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The standard diagnostic method is polysomnography, and severity is classified according to the number of apnoea and hypopnoea events per hour. This disorder is mild if there are between 5 and 15 events plus some symptoms (such as excessive sleepiness, unrefreshing sleep, fatigue, insomnia, difficulty breathing at night, choking sensation during the night, breathing interruptions or loud snoring); moderate if there are more than 15 but less than 30, and severe when there are more than 30 events/h.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OSAS is a highly prevalent disorder that is estimated to affect between 4% and 8% of adults, and has significant negative repercussions on quality of life and considerable associated morbidity and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> Although OSAS was defined in the 1970s, its negative impact on mortality and quality of life was only documented some 20 years ago. OSAS patients are at greater risk of hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, coronary events, cerebrovascular events, cognitive alterations, perioperative complications, in-hospital mortality and all-cause mortality, as well as occupational and traffic accidents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a> This is why it is so important to make the initial diagnosis and start treatment. Risk factors for OSAS include obesity, male gender, aged over 50, family history, nasal obstruction, use of alcohol or sedatives, cigarette smoking, gastro-oesophageal reflux, hypothyroidism and acromegaly, among others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have been published on the association between OSAS and the development, prognosis and impact of mental illness. It has been suggested that individuals with mental illness may be at increased risk of suffering from OSAS due to weight gain caused by most antipsychotics and mood stabilisers, the presence of respiratory events related to the use of sedative drugs, and a less healthy lifestyle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–14</span></a> A search of PubMed using the MeSH terms “Depressive Disorder, Major” and “Sleep Apnoea, Obstructive” retrieved 18 articles, one of which found that, according to a study of a database of over 2 million obese individuals, OSAS patients are at increased risk of depression (odds ratio [OR]<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.85; confidence interval [CI], 1.80–1.88; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Another study evaluated 53 people with coronary heart disease, and found a similar prevalence of depression in patients with and without OSAS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However, the small sample size prevented the authors from drawing definitive conclusions. A more recent systematic review found that up to 69% of individuals with bipolar affective disorder presented OSAS, albeit in studies with a high risk of selection bias.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> A systematic review of the literature on people with major mental illness found a prevalence of 36.3% for OSAS in people with major depressive disorder, 24.5% in patients with bipolar affective disorder and 15.4% in patients with schizophrenia. However, a review of the articles included showed that some had requested polysomnography due to suspicion of OSAS, such as medication-induced symptoms of daytime sleepiness, and this may have distorted the true prevalence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Furthermore, a study in older people found that apnoea–hypopnoea is associated with poor cognitive functioning and increased risk of dementia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study is to describe the general characteristics and polysomnographic parameters of a sample of psychiatric patients seen on an outpatient basis in a psychiatric clinic.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Material and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a descriptive study of a series of consecutive patients undergoing polysomnography for clinical suspicion of OSAS in a psychiatric clinic. The outpatient department of the clinic attends approximately 5000 adult patients per month, whose health insurance mainly covers individuals living in the city of Bogotá. Data from the medical history of patients seen in a psychiatry outpatient clinic between 2012 and 2014 were collected. The information obtained from the medical records was organised and summarised in a Microsoft<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> Excel<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> 2013 spreadsheet, which also calculated the summary measures of the findings using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The study was approved by the institution's ethics committee and is classified as risk-free research, since data were taken from the medical history and no intervention or data collection was performed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the general characteristics of the study sample formed of 58 adults, mostly female, half of whom were overweight. The median Epworth Sleepiness Scale score was 7 (0–24) points, and 52 patients (89%) met OSAS diagnostic criteria. The patients were diagnosed with a variety of disorders, some patients with more than one diagnosis; 16 (28%) received 1 medication, 25 (43%) received 2, 12 (20%) received none, and the other 5 (9%) received 3 or more. The antidepressants prescribed were, in order of frequency: fluoxetine, sertraline, escitalopram, duloxetine, mirtazapine, amitriptyline and trazodone; the benzodiazepines lorazepam, clonazepam and alprazolam, the mood stabilisers lithium carbonate and valproic acid, the typical antipsychotics haloperidol, levomepromazine and pipotiazine, the atypical antipsychotics risperidone, aripiprazole and clozapine and the non-benzodiazepine hypnotic zolpidem.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is a preliminary evaluation of the importance of recognising OSAS in patients with mental illness in Colombia. Due to the sampling strategy used, we were unable to calculate the prevalence of this condition, since polysomnography was ordered for the clinical suspicion of sleep disorder, and therefore our sample is not representative of the population with mental illness. Despite these limitations, it is interesting to observe that 89% of patients undergoing polysomnography had an apnoea–hypopnoea index of at least 5 events/h associated with daytime symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> A small proportion (16%) were obese or taking benzodiazepines (19%). These results should be interpreted with caution, since the polysomnography was ordered on the basis of a clinical suspicion of OSAS, and the population studied consisted of overweight elderly women, which is a risk factor for this disorder.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few studies have evaluated the prevalence of OSAS in patients with mental illness, and those that have been published have small samples and are based, as in this case, on polysomnography ordered due to clinical suspicion, and for that reason are not representative of individuals with mental illness. One study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> for example, found an OSAS prevalence of 39% in a population of 51 patients with major depressive disorder, while another,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> reported prevalence of 59% in individuals with major depressive disorder or bipolar affective disorder. The only study comparing patients with various diagnoses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> found a prevalence of OSAS of 46% in men and 58% in women with schizophrenia, 20% of men and 3% of women with major depressive disorder, and 27% of men and 15% of women with bipolar affective disorder referred to polysomnography on suspicion of OSAS. Finally, another study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> found that 21% of patients with bipolar affective disorder were referred to polysomnography on clinical suspicion.