metricas
covid
Buscar en
Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría
Toda la web
Inicio Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría Pathological Gambling: obsessive-compulsive disorder or behavioral addiction?
Journal Information
Vol. 39. Issue S.
Pages 133S-142S (January 2010)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 39. Issue S.
Pages 133S-142S (January 2010)
Artículos
Full text access
Pathological Gambling: obsessive-compulsive disorder or behavioral addiction?
Juego patológico: ¿trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo o conducta adictiva?
Visits
1472
Analucía Alegría1, Silvia Bernardi2, Carlos Blanco3,
Corresponding author
cb255@columbia.edu

Correspondencia: Carlos Blanco, Department of Psychiatry, of the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University
1 B.S. From the Department of Psychiatry of the New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
2 M.D. From the Department of Psychiatry of the New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
3 M.D., Ph.D. From the Department of Psychiatry of the New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Introduction

There has considerable debate about the appropriate conceptualization of pathological gambling (PG) and its place in psychiatric nosology. PG has been hypothesized to represent both an Obsessive-Compulsive spectrum disorder (OCD) and a behavioral addiction, that is an addiction without a drug. Conceptualization of pathological gambling is vital to guide research strategies and the development and testing of effective treatments we will review the existing research supporting the non-pharmacologic addiction model and that supporting the obsessive-compulsive spectrum conceptualization.

Objetive

To review the conceptualization of PG and the aspects associated with the OCD or a behavioral addiction.

Results and Conclusions

Although PG resembles OCD in some domains, the majority of the existing data suggests substantial differences between them. Findings from phenomenology, epidemiology, treatment response, and imaging study appear to support that PG resembles more closely an addiction. Nevertheless, despite the progress over the last decade in understanding addictions, PG, and OCD, existing data are often limited and include methodological concerns that complicate interpretation and comparisons across subject groups.

Key words:
Pathological gambling
treatment
obsesive-compulsive disorder
Resumen
Introducción

Existe un debate considerable acerca de la conceptualización de la ludopatía o juego patológico (JP) y su lugar en la nosología psiquiátrica. Se ha formulado la hipótesis de representarlo tanto como un trastorno del espectro obsesivo-compulsivo como una conducta adictiva, que es una adicción sin drogas. La conceptualización del juego patológico es fundamental para guiar las estrategias de investigación y desarrollo de tratamientos eficaces. En este artículo se revisará la investigación ya existente que apoya el modelo de adicción no farmacológica y la que apoya la conceptualización del espectro del trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo (TOC).

Objetivo

Revisar la conceptualización del JP y los aspectos asociados con el TOC o una adicción de comportamiento.

Resultados y conclusiones

Aunque al parecer el JP tiene rasgos del TOC en algunos dominios, la mayoría de los datos existentes sugieren diferencias sustanciales entre ellos. Los hallazgos de la fenomenología, la epidemiología, la respuesta al tratamiento y estudio por imágenes parecen apoyar que el JP se parece más a una adicción. Sin embargo, a pesar de los progresos en la última década en la comprensión de las adicciones, el JP y el TOC, los datos existentes son a menudo limitados e incluyen deficiencias metodológicas que complican la interpretación y las comparaciones entre grupos de sujetos.

