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La aterosclerosis es el resultado de la alteración en la función del endotelio arterial, desencadenada por la exposición continua de este tejido a fenómenos circulatorios turbulentos. La presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular promueve la sobre-expresión de moléculas proinflamatorias que inician la cascada inflamatoria al interior del vaso. Una vez las células inmunes, como monocitos y macrófagos, ingresan a la arteria, se inicia una serie de eventos que incluye la internalización de partículas lipídicas en el macrófago y la formación de las células espumosas y estrías grasas. Posteriormente, la respuesta inflamatoria se agudiza y continúa la formación del núcleo lipídico y el desarrollo de la placa de ateroma. El proceso inflamatorio modula la sobre-expresión de mecanismos protrombóticos que actúan en respuesta a la ruptura o erosión de la placa aterosclerótica y desencadena eventos trombóticos o embólicos. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar evidencia acerca de los mecanismos celulares y moleculares involucrados en los procesos de disfunción endotelial, inflamación y trombosis que subyacen el inicio y la progresión de la aterosclerosis.
Palabras clave:
radicales libres
endotelio
inflamación
coagulación
aterosclerosis
enfermedad cardiovascular
Atherosclerosis results from an altered arterial endothelial function, triggered by the continuous exposure of this tissue to turbulent circulatory phenomena. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors promotes the overexpression of proinflammatory molecules that initiate the inflammatory cascade within the vessel. Once immune cells such as monocytes and macrophages have entered the artery, these initiate a series of events that include the internalization of lipid particles in the macrophage and the formation of foam cells and fatty streaks. Subsequently, the inflammatory response is exacerbated and the lipid core formation and development of atheromatous plaque continues. The inflammatory process modulates the overexpression of prothrombotic mechanisms that act in response to the rupture or erosion of the atherosclerotic plaque and triggers thrombotic or embolic events. The aim of this review is to present evidence about the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the processes of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and thrombosis that underlie the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
Key words:
oxidative stress
endothelial dysfunction
inflammation
coagulation
atherosclerosis
cardiovascular disease
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