covid
Buscar en
Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología
Toda la web
Inicio Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología Tendencias actuales en el manejo preoperatorio de pacientes anticoagulados con w...
Journal Information
Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 52-59 (January - March 2012)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 52-59 (January - March 2012)
Open Access
Tendencias actuales en el manejo preoperatorio de pacientes anticoagulados con warfarina
Current trends in the preoperative management of patients receiving warfarin for anticoagulation
Visits
24364
Iván Mauricio Alvarado Arteaga
Corresponding author
alvaradoivancolombia@yahoo.com

Autor para correspondencia: Carrera 77 # 19 - 35, int. 2 apto. 702, Bogotá, Colombia.
Anestesiólogo, Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio. Profesor ad honórem, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
Related content
Iván Mauricio Alvarado Arteaga
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
Resumen
Introducción

El manejo de la anticoagulación perioperatoria en pacientes tratados crónicamente con warfarina y programados para procedimientos invasivos, electivos y urgentes es un problema clínico frecuente y de difícil manejo. La ausencia de esquemas de manejo claros y el uso indiscriminado de remplazo transitorio con heparina no fraccionada genera demoras, sobrecostos y días de hospitalización innecesarios.

Objetivos

Revisar las tendencias actuales y evidencia que las soporta, concerniente al remplazo transitorio de la anticoagulación en el preoperatorio (“puenteo”), con énfasis en el uso de heparinas de bajo peso molecular, de manera ambulatoria.

Metodología

Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed de las guías de manejo basadas en la evidencia, consensos de expertos y estudios originales al respecto.

Resultados

Se identificaron tres guías de práctica clínica, basadas en la evidencia y múltiples revisiones narrativas por expertos, cuatro de ellas recientes. Los estudios clínicos encontrados en ámbito quirúrgico, son puramente observacionales. Existen estudios comparativos, pero en escenarios no quirúrgicos.

Discusión

La evidencia respecto al manejo es limitada y las guías por consenso de expertos son inconsistentes.

Conclusiones

Existe evidencia sugestiva, aunque no concluyente, que soporta la utilidad de las heparinas de bajo peso molecular; en el remplazo transitorio y ambulatorio de la anticoagulación en el preoperatorio (“puenteo”). Se necesitan estudios comparativos, bien diseñados, realizados en el ámbito perioperatorio. Con base en la información disponible, se proponen algunos lineamientos con respecto al manejo de anticoagulación en casos electivos y urgentes, expresándolos gráficamente en un algoritmo novedoso y sencillo.

Palabras clave:
Periodo perioperatorio
Anticoagulantes
Heparina
Trombosis
Abstract
Introduction

The perioperative management of patients receiving chronic treatment with warfarin and scheduled for invasive, elective or emergency procedures is a difficult and frequently arising problem in clinical practice. The lack of clear management guidelines and the indiscriminate use of the temporary replacement with unfractionated heparin creates delays, increases costs and unnecessarily prolongs the length of hospital stay.

Objectives

To review current trends and their supporting evidence of temporary replacement (“bridging”) during the pre-operative period, emphasizing the use of low-molecular-weight heparins on an outpatient basis.

Methodology

PubMed search of evidence-based management guidelines, expert consensus and original trials.

Results

Three evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, together with multiple narrative expert reviews, four of them recently published, were identified. Clinical trials found in the surgical setting were purely observational. Although there are comparative studies, none of them apply to the surgical setting.

Discussion

Management evidence is limited and expert consensus guidelines are inconsistent.

Conclusions

There is suggestive, though non-conclusive evidence supporting the use of low-molecular-weight heparins for temporary replacement (“bridging”) of pre-operative anticoagulation on an outpatient basis. There is a need to conduct well-designed comparative studies in the perioperative setting. Guidelines for anticoagulation management in elective and emergency cases are proposed on the basis of the information available, expressed in the form of a simple and innovative graphic algorithm applicable to the Colombian situation.

