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Carpogenic germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerotia in Brassica oleracea var gemmifera (VN: Brussels sprouts) in North Patagonia, Argentina
Germinación carpogénica de esclerocios de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum en Brassica oleracea var gemmifera (VN: Brussels sprouts) en Patagonia Norte, Argentina
a Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro
b Centro de Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAC) CONICET – Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue (IBAC), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina
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Rodríguez, Leticia A. Fernández, Marina L. Díaz, Cristian A. Gallo, Miguel Corona, Jay D. Evans, Francisco J. Reynaldi" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María A." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Leticia A." "apellidos" => "Fernández" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marina L." "apellidos" => "Díaz" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cristian A." "apellidos" => "Gallo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miguel" "apellidos" => "Corona" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jay D." "apellidos" => "Evans" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco J." "apellidos" => "Reynaldi" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microbial community composition of beverage and grain of Argentinian water kefir were significantly different.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The beverage of the water kefir showed higher level of microbial alpha diversity.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Water kefir may be an innovative source of probiotic strains for bee nutrition.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754124000026?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005600000002/v1_202406240441/S0325754124000026/v1_202406240441/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0325754124000038" "issn" => "03257541" "doi" => "10.1016/j.ram.2023.10.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-04-01" "aid" => "575" "copyright" => "Asociación Argentina de Microbiología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Rev Argent Microbiol. 2024;56:175-86" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Transcriptional study of genes involved in the passage from teliospore to hyphae stage in the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thecaphora frezii</span>, the causal agent of peanut smut" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:3 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "en" 2 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "175" "paginaFinal" => "186" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Estudio transcripcional de genes que participan en el pasaje del estadio de teliospora a hifa en el hongo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thecaphora frezii</span>, agente causal del carbón del maní" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1361 "Ancho" => 1681 "Tamanyo" => 138962 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Functional gene categorization (%). (1) Cell cycle and DNA processing (CCDP); (2) cell fate (CF); (3) cell rescue, defense and virulence (CRDV); (4) detoxification involving CYP450 (DIC); (5) energy (EN); (6) interaction of nutrients and nutritional adaptation (INNA); (7) metabolism (ME); (8) protein with binding function or cofactor requirement (PBF); (9) stress, cell differentiation and biogenesis of cellular components (SDBCC); (10) transport and cellular communication (TCC); (11) transcription (TPF); (12) unclassified (UNCL) proteins and (13) implicated in several metabolic pathways (SW).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "María S. Díaz, Néstor W. Soria, Ana C. Figueroa, Pablo Yang, Esteban H. Badariotti, Valeria R. Alasino, Pablo Vélez, Dante M. Beltramo" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María S." "apellidos" => "Díaz" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Néstor W." "apellidos" => "Soria" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana C." "apellidos" => "Figueroa" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pablo" "apellidos" => "Yang" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Esteban H." "apellidos" => "Badariotti" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Valeria R." "apellidos" => "Alasino" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pablo" "apellidos" => "Vélez" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dante M." "apellidos" => "Beltramo" ] ] ] ] "resumen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "clase" => "author-highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The transition of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thecaphora frezii</span> from teliospore to hyphae is important in the life cycle.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of RNAseq data made possible to observe genes up and down-regulated in fungal transition.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differential gene expressions can contribute to understand <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thecaphora frezii</span> biology.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0325754124000038?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03257541/0000005600000002/v1_202406240441/S0325754124000038/v1_202406240441/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Informe breve</span>" "titulo" => "Carpogenic germination of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</span> sclerotia in Brassica oleracea var gemmifera (VN: Brussels sprouts) in North Patagonia, Argentina" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "187" "paginaFinal" => "190" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A.G. Scarso, M.C. Sosa, M.J. Ousset, M.C. Lutz" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A.G." "apellidos" => "Scarso" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.C." "apellidos" => "Sosa" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M.J." "apellidos" => "Ousset" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "M.C." "apellidos" => "Lutz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "m.cec.lutz@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro de Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue (CITAC) CONICET – Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue (IBAC), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Germinación carpogénica de esclerocios de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</span> en Brassica oleracea var gemmifera (VN: Brussels sprouts) en Patagonia Norte, Argentina" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2264 "Ancho" => 1505 "Tamanyo" => 893415 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Brussels sprouts field affected by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> (a). Plants showing aerial-apical (a) and basal stem (b) infections. Sclerotia on the ground (c). Sclerotia germinated in apothecia in soil (d). Asci with eight ascospores and paraphyses formed in the apothecium (e). Sclerotia development on PDA in a Petri plate after 7-d incubation (f).