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Inicio Revista Colombiana de Anestesiología Tendencias actuales en el manejo preoperatorio de pacientes anticoagulados con w...
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Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 52-59 (January - March 2012)
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Vol. 40. Issue 1.
Pages 52-59 (January - March 2012)
Open Access
Tendencias actuales en el manejo preoperatorio de pacientes anticoagulados con warfarina
Current trends in the preoperative management of patients receiving warfarin for anticoagulation
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Iván Mauricio Alvarado Arteaga
Corresponding author
alvaradoivancolombia@yahoo.com

Autor para correspondencia: Carrera 77 # 19 - 35, int. 2 apto. 702, Bogotá, Colombia.
Anestesiólogo, Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio. Profesor ad honórem, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
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Iván Mauricio Alvarado Arteaga
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Resumen
Introducción

El manejo de la anticoagulación perioperatoria en pacientes tratados crónicamente con warfarina y programados para procedimientos invasivos, electivos y urgentes es un problema clínico frecuente y de difícil manejo. La ausencia de esquemas de manejo claros y el uso indiscriminado de remplazo transitorio con heparina no fraccionada genera demoras, sobrecostos y días de hospitalización innecesarios.

Objetivos

Revisar las tendencias actuales y evidencia que las soporta, concerniente al remplazo transitorio de la anticoagulación en el preoperatorio (“puenteo”), con énfasis en el uso de heparinas de bajo peso molecular, de manera ambulatoria.

Metodología

Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed de las guías de manejo basadas en la evidencia, consensos de expertos y estudios originales al respecto.

Resultados

Se identificaron tres guías de práctica clínica, basadas en la evidencia y múltiples revisiones narrativas por expertos, cuatro de ellas recientes. Los estudios clínicos encontrados en ámbito quirúrgico, son puramente observacionales. Existen estudios comparativos, pero en escenarios no quirúrgicos.

Discusión

La evidencia respecto al manejo es limitada y las guías por consenso de expertos son inconsistentes.

Conclusiones

Existe evidencia sugestiva, aunque no concluyente, que soporta la utilidad de las heparinas de bajo peso molecular; en el remplazo transitorio y ambulatorio de la anticoagulación en el preoperatorio (“puenteo”). Se necesitan estudios comparativos, bien diseñados, realizados en el ámbito perioperatorio. Con base en la información disponible, se proponen algunos lineamientos con respecto al manejo de anticoagulación en casos electivos y urgentes, expresándolos gráficamente en un algoritmo novedoso y sencillo.

Palabras clave:
Periodo perioperatorio
Anticoagulantes
Heparina
Trombosis
Abstract
Introduction

The perioperative management of patients receiving chronic treatment with warfarin and scheduled for invasive, elective or emergency procedures is a difficult and frequently arising problem in clinical practice. The lack of clear management guidelines and the indiscriminate use of the temporary replacement with unfractionated heparin creates delays, increases costs and unnecessarily prolongs the length of hospital stay.

Objectives

To review current trends and their supporting evidence of temporary replacement (“bridging”) during the pre-operative period, emphasizing the use of low-molecular-weight heparins on an outpatient basis.

Methodology

PubMed search of evidence-based management guidelines, expert consensus and original trials.

Results

Three evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, together with multiple narrative expert reviews, four of them recently published, were identified. Clinical trials found in the surgical setting were purely observational. Although there are comparative studies, none of them apply to the surgical setting.

Discussion

Management evidence is limited and expert consensus guidelines are inconsistent.

Conclusions

There is suggestive, though non-conclusive evidence supporting the use of low-molecular-weight heparins for temporary replacement (“bridging”) of pre-operative anticoagulation on an outpatient basis. There is a need to conduct well-designed comparative studies in the perioperative setting. Guidelines for anticoagulation management in elective and emergency cases are proposed on the basis of the information available, expressed in the form of a simple and innovative graphic algorithm applicable to the Colombian situation.

Keywords:
Perioperative period
Anticoagulants
Heparin
Thrombosis
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