Keywords:
Perioperative period
Anticoagulants
Heparin
Thrombosis
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Referencias
[1.]
Bevan F, Brookes M, Colebrook R, et al. The assumptions used in estimating a benchmark rate of population requiring anticoagulation therapy per year. National institute for Health and Clinical Excellence [internet]. 2010 [citado: 10 de febrero del 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.nice.org.uk/usingguidance/commissioningguides/anticoagulationtherapyservice/popbench.jsp.
[2.]
J. Friberg, G.H. Gislason, N. Gadsbøll, et al.
Temporal trends in the prescription of vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation.
J Intern Med., 259 (2006), pp. 173-178
[3.]
R. McKenna.
Abnormal coagulation in the postoperative period contributing to excessive bleeding.
Med Clin North Am., 85 (2001), pp. 1277-1310
[4.]
L.A. Linkins, P.T. Choi, J.D. Douketis.
Clinical impact of bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis.
Ann Intern Med, 139 (2003), pp. 893-900
[5.]
A.S. Dunn, A.G. Turpie.
Perioperative management of patients receiving oral anticoagulants: a systematic review.
Arch Intern Med, 163 (2003), pp. 901-908
[6.]
D.J. Gladstone, E. Bui, J. Fang, et al.
Potentially preventable strokes in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation who are not adequately anticoagulated.
[7.]
P.G. Rincón.
Anticoagulación y anestesia, caso clínico.
Rev Colomb Anestesiol., 15 (1987), pp. 291-296
[8.]
W. Valencia, J.S. Husbands.
Tromboembolismo venoso postoperatorio: grave riesgo prevenible.
Rev Colomb Anestesiol, 38 (2010), pp. 499-507
[9.]
J.D. Douketis, P.B. Berger, A.S. Dunn, et al.
The perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition).
Chest, 133 (2008), pp. S299-S339
[10.]
A.C. Spyropoulos, J.D. Douketis.
Guidelines for antithrombotic therapy: periprocedural management of antithrombotic therapy and use of bridging anticoagulation.
Int Angiol, 27 (2008), pp. 333-343
[11.]
R.O. Bonow, B.A. Carabello, K. Chatterjee, et al.
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 52 (2008), pp. 1-142
[12.]
A.C. Spyropoulos.
To bridge or not to bridge: that is the question The argument FOR bridging therapy in patients on oral anticoagulants requiring temporary interruption for elective procedures.
J Thromb Thrombolysis, 29 (2010), pp. 192-198
[13.]
M.R. Jaff.
Chronically anticoagulated patients who need surgery: can low-molecular-weight heparins really be used to “bridge” patients instead of intravenous unfractionated heparin?.
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 74 (2009), pp. S17-S21
[14.]
J.D. Douketis, E. Bakhsh.
Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy.
Pol Arch Med Wewn, 118 (2008), pp. 201-208
[15.]
M. O’Donnell, C. Kearon.
Perioperative management of oral anticoagulation.
Cardiol Clin, 26 (2008), pp. 299-309
[16.]
J.D. Douketis, J.A. Johnson, A.G. Turpie.
Low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging anticoagulation during interruption of warfarin: assessment of a standardized periprocedural anticoagulation regimen.
Arch Intern Med, 164 (2004), pp. 1319-1326
[17.]
A.H. Jeske, G.D. Suchko.
Lack of a scientific basis for routine discontinuation of oral anticoagulation therapy before dental treatment.
J Am Dent Assoc, 134 (2003), pp. 1492-1497
[18.]
C. Bacci, M. Maglione, L. Favero, et al.
Management of dental extraction in patients undergoing anticoagulant treatment Results from a large, multicentre, prospective, case-control study.
Thromb Haemost, 104 (2010), pp. 972-975
[19.]
G.M. Eisen, T.H. Baron, J.A. Dominitz, et al.
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Guideline on the management of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for endoscopic procedures.
Gastrointest Endosc, 55 (2002), pp. 775-779
[20.]
D.R. Hirschman, L.J. Morby.
A study of the safety of continued anticoagulation for cataract surgery patients.
[21.]
J. Katz, M.A. Feldman, E.B. Bass, et al.
Study of Medical Testing for Cataract Surgery Team. Risks and benefits of anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication use before cataract surgery.
Ophthalmology, 110 (2003), pp. 1784-1788
[22.]
H. Kallio, M. Paloheimo, E.L. Maunuksela.
Haemorrhage and risk factors associated with retrobulbar/peribulbar block: a prospective study in 1383 patients.
Br J Anaesth, 85 (2000), pp. 708-711
[23.]
T.T. Horlocker, D.J. Wedel, J.C. Rowlingson, et al.
Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition).
Reg Anesth Pain Med, 35 (2010), pp. 64-101
[24.]
S. Syed, B.B. Adams, W. Liao, et al.
A prospective assessment of bleeding and international normalized ratio in warfarin-anticoagulated patients having cutaneous surgery.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 51 (2004), pp. 955-957
[25.]
D. Sorbi, I. Norton, M. Conio, et al.
Postpolypectomy lower GI bleeding: descriptive analysis.
Gastrointest Endosc, 51 (2000), pp. 690-696
[26.]
C.U. Ihezue, J. Smart, K.C. Dewbury, et al.
Biopsy of the prostate guided by transrectal ultrasound: relation between warfarin use and incidence of bleeding complications.
Clin Radiol, 60 (2005), pp. 459-463
[27.]
U.K. Wiegand, D. LeJeune, F. Boguschewski, et al.
Pocket hematoma after pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator surgery: influence of patient morbidity, operation strategy, and perioperative antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy.
