomy&#44; a silty Typic Hapludoll<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; The soil was chemically analyzed using standard techniques &#40;Sparks et al&#46;&#44; 1996&#41;&#44; showing the following characteristics&#58; 1&#46;21&#37; organic carbon &#40;Walkley and Black&#41;&#44; 0&#46;24&#37; total nitrogen &#40;Kjeldahl&#41;&#44; 5&#46;5 pH &#40;soil&#58;water 1&#58;2&#46;5&#41;&#44; 0&#46;42 dS&#47;m electrical conductivity &#40;soil&#58;water 1&#58;2&#46;5&#41;&#44; and 32&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg extractable P &#40;Bray and Kurtz&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three fungi that presented good phosphate solubilizing activity in our previous study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> were selected from the Fungi Bank of the Microbiology Department&#44; Faculty of Agronomy&#44; University of Buenos Aires&#46; DSE fungi were <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alternaria alternata</span> &#40;GenBank accession no KT274695&#41;&#44; isolated from wheat&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; &#40;GenBank accession no KU323668&#41;&#44; isolated from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chloris gayana</span> forage and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiosphaerella</span> sp&#46; &#40;GenBank accession no KT274702&#41; isolated from wheat<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Microcosm experiments</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The three DSE fungi were tested to determine their effect on inorganic soil phosphorous fractions&#46; The fungal inocula used in this test were obtained from cultures in petri dishes containing malt extract agar &#40;MEA&#41; for 7 days&#44; at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; One hundred g of dry sieved soil were placed in glass jars with a hermetic lid&#44; moistened to 60&#37; of the value of the field capacity and tyndalized &#40;3 consecutive days for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in an autoclave&#41;&#46; To each microcosm&#44; 1&#37; chloramphenicol and 5 inoculum 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter discs taken from a fungal colony grown in MEA were added&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A randomized experiment was developed with four treatments &#40;3 fungi and a control&#41; and five replications&#46; All treatments were under controlled conditions of light and temperature&#44; ensuring that the mycelia contacted the total soil mass&#46; Soil aggregation was observed&#44; which could be attributed to mycelial growth&#46; After 20 days of growth&#44; a composite sample &#40;30&#47;g subsamples&#41; was extracted from each microcosm&#46; Inorganic P fractions were quantified using the Chang and Jackson sequential extraction technique&#44; as modified by Williams et al<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46; Thus&#44; Soluble P &#40;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>Cl 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; soil&#47;extractant ratio 1&#58;50&#41;&#44; P linked to Al &#40;NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>F 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; pH 8&#46;2&#44; soil&#47;extractant ratio 1&#58;12&#46;5&#41;&#44; P linked to Fe &#40;NaOH 0&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; soil&#47;extractant ratio 1&#58;12&#46;5&#41; P linked to Ca &#40;H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>SO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; soil&#47;extractant ratio 1&#58;7&#46;1&#41;&#44; and P residual &#40;sodium citrate 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M&#44; NaHCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>M and Na<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>S<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#44; soil&#47;extractant ratio 1&#58;12&#46;5&#41; were extracted&#46; Phosphorus concentrations were determined using the Murphy and Riley colorimetric ascorbic acid blue color method<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pot experiments</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A substrate was prepared from a mix of soil&#44; vermiculite and sand &#40;7&#58;2&#58;1&#41; and tyndalized as previously indicated&#46; Ten discs&#44; each of 0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm diameter&#44; of each active mycelium of the three fungi were placed in 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g of tyndalized substrate&#46; A final volume of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of water-malt was added to each inoculated substrate and then stored in the dark at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 10 days&#44; adding sterile water when necessary&#44; and maintaining the mycelium in contact with the substrate mass&#46; Seedling germination trays&#44; previously disinfected with 3&#37; sodium hypochlorite&#44; were prepared and the inoculated substrates with each DSE fungi were added&#46; Sorghum seeds &#40;cultivar Min&#250; II&#41; were disinfected with 70&#37; ethanol&#44; then treated with 3&#37; sodium hypochlorite and finally rinsed with sterile distilled water&#46; The seeds were pregerminated for a period of 8 days&#44; and then two plants were transplanted to 2-L volume pots&#46; The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under controlled conditions&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each pot was maintained at values close to the field capacity&#46; To favor plant growth&#44; urea and KNO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> were alternately applied at a rate of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l solution&#44; every 2 days&#44; in all treatments&#46; After 60 days the aerial part was cut&#44; dried at 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until constant weight and