Efecto ansiolítico de la musicoterapia: aspectos neurobiológicos y cognoscitivos del procesamiento musical

Article information

Resumen

Introducción

La música está presente en todas las culturas y nos acompaña desde los albores de la historia de la humanidad. Desde tiempos ancestrales se le ha atribuido un efecto relajante y curativo, que es evidente en los rituales de sanación mediante cantos, danzas e interpretación de instrumentos. Hoy en día, con el avance de las neurociencias y las técnicas imaginológicas, ha sido posible acercarse a los complejos mecanismos que subyacen al procesamiento musical.

Objetivos

1) Revisar y discutir los mecanismos de procesamiento neurobiológico y cognoscitivo de la música y 2) Comprender los beneficios del efecto ansiolítico de la música en diferentes entidades clínicas y contextos médicos.

Método

Revisión narrativa de la literatura médica.

Desarrollo y conclusión

El efecto ansiolítico de la musicoterapia está determinado por mecanismos complejos de procesamiento musical inscritos en la especie humana. La activación de memorias asociativas y el análisis de la expresión emocional, ligados a la percepción tonal y temporal del módulo de procesamiento musical, son los principales componentes cognoscitivos involucrados en el efecto relajante mediado por la música. La exposición musical desencadena mecanismos neuroprotectores, al promover la expresión de neurotrofinas. La música, por lo tanto, es una excelente y económica herramienta terapéutica, fácil de usar, accesible, con nulos efectos adversos y que puede utilizarse como coadyuvante en varias entidades nosológicas.

Palabras clave:

musicoterapia

neurobiología

relajación

procesos mentales

Abstract

Introduction

Music is present in all cultures and has been with us from the dawn of human history. Since ancient times music has been attributed a relaxing and healing effect, which becomes evident in healing rituals through chants, dancing, and the interpretation of instruments. With the advancement of neuroscience and imaging techniques, it has become possible to approach the complex mechanisms underlying musical processing.

Objective

To review and discuss the mechanisms of neurobiological and cognitive processing of music. To understand the benefits of the anxiolytic effect of music in diverse clinical conditions and settings.

Method

Narrative review of the literature.

Conclusions

The anxiolytic effect of music therapy is determined by complex mechanisms of musical processing in the human species. The activation of associative memories and the analysis of emotional expression, linked to the tonal and temporal perception of the musical processing module, are the main cognitive components involved in the relaxant effect mediated by music. Music exposure also acts as a neuroprotective agent by promoting the expression of neurotrophins. Music is therefore an excellent and affordable therapeutic tool, easy to use, accessible, and without side effects, which can be used as a coadjuvant in the treatment of several nosological entities.

Key words:

Music therapy

neurobiology

relaxation

mental processes

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