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Brussels sprouts are a winter crop widely cultivated in the horticultural belt of North Patagonia, Argentina. In August 2018, in Vista Alegre, Neuquén, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera</span> plants showed characteristic symptoms of white mold/rot, mainly in aerial-apical sprouts (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The field incidence of aerial infections was 23.3%, while the incidence of basal infections was 2.3% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1925 plants).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aerial and basal symptoms consisted of brown, soft, watery lesions with the presence of abundant white, cottony mycelium. Subsequently, sprouts exhibited abundant black sclerotia, and outer leaves turned yellow and wilted. In addition, plants with basal stem infections showed weakened leaves and neck rot near ground level (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1a-c</a>).</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In soil from areas with the highest humidity and shade conditions, sclerotia germinated to produce stipitate, pale brown, cup-shaped apothecia (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1d</a>). Each sclerotium produced multiple (3 to 8) apothecia of 2-5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter, with asci of 98-166 x 5-13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm and ascospores of 9.5-14 x 3.6-8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1e-f</a>). These morphological characteristics were similar to those reported by Domsch<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and Ellis and Ellis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungal isolation was performed from tissue pieces from the lower stem (basal infection) and apical sprouts (aerial infection). Samples were superficially sterilized and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C in the dark, colonies of white cottony mycelium developed, and after 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, black sclerotia (1-40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) formed on the Petri plate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1f</a>). All fungal isolates (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16) reached confluence within 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with a count of 20-25 sclerotia/plate after 216<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. Based on cultural and morphological characteristics, the fungus was confirmed to be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.</span></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three representative isolates, two from apical sprouts (SS1 and SS2) and one from the basal stem (SS3), were selected for molecular identification. To this end, we amplified segments of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, using ITS1/ITS4 primers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>, and of the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1α) gene, using EF-728F/EF-986R primers<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. The MegaBLAST analysis revealed a sequence identity ranging from 99.60%-100% for ITS fragments (GenBank KF 859933.1) and 99.00%-99.32% identity for TEF-1α sequences (GenBank AF 040087.1) against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> sequence data. Sequences were deposited in GenBank under accessions MK527225, MK527226, and MK527227 (ITS), and MK537342, MK537343, and MK537344 (TEF-1α).</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating Brussels sprouts in pots with mycelium disks (3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) from young colonies of each isolate (5 days old on PDA), followed by a 5-day incubation in polyethylene bags (25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C +/- 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 75%-80% RH). Five fungal isolate replicates were tested. Five days after inoculation, aerial white mycelium developed on the inoculated tissues, showing symptoms identical to those observed in the field. Re-isolation of the causative agent was done by transferring tissue pieces taken from symptomatic advance zones onto PDA, where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> colonies reappeared after incubation at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 96<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. Meanwhile, ascosporic infections were confirmed in the field under natural conditions, with symptoms originating in the upper part of the plants (∼0.7 m from soil level) and the colonization of the pathogen progressing downwards.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The life cycle of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> depends on its infection mode, which is related to the type of sclerotium germination<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>. In our region, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> is a common pathogen of horticultural crops such as lettuce, tomato, carrot, and celery (unpublished data) that typically produces basal infections via myceliogenic germination from sclerotia. Although myceliogenic germination is more commonly associated with the small sclerotia of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sclerotinia minor</span> rather than those of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>, through this infectious pattern the latter pathogen causes important losses in canola (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brassica napus</span>), carrot, and sunflower fields worldwide<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,12</span></a>. Carpogenic germination of sclerotia to produce apothecia requires permissive environmental conditions, primarily influenced by the temperature at which the sclerotia are formed, as well as light and water availability<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,7,10</span></a>. In our region, it is possible that the unusual agro-climatological conditions observed in recent years during the winter-spring seasons (wide temperature ranges, high rainfall intensity, excessive watering and soil waterlogging) favored the carpogenic development of the pathogen.