then&#44; weighed&#46; Half of the radicle biomass was mixed&#44; the composite sample stained and the roots were observed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> and the other half was dried and weighed&#46; Phosphorus in aerial and root biomass was extracted by calcination and dissolution of the ashes&#44; and determined by the Murphy and Riley colorimetric methodology<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data of soil P fractions&#44; aerial and radicle biomass&#44; P content in the aerial and radicle biomass&#44; and radicle length were statistically analyzed using the RStudio software &#40;version 1&#46;1&#46;453 for Windows RStudio Team 2015&#41; for an ANOVA analysis&#44; after testing the variables for normality and homogeneity of variance&#46; Tukey&#39;s multiple range test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; was used to assess the differences between the treatment means&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The test results to determine the effect of the fungi on inorganic soil P fractions are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; The three studied DSE fungi showed capacity to dissolve soil P fractions compared with the control&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; significantly reduced residual P and P linked to Ca&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alternaria alternata</span> significantly decreased P linked to Al and to Ca fractions and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiosphaerella</span> sp&#46; affected P linked to Ca and to Fe&#46; Compared with the control&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; alternata</span> showed a decrease and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; an increase in soluble P&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the pot experiment no melanized septate hyphae or microsclerotia were observed inside the roots of any of the treatments&#46; However&#44; septate pigmented conidia were detected in the rhizosphere area for all inoculated treatments&#44; indicating the presence of DSE fungi as soil saprobes&#46; No structure of DSE fungi was observed in the control treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the results for aerial and radicle biomass&#44; radicle length&#44; and P in aerial and radicle biomass&#44; respectively&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; treatment showed the significantly highest aerial biomass&#44; while the other two fungi neither differed from the control nor even showed lower aerial biomass&#46; The highest radicle biomass was recorded in the control treatment&#44; which agreed with the lowest aerial biomass&#47;root biomass ratio&#58; 3&#46;2&#44; against ratios varying from 4&#46;2 to 7&#46;8 in the fungi treatments&#46; Furthermore&#44; the largest root length was observed in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; treatment&#46; The control&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiosphaerella</span> sp&#46; treatments did not show any significant differences in P concentration&#44; and in aerial and root biomasses&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; alternata</span> showed the lowest P concentration&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A meta-analysis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> reported that DSE inoculation had positive effects on total aerial and root biomass in several host species&#46; In this study&#44; only one DSE fungus was related to increases in the sorghum aerial biomass&#46; Moreover&#44; the differences found in root length could be related to differences in root diameters<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#44; although this was not verified in this study&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fungal species did not colonize the cortical parenchyma of sorghum roots because the interaction between the root and the fungi did not find proper conditions for the fungi infection<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46; However&#44; it could be presumed that the effects of DSE fungi on sorghum took place in their saprophytic form&#46; There are indications that DSE fungi are capable of promoting plant growth by improving plant nutrition&#44; releasing nutrients from minerals or organic compounds&#44; or generating secondary metabolites like precursors of plant hormones that stimulate the growth of plants&#46; Additionally&#44; DSE fungi have positive effects controlling pathogens and increasing the abiotic stress tolerance of plants<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DSE fungi affect the proportion of P insoluble fractions of the soil dissolving each fungi different P compounds&#44; as previously found in reagent grade phosphates<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#46; In this experiment&#44; the solubilized P from some fractions did not precipitate in others&#44; as found in other conditions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; The extraction of the P-sol&#46; is similar to that used to determine the soil bioavailable P&#44; which in the Pampas region is a mixture of 0&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N NH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>F and 0&#46;025<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N HCl &#40;Bray &#38; Kurtz method&#41;&#46; Anyway&#44; there is a clear relationship between P-sol and the sorghum reaction&#46; The released P from the soil inorganic insoluble forms was only partially accumulated in the sorghum biomass&#44; as indicated by the higher quantity of P &#40;concentration<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>biomass&#41; taken from the soils by sorghum plants in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; treatment &#40;0&#46;0085<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;biomass vs 0&#46;0073<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;biomass