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Inicio Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría Niveles de alcohol en sangre y riesgo de accidentalidad vial: revisión sistemá...
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Vol. 39. Issue S.
Pages 249S-278S (January 2010)
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Vol. 39. Issue S.
Pages 249S-278S (January 2010)
Artículos
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Niveles de alcohol en sangre y riesgo de accidentalidad vial: revisión sistemática de la literatura
Concentrations of Alcohol in the Blood and Risk of Road Accidents: A Systematic Review of the Literature
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Álvaro Ruiz1,
Corresponding author
aruiz@javeriana.edu.co

Correspondencia: Álvaro Ruiz, Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7a No. 40–62, Bogotá, Colombia
, Felipe Macías2, Carlos Gómez-Restrepo3, Martín Rondón4, Juan Manuel Lozano5
1 Médico Internista. MSc Epidemiología Clínica. Profesor titular del Departamento de Medicina Interna y Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
2 Médico. MSc Salud Pública. Profesor del Departamento Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, y Director (E) del Departamento de Medicina preventiva y Medicina Familiar. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
3 Médico psiquiatra, MSc Epidemiología Clínica, Psicoanalista, Psiquiatra de Enlace. Director del Departamento Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística y profesor asociado del Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
4 Estadístico. MSc Bioestadística. Profesor asistente del Departamento Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá, Colombia
5 Médico Pediatra. MSc Epidemiología Clínica. Profesor titular. Universidad Internacional de la Florida. Miami, Florida, Estados Unidos
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Resumen
Introducción

La accidentalidad vial debe una importante cuota al alcohol. El alcohol no sólo altera la capacidad para conducir y reaccionar al tráfico, sino que incrementa los riesgos de daños a otros pasajeros y a otros vehículos, los daños en propiedades, las pérdidas en horas laborables, la calidad de vida y las reparaciones.

Método

Revisión sistemática de la literatura para evaluar los estudios descriptivos y experimentales que miden el impacto del consumo, la efectividad de las diferentes medidas de limitación al consumo y las alteraciones producidas por el alcohol en el conductor.

Resultados

Los accidentes de tráfico asociados con el alcohol (ATRA) son la causa aislada más importante de muertes relacionadas con alcohol en muchos países. Cada aumento de 0,02% en las concentraciones de alcohol duplica el riesgo de un accidente fatal. La mayoría de accidentes en Colombia ocurren en áreas urbanas (75%) y el 53,3% de los muertos son peatones. Se ha mostrado que, adicionalmente, la educación tiene un impacto enorme en la prevención de accidentes.

Conclusiones

Para reducir la accidentalidad relacionada con el alcohol es claro que las restricciones legales tienen impacto, así como los programas de educación e información. Debe generalizarse el concepto de alteración en la capacidad para conducir de manera segura y debe pedirse a las autoridades que busquen implementar los conceptos de limitación legal a la conducción bajo efectos del alcohol.

Palabras clave:
consumo de bebidas alcohólicas
accidentes de tránsito
intoxicación alcohólica
Abstract
Introduction

Alcohol consumption plays an important role in road accidents. Alcohol not only alters the ability to drive and react to traffic, but it also increases the driver's risk of injuries and death, the risk of injuries to other passengers and pedestrians, increases damages to other vehicles and properties, quality of life, losses of labor hours.

Method

Systematic review of literature to descriptive and experimental studies were evaluated for impact of alcohol consumption, for effectiveness of different strategies to reduce driving under the influence, and for effects of alcohol on driving performance.

Results

Road accidents associated with driving under the influence are the isolated most important cause of deaths related to alcohol in many countries. For each increase in 0.02% in Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) the risk of a fatal accident duplicates. Most of the accidents in Colombia occur in the cities (75%) and 53.3% of deaths occur in pedestrians. It has been shown that education offers additional benefits.

Conclusions

It is clear now that legal restrictions in the use of alcohol while driving produce reduction in road accidents, even more if accompanied by information and education programs. The knowledge of driving abilities impairment associated with alcohol consumption should be generalized, and the authorities asked to implement legal limits to driving under the effects of alcohol.

Key words:
Alcohol drinking
traffic accidents
alcoholic intoxication
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Conflicto de interés: los autores manifiestan que no tienen ningún conflicto de interés en este artículo.

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