Palabras clave:
juego patológico
tratamiento
trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1]
DA Korn, HJ Shaffer.
Gambling and the health of the public: adopting a public health perspective.
J Gambl Stud, 15 (1999), pp. 289-365
[2]
American Psychiatric.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed., APA, (2000),
[3]
E Hollander, CM Wong.
Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders.
J Clin Psychiatry, 56 Suppl 4 (1995), pp. 3-6
[4]
C Blanco, P Moreyra, EV Nunes, J Sáiz-Ruiz, A Ibáñez.
Pathological gambling: addiction or compulsion?.
Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry, 6 (2001), pp. 167-176
[5]
PI Moreyra, A Ibáñez, J Sáiz-Ruiz, C Blanco.
Categorization.
Pathological Gambling: A clinical guide to treatment, pp. 55-68
[6]
CA Tamminga, EJ Nestler.
Pathological gambling: focusing on the addiction, not the activity.
Am J Psychiatry, 163 (2006), pp. 180-181
[7]
MN Potenza, MA Steinberg, P Skudlarski, RK Fulbright, CM Lacadie, MK Wilber, et al.
Gambling urges in pathological gambling: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60 (2003), pp. 828-836
[8]
E Hollander.
Impulsivity and compulsivity, American Psychiatric, (1996),
[9]
HR Lesieur.
The compulsive gambler's spiral of options and involvement.
Psychiatry, 42 (1979), pp. 79-87
[10]
SA Rasmussen, JL Eisen.
The epidemiology and differential diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry, 53 Suppl (1992), pp. 4-10
[11]
SW Kim, JE Grant.
Personality dimensions in pathological gambling disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Psychiatry Res, 104 (2001), pp. 205-212
[12]
NM Petry, FS Stinson, BF Grant.
Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
J Clin Psychiatry, 66 (2005), pp. 564-574
[13]
MN Potenza.
Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions?.
Addiction, 101 Suppl 1 (2006), pp. 142-151
[14]
MN Potenza, LM Koran, S Pallanti.
The relationship between impulse-control disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a current understanding and future research directions.
Psychiatry Res, 170 (2009), pp. 22-31
[15]
MN Potenza, MA Steinberg, SD McLaughlin, R Wu, BJ Rounsaville, SS O'Malley.
Gender-related differences in the characteristics of problem gamblers using a gambling helpline.
Am J Psychiatry, 158 (2001), pp. 1500-1505
[16]
H Tavares, ML Zilberman, FJ Beites, V Gentil.
Gender differences in gambling progression.
J Gambl Stud, 17 (2001), pp. 151-159
[17]
C Blanco, DS Hasin, N Petry, FS Stinson, BF Grant.
Sex differences in subclinical and DSM-IV pathological gambling: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
Psychol Med, 36 (2006), pp. 943-953
[18]
A Blaszczynski, Z Steel, N McConaghy.
Impulsivity in pathological gambling: the antisocial impulsivist.
Addiction, 92 (1997), pp. 75-87
[19]
C Blanco, MN Potenza, SW Kim, A Ibáñez, R Zaninelli, J Sáiz-Ruiz, et al.
A pilot study of impulsivity and compulsivity in pathological gambling.
Psychiatry Res, 167 (2009), pp. 161-168
[20]
GE Anholt, PM Emmelkamp, DC Cath, P van Oppen, H Nelissen, JH Smit.
Do patients with OCD and pathological gambling have similar dysfunctional cognitions?.
Behav Res Ther, 42 (2004), pp. 529-537
[21]
RC Bland, SC Newman, H Orn, G Stebelsky.
Epidemiology of pathological gambling in Edmonton.
Can J Psychiatry, 38 (1993), pp. 108-112
[22]
RD Linden, HG Pope Jr., JM Jonas.
Pathological gambling and major affective disorder: preliminary findings.
J Clin Psychiatry, 47 (1986), pp. 201-203
[23]
RM Cunningham-Williams, LB Cottler, WM Compton 3rd, EL Spitznagel.
Taking chances: problem gamblers and mental health disorders–results from the St. Louis Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study.
Am J Public Health, 88 (1998), pp. 1093-1096
[24]
E Hollander.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: the hidden epidemic.
J Clin Psychiatry, 58 Suppl 12 (1997), pp. 3-6
[25]
DW Black, RB Goldstein, R Noyes Jr, N Blum.
Compulsive behaviors and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): lack of a relationship between OCD, eating disorders, and gambling.
Compr Psychiatry, 35 (1994), pp. 145-148
[26]
OJ Bienvenu, JF Samuels, MA Riddle, R Hoehn-Saric, KY Liang, BA Cullen, et al.
The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study.
Biol Psychiatry, 48 (2000), pp. 287-293
[27]
LF Ramírez, RA McCormick, AM Russo, JI Taber.
Patterns of substance abuse in pathological gamblers undergoing treatment.
Addict Behav, 8 (1983), pp. 425-428
[28]
A Roy, R Custer, V Lorenz, M Linnoila.
Depressed pathological gamblers.
Acta Psychiatr Scand, 77 (1988), pp. 163-165
[29]
NM Petry, T Casarella.
Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems.
Drug Alcohol Depend, 56 (1999), pp. 25-32
[30]
P Cavedini, G Riboldi, A D'Annucci, P Belotti, M Cisima, L Bellodi.
Decision-making heterogeneity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: ventromedial prefrontal cortex function predicts different treatment outcomes.
Neurop-sychologia, 40 (2002), pp. 205-211
[31]
P Cavedini, G Riboldi, R Keller, A D'Annucci, L Bellodi.
Frontal lobe dysfunction in pathological gambling patients.
Biol Psychiatry, 51 (2002), pp. 334-341
[32]
A Bechara.
«Risky business: emotion, decision-making, and addiction».
J Gambl Stud, 19 (2003), pp. 23-51
[33]
AE Goudriaan, J Oosterlaan, E de Beurs, W van den Brink.
Neurocognitive functions in pathological gambling: a comparison with alcohol dependence, Tourette syndrome and normal controls.