in the control&#41;&#46; It is possible that part of the solubilized inorganic fractions could be integrated into the organic P fraction<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> or&#44; also&#44; incorporated into the biomass of the fungi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The capacity of three DSE fungi &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; alternata</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ophiosphaerella</span> sp&#46;&#41; to dissolve selectively P from reagent grade phosphates is reiterated on the insoluble phosphates of the soil&#46; No endophytic structures in sorghum roots were observed&#44; as the inoculated fungi remained in the saprophytic forms&#46; However&#44; there was a positive effect of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; on the sorghum aerial biomass and radicle length&#46; The potential capacity of DSE fungi to solubilize the insoluble P soil fractions was not clearly related to the root absorption of the released P&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results are far for conclusive but are a step forward to the utilization of DSE fungi as a potential solubilizer to deal with P crop nutrition&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Funding</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was financially supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Universidad de Buenos Aires &#40;UBACyT&#41;</span> project 20020170100707BA&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2021-02-03"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2022-02-14"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Phosphorus fractions"
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            2 => "Hongos del suelo"
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    "highlights" => array:2 [
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      "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DSE fungi selectively mobilize insoluble phosphates from soils&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was a positive effect of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; on sorghum growth&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The absorption of P was not clearly related to the capacity of DSE fungi to solubilize it&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Phosphate fertilizers tend to precipitate with soil components&#44; affecting fertilization efficiency and causing negative environmental effects&#46; Soil microorganisms have been used to solve this problem&#46; However&#44; the ability of dark septate endophytic fungi &#40;DSE&#41; to dissolve phosphates and increase crop yield are not well known&#46; The activity of DSE fungi capable of solubilizing reagent grade phosphates was studied in a Typic Hapludoll &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hapludol t&#237;pico</span>&#41;&#46; The effect of the fungi on the inorganic phosphorus fractions was evaluated and an experiment was conducted in pots with sorghum as a crop&#46; No fungal structures were found in the roots&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; aerial biomass and root length increased&#59; however&#44; P concentration was not affected&#46; Although the results are not conclusive&#44; they represent an advance in the potential use of DSE fungi as P solubilizers to treat crop nutrition&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los fertilizantes fosfatados tienden a precipitar con componentes del suelo&#44; lo que afecta la eficiencia de la fertilizaci&#243;n y causa efectos negativos&#46; Para resolver este problema se han utilizado microorganismos del suelo&#46; Sin embargo&#44; no se conoce bien la capacidad de los hongos end&#243;fitos septados oscuros &#40;ESO&#41; para disolver fosfatos y aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos&#46; Se estudi&#243; en un hapludol t&#237;pico <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;typic hapludoll&#41;</span> la actividad de hongos ESO capaces de solubilizar fosfatos de grado reactivo&#46; Se evalu&#243; el efecto de los hongos sobre las fracciones de f&#243;sforo inorg&#225;nico y se realiz&#243; un experimento en macetas con sorgo como cultivo&#46; No se encontraron estructuras f&#250;ngicas en las ra&#237;ces&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Curvularia</span> sp&#46; aument&#243; la biomasa a&#233;rea y la longitud radical&#44; pero la concentraci&#243;n de f&#243;sforo no se vio afectada&#46; Aunque los resultados no son concluyentes&#44; representan un avance en el uso potencial de hongos ESO como solubilizadores de f&#243;sforo para tratar la nutrici&#243;n de cultivos&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">P in radicle biomass&#40;g&#47;kg&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;16 a&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DSE fungi effects on sorghum aerial and root biomass &#40;g dry matter&#47;pot&#41;&#44; root length &#40;cm&#41; and P concentration &#40;g&#47;kg&#41;&#46;</p>"
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]

Article information

ISSN: 03257541
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.ram.2022.02.003

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	1	0	1
2024 October	26	7	33
2024 September	20	9	29
2024 August	18	2	20
2024 July	19	2	21
2024 June	32	6	38
2024 May	13	0	13
2024 April	20	15	35
2024 March	20	4	24
2024 February	24	7	31
2024 January	9	7	16
2023 December	19	4	23
2023 November	18	6	24
2023 October	21	9	30
2023 September	32	17	49
2023 August	21	3	24
2023 July	59	16	75
2023 June	46	8	54
2023 May	68	11	79
2023 April	34	4	38
2023 March	25	8	33
2023 February	16	5	21
2023 January	12	11	23
2022 December	24	13	37
2022 November	37	8	45
2022 October	25	13	38
2022 September	6	8	14
2022 August	13	6	19
2022 July	7	11	18
2022 June	12	16	28

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