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Upon carpogenic germination, the inoculum potential increases significantly and with it the risk of aerial infections; this mainly occurs at the end of the crop cycle, leading to substantial production and economic losses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>. Prompted by changes in relative humidity or physical disturbance of the apothecium, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> releases ascospores by ‘puffing’, i.e. the simultaneous and forceful discharge of large numbers of asci<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>. Under optimal field conditions, ascospores can thus be released continuously, at a rate of 1600 spores/h, for more than 10 days, and some can be carried several kilometers on wind currents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,9</span></a>. This mode of dissemination hampers control strategies in the productive systems of the region, which are characterized by small-scale horticultural orchards with different species susceptible to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> rot. Thus, it is crucial to closely monitor early signs of infection to implement adequate preventive and integrative control practices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To our knowledge, this is the first report of carpogenic germination of sclerotia from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera</span> in the Alto Valle de Rio Negro and Neuquen, Argentina. These data underscore an alternative form of dissemination for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sclerotiorum</span> that might significantly increase the incidence of the disease in various horticultural crops of economic significance. Therefore, meiotic sporulation (ascospore production) and subsequent aerial dissemination must be considered in the implementation of control methods for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">sclerotiorum</span> rot.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Credit author statement</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Scarso Ana Gabriela:</span> Investigation, Formal analysis. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Sosa Maria Cristina</span>: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft; Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision, <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Ousset María Julia</span>: Data Curation, Formal analysis. <span class="elsevierStyleBold">Lutz María Cecilia</span>: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Funding source</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research has not received any specific grants from agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors state that they have no conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2169779" "titulo" => "Highlights" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2169777" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1839921" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2169778" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1839922" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Credit author statement" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Funding source" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2023-07-25" "fechaAceptado" => "2023-12-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1839921" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "White mold" 1 => "Sexual phase" 2 => "Ascospores" 3 => "Aerial-apical rot" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1839922" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Moho blanco" 1 => "Fase sexual" 2 => "Ascosporas" 3 => "Podredumbre aérea – apical" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "highlights" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Highlights" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">•</span></span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First report of the sexual phase of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</span> in Patagonia - Argentina.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">High incidence of ascosporic infections.</p></li></ul></p></span>" ] "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In August 2018, symptoms of apical and basal rot resembling those caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</span> infection were observed in a commercial Brussels sprouts field in North Patagonia, Argentina. The incidence of apical and basal rot was 23.30% and 2.30%, respectively. Carpogenic germination of sclerotia was detected in shaded, highly humid soil areas. To our knowledge, this is the first report of carpogenic germination of sclerotia from S<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">. sclerotiorum</span> in North Patagonia.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En agosto de 2018, se observaron síntomas de podredumbre basal y apical similares a los producidos por la infección por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</span> en un cultivo comercial de repollitos de Bruselas de la Patagonia Norte, en Argentina. La incidencia de podredumbre apical y basal fue del 23,30% y 2,30%, respectivamente. Se detectó la germinación carpogénica de esclerocios en áreas de suelos sombreados y muy húmedos. De acuerdo con nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer reporte de la germinación carpogénica de esclerocios de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> en la Patagonia Norte.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2264 "Ancho" => 1505 "Tamanyo" => 893415 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Brussels sprouts field affected by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. sclerotiorum</span> (a). Plants showing aerial-apical (a) and basal stem (b) infections. Sclerotia on the ground (c). Sclerotia germinated in apothecia in soil (d). Asci with eight ascospores and paraphyses formed in the apothecium (e). Sclerotia development on PDA in a Petri plate after 7-d incubation (f).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A Method for Designing Primer Sets for Speciation Studies in Filamentous Ascomycetes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "I. Carbone" 1 => "L. 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