Addiction, 101 (2006), pp. 534-547
[34]
DE Comings, RJ Rosenthal, HR Lesieur, LJ Rugle, D Muhleman, C Chiu, et al.
A study of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in pathological gambling.
Pharmacogenetics, 6 (1996), pp. 223-234
[35]
A Ibáñez, I Perez de Castro, J Fernandez-Piqueras, C Blanco, J Sáiz-Ruiz.
Pathological gambling and DNA polymorphic markers at MAO-A and MAO-B genes.
Mol Psychiatry, 5 (2005), pp. 105-109
[36]
R Rodríguez-Jiménez, C Avila, G Ponce, MI Ibáñez, G Rubio, MA Jiménez-Arriero.
The TaqIA polymorphism linked to the DRD2 gene is related to lower attention and less inhibitory control in alcoholic patients.
Eur Psychiatry, 21 (2006), pp. 66-69
[37]
DS Lobo, JL Kennedy.
Genetic aspects of pathological gambling: a complex disorder with shared genetic vulnerabilities.
Addiction, 104 (2009), pp. 1454-1465
[38]
A Ibáñez, C Blanco, I Perez de Castro, J Fernandez-Piqueras, J Sáiz-Ruiz.
Genetics of pathological gambling.
J Gambl Stud, 19 (2003), pp. 11-22
[39]
SM Hemmings, DJ Stein.
The current status of association studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Psychiatr Clin North Am, 29 (2006), pp. 411-444
[40]
A Bechara.
Neurobiology of decision-making: risk and reward.
Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry, 6 (2001), pp. 205-216
[41]
MN Potenza.
The neurobiology of pathological gambling.
Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry, 6 (2001), pp. 217-226
[42]
MN Potenza, HC Leung, HP Blumberg, BS Peterson, RK Fulbright, CM Lacadie, et al.
An FMRI Stroop task study of ventromedial prefrontal cortical function in pathological gamblers.
Am J Psychiatry, 160 (2003), pp. 1990-1994
[43]
J Reuter, T Raedler, M Rose, I Hand, J Gläscher, C Büchel.
Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system.
Nat Neurosci, 8 (2005), pp. 147-148
[44]
D Mataix-Cols, OA van den Heuvel.
Common and distinct neural correlates of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.
Psychiatr Clin North Am, 29 (2006), pp. 391-410
[45]
E Hollander, CM DeCaria, JN Finkell, T Begaz, CM Wong, C Cartwright.
A randomized double-blind fluvoxamine/placebo crossover trial in pathologic gambling.
Biol Psychiatry, 47 (2000), pp. 813-817
[46]
J Zohar, R Judge.
Paroxetine versus clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD Paroxetine Study Investigators.
Br J Psychiatry, 169 (1996), pp. 468-474
[47]
M Zimmerman, RB Breen, MA Posternak.
An open-label study of citalopram in the treatment of pathological gambling.
J Clin Psychiatry, 63 (2002), pp. 44-48
[48]
JE Grant, MN Potenza.
Escitalopram treatment of pathological gambling with co-occurring anxiety: an open-label pilot study with double-blind discontinuation.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 21 (2006), pp. 203-209
[49]
S Pallanti, S Bernardi, L Quercioli, C DeCaria, E Hollander.
Serotonin dysfunction in pathological gamblers: increased prolactin response to oral m-CPP versus placebo.
CNS Spectr, 11 (2006), pp. 956-964
[50]
EC Hollander, CM DeCaria, E Mari, CM Wong, S Mosovich, R Grossman, et al.
Short-term single-blind fluvoxamine treatment of pathological gambling.
Am J Psychiatry, 155 (1998), pp. 1781-1783
[51]
SW Kim, JE Grant, DE Adson, YC Shin.
Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling.
Biol Psychiatry, 49 (2001), pp. 914-921
[52]
TR Insel, D Pickar.
Naloxone administration in obsessive-compulsive disorder: report of two cases.
Am J Psychiatry, 140 (1983), pp. 1219-1220
[53]
JE Grant, MN Potenza, E Hollander, R Cunningham-Williams, T Nurminen, G Smits, et al.
Multicenter investigation of the opioid antagonist nalmefene in the treatment of pathological gambling.
Am J Psychiatry, 163 (2006), pp. 303-312
[54]
DW Black.
An open-label trial of bupropion in the treatment of pathologic gambling.
J Clin Psychopharmacol, 24 (2004), pp. 108-110
[55]
E Hollander, Pallanti, A Allen, E Sood, N Baldini Rossi.
Does sustained-release lithium reduce impulsive gambling and affective instability versus placebo in pathological gamblers with bipolar spectrum disorders?.
Am J Psychiatry, 162 (2005), pp. 137-145
[56]
CJ McDougle, LH Price, WK Goodman, DS Charney, GR Heninger.
A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: lack of efficacy.
J Clin Psychopharmacol, 11 (1991), pp. 175-184
[57]
NM Petry, JM Roll.
A behavioral approach to understanding and treating pathological gambling.
Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry, 6 (2001), pp. 177-183
[58]
EB Foa, ME Franklin, M Kozak.
Psychosocial treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder: Theory, research and Treatment.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Theory, research and Treatment, pp. 258-276
[59]
E Wulfert, EB Blanchard, BM Freidenberg, RS Martell.
Retaining pathological gamblers in cognitive behavior therapy through motivational enhancement: a pilot study.
Behav Modif, 30 (2006), pp. 315-340

Funding/Support: This study is supported by NIH grantsDA019606, DA020783, DA023200, DA023973 and MH082773, a grant from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the New York State Psychiatric Institute (Dr. Blanco).

Conflicto de interés: los autores manifiestan que no tienen ningún conflicto de interés en este artículo

Copyright © 2010. Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría
Download PDF
Article options