Chest, 126 (2004), pp. 1177-1186
[28.]
P. Couillard, A.Y. Poppe, S.B. Coutts.
Predicting recurrent stroke after minor stroke and transient ischemic attack.
Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 7 (2009), pp. 1273-1281
[29.]
B.F. Gage, A.D. Waterman, W. Shannon, et al.
Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation.
JAMA, 285 (2001), pp. 2864-2870
[30.]
D.N. Salem, P.D. Stein, A. Al-Ahmad, et al.
Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease--native and prosthetic: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy.
Chest, 126 (2004), pp. S457-S482
[31.]
J.A. Heit, D.N. Mohr, M.D. Silverstein, et al.
Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population- based cohort study.
Arch Intern Med, 160 (2000), pp. 761-768
[32.]
H.R. Büller, G. Agnelli, R.D. Hull, et al.
Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy.
Chest, 126 (2004), pp. S401-S428
[33.]
W.T. Longstreth Jr., C. Bernick, A. Fitzpatrick, et al.
Frequency and predictors of stroke death in 5,888 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study.
Neurology, 56 (2001), pp. 368-375
[34.]
C. Hermans, D. Claeys.
Review of the rebound phenomenon in new anticoagulant treatments.
Curr Med Res Opin, 22 (2006), pp. 471-481
[35.]
C. Kearon, J. Hirsh.
Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery.
N Engl J Med, 336 (1997), pp. 1506-1511
[36.]
A.S. Dunn, J. Wisnivesky, W. Ho, et al.
Perioperative management of patients on oral anticoagulants: a decision analysis.
Med Decis Making, 25 (2005), pp. 387-397
[37.]
C.L. Hann, M.B. Streiff.
The role of vena caval filters in the management of venous thromboembolism.
Blood Rev, 19 (2005), pp. 179-202
[38.]
M.G. Bousser, J. Bouthier, Amadeus Investigators, et al.
Comparison of idraparinux with vitamin K antagonists for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.
[39.]
M.A. Kalafut, R. Gandhi, C.S. Kidwell, et al.
Safety and cost of lowmolecular- weight heparin as bridging anticoagulant therapy in subacute cerebral ischemia.
Stroke, 31 (2000), pp. 2563-2568
[40.]
Y. Shapira, A. Sagie, A. Battler.
Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of patients with mechanical heart valves.
Clin Cardiol, 25 (2002), pp. 323-327
[41.]
Ortel TL, Hasselblad V. A double blind randomized control trial of post-operative low molecular weight heparin bridging therapy versus placebo bridging therapy for patients who are at high risk for arterial thromboembolism (PERIOP-2). Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [internet]. 2011 [citado: 10 de febrero de 2011]. Disponible en: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00432796?term=periop&rank=1
[42.]
Ortel TL, Hasselblad V. Effectiveness of bridging anticoagulation for surgery (The BRIDGE Study). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) [internet]. 2009 [citado: 10 de febrero de 2011]. Disponible en: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00786474?term=bridge&rank=26
[43.]
A.C. Spyropoulos, A.G. Turpie, A.S. Dunn, et al.
Clinical outcomes with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin as bridging therapy in patients on long-term oral anticoagulants: the REGIMEN registry.
J Thromb Haemost, 4 (2006), pp. 1246-1252
[44.]
A.C. Spyropoulos, A.G. Turpie, A.S. Dunn, et al.
Perioperative bridging therapy with unfractionated heparin or low-molecularweight heparin in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves on long-term oral anticoagulants (from the REGIMEN Registry).
Am J Cardiol, 102 (2008), pp. 883-889
[45.]
J. Ansell, J. Hirsh, E. Hylek, et al.
American College of Chest Physicians. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition).
Chest, 133 (2008), pp. S160-S198
[46.]
E.M. Hylek, S. Regan, A.S. Go, et al.
Clinical predictors of prolonged delay in return of the international normalized ratio to within the therapeutic range after excessive anticoagulation with warfarin.
Ann Intern Med, 135 (2001), pp. 393-400
[47.]
F. Couturaud, J.A. Julian, C. Kearon.
Low molecular weight heparin administered once versus twice daily in patients with venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis.
Thromb Haemost, 86 (2001), pp. 980-984
[48.]
K. Woods, J.D. Douketis, K. Kathirgamanathan, et al.
Low-dose oral vitamin K to normalize the international normalized ratio prior to surgery in patients who require temporary interruption of warfarin.
J Thromb Thrombolysis, 24 (2007), pp. 93-97
[49.]
A. Lubetsky, H. Yonath, D. Olchovsky, et al.
Comparison of oral vs intravenous phytonadione (vitamin K1) in patients with excessive anticoagulation: a prospective randomized controlled study.
Arch Intern Med, 163 (2003), pp. 2469-2473
[50.]
R.K. Spence.
Clinical use of plasma and plasma fractions.
Best Pract Res Clin Haematol, 19 (2006), pp. 83-96
[51.]
C.A. Leissinger, P.M. Blatt, W.K. Hoots, et al.
Role of prothrombin complex concentrates in reversing warfarin anticoagulation: a review of the literature.
Am J Hematol, 83 (2008), pp. 137-143
[52.]
R. Demeyere, S. Gillardin, J. Arnout, et al.
Comparison of fresh frozen plasma and prothrombin complex concentrate for the reversal of oral anticoagulants in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: a randomized study.
Copyright © 2012. Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación
Download PDF
Article options