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conclusions</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OSAS must be taken into account during the clinical evaluation of patients with mental illness. In the presence of this disorder, caution must be taken when prescribing pharmacological treatment and undertaking follow-up. Few studies of this disorder in patients with mental illness have been published, but the findings suggest that the prevalence is higher than that reported in the general population.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Funding</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study did not receive any funding.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres936520" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec910585" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres936519" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec910586" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-04" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-08-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec910585" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome" 1 => "Depressive disorder" 2 => "Anxiety disorders" 3 => "Schizophrenia" 4 => "Bipolar disorder" 5 => "Observational study" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec910586" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño" 1 => "Trastorno depresivo" 2 => "Trastornos de ansiedad" 3 => "Esquizofrenia" 4 => "Trastorno afectivo bipolar" 5 => "Reporte de casos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a condition associated with multiple negative outcomes. People with mental illness might be at increased risk of having it, given that medication given has adverse effects on weight and there are alterations in sleep associated with them; however, there are few studies in this population.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describe the patients and the results of polysomnography ordered based on clinical symptoms in a psychiatric outpatient clinic between 2012 and 2014.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A case series in which medical records were evaluated.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">58 patients who underwent polysomnography, 89% of them had OSAS, 16% were obese and 19% were been treated with benzodiazepines.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is a condition that must be considered during the clinical evaluation of patients with mental illness, since its presence should make clinicians think about drug treatment and follow up.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS) se asocia a múltiples desenlaces negativos. Se ha propuesto que las personas con enfermedad mental están en mayor riesgo, en parte por sobrepeso y por las alteraciones del sueño asociadas con algunos medicamentos. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios en esta población.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir a la población y el resultado de las polisomnografías solicitadas ante sospecha clínica en pacientes de consulta externa de una clínica psiquiátrica.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo de una muestra de pacientes consecutivos atendidos entre 2012 y 2014.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De los 58 pacientes de los que se solicitó polisomnografía, 52 (89%) presentaban SAOS. De estos, el 16% cursaba con obesidad y el 19% tomaba benzodiacepinas.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Esta es una enfermedad que se debe tener en cuenta durante la evaluación clínica de los pacientes con enfermedad mental, dado que su presencia implica precaución al plantear el tratamiento farmacológico y hacer el seguimiento.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Tamayo Martínez N, Rosselli Cock D. Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en personas atendidas en consulta externa de psiquiatría: serie de casos. Rev Colomb Psiquiat. 2017;46:243–246.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The values are expressed as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) or median (range) [interquartile range].</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Women</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 (76) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age (years)</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61 (37–80) [53–65] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Body mass index</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">19 (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25.0–29.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">26 (45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30.0–34.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (15) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>>35.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Apnoeas/h</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OSAS (apnoea–hypopnoea index/h)</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No apnoea \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5–14 events plus daytime symptoms \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 (17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15–30 events \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14 (24) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>More than 30 events \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">28 (48) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Diagnoses</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Depressive and anxiety disorders \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35 (58) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bipolar affective disorder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 (13) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">6 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Sleep disorders \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cognitive impairment and Parkinson's disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 (7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medication received</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">25 (43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Trazodone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">16 (28) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Benzodiazepines \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 (19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Clozapine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10 (17) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mood stabilisers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Typical antipsychotics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3 (5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Atypical antipsychotics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Dual-action antidepressants \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2 (3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Tricyclic antidepressants \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1 (2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1583108.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">General characteristics of patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>58).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:24 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L.J. 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Case Report
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients attending a psychiatry outpatient service: A case series
Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño en personas atendidas en consulta externa de psiquiatría: serie de casos
Nathalie Tamayo Martínez
, Diego Rosselli Cock
Corresponding author
Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia