Cannabis: A cognitive illusion | Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English Edition)

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illusion" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "95" "paginaFinal" => "102" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Gonzalo Galván, Manuel Guerrero-Martelo, Francisco Vásquez De la Hoz" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Gonzalo" "apellidos" => "Galván" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "galvan.patrignani@gmail.com" 1 => "danielg.galvan@campussucc.edu.co" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Manuel" "apellidos" => "Guerrero-Martelo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco" "apellidos" => "Vásquez De la Hoz" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Programa de Psicología, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Montería, Córdoba, Colombia" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cannabis: una ilusión cognitiva" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionCannabis sativa, the main active component of which is Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is the world's most widely used illegal drug.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">1</a> Epidemiological research carried out over the past 10 years indicates that regular cannabis use, amounting to 10 or more cannabis cigarettes per month<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">2</a> during adolescence and adulthood, may have adverse effects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">3</a> 30–50% of substance abuse problems begin in childhood and adolescence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">4</a> In Colombia, 11.5% of the population aged between 12 and 65 years has tried marijuana, and the age at onset of consumption is 17.6 years,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">5</a> with some studies reporting younger ages.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350">6</a>The fact that cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug by young people is due, according to various authors, to the false belief that the drug might only result in minor harm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355">7–10</a> Beliefs are ideas or generalisations used to interpret reality and are based precisely on references such as personal experiences, information received from others, imagination and inferences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375">11</a>Distorted beliefs lead to a subsequent low risk perception, and this plays a vital role with regard to behavioural intention, as people make situational decisions (such as whether to use or not) based on their beliefs or ideas regarding the consequences this will have (positive or negative).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380">12</a>The literature suggests that cannabis use can cause various disorders and alterations in multiple organs and systems, as well as in different areas and functions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385">13,14</a> Cannabis use can affect the brain from both a structural and functional point of view, with abnormalities evinced in the hippocampus, amygdala and axonal connectivity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395">15–17</a>As regards mental health, scientific evidence suggests a strong association between cannabis use and the onset or worsening of mental disorders such as schizophrenia,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">1,18–24</a> bipolar disorder,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445">25–30</a> depression,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475">31</a> anxiety attacks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470">30</a> or panic disorders<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480">32</a> and dependence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450">26,33–35</a>The neuropsychological effects of cannabis use have also been widely studied over the past few years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500">36</a> and it is understood that its use might affect (at least temporarily) short-term memory, working memory, sustained attention, response inhibition capacity, decision making, consequence assessment and the interaction between cognitive events and emotions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0505">37,38</a> The inhibition of these functions might be seen in different spheres, such as a poor academic performance among adolescents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385">13,14,39–42</a> and, although not exclusive to young people, poor driving performance, with high accident and mortality rates recorded.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535">43–45</a>Cannabis use is also associated with respiratory-type problems such as dyspnoea, pharyngitis, aphonia and asthma exacerbation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550">46</a> Moreover, and as a result of the substances added by cannabis traffickers (such as silica sand and glass powder), problems such as pneumonitis, mouth ulcers, throat pain and coughs are reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">47</a>Conversely, the positive effects of using the substance generate controversy, at least with regard to creativity. Green et al. suggested in their study that at least 50% of cannabis users reported an increase in creativity while in a state of acute intoxication<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">48</a>; however, other studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">49</a> suggest that subjects intoxicated with highly potent cannabis show worse performances in the creative sphere.As regards the medicinal use of cannabis, a few medicinal products have been legalised; dronabinol and nabilone (USA) are indicated for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and AIDS-related anorexia and weight loss; nabiximols (Canada) is indicated for cancer-related pain and neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis; and rimonabant (Europe) for reducing appetite in obesity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570">50,51</a>Beyond the approved indications, according to certain studies there are cannabis derivatives that promise positive effects on glaucoma, epilepsy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580">52</a> stress, anxiety, insomnia, poor concentration, depression,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585">53</a> multiple sclerosis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590">54</a> Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel diseases,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595">55</a> and which act as anti-neoplastic agents with an anti-tumour effect.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600">56</a>In spite of the foregoing, the idea that marijuana is a soft drug with few harmful effects has persisted for some time now. This is in line with the low risk perception among young people and adults,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450">26</a> at least with regard to certain aspects, which is supported by false beliefs and perceptions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380">12,57–59</a>Of the people who try cannabis, many know nothing about the substance, its use or consequences; there is a gap between the beliefs surrounding the substance and the reality backed by scientific evidence.In their respective studies, Okaneku et al. and Merryl report that, among adolescents, cannabis use is perceived to be less hazardous by males, which might explain why they are the heaviest consumers.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620">60,61</a>Moreover, Manrique-Morales et al. found in their study that consumers have a higher number of positive beliefs regarding cannabis use, such as that consumption is not linked to intellectual or behavioural alterations, has no negative effects on health, does not cause addiction and is also beneficial for certain diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630">62</a>Another similar study found that young people have contradictory impressions of cannabis. On the one hand, they believe that users can go crazy (although this belief changes once consumption has begun) and, on the other, that marijuana is not bad because it does not have any visible physical consequences, is linked to artistic inspiration, is associated with boldness and a lack of pain and also that it is medicinal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">8</a>These beliefs not only affect individuals, but also collectives, as they have led the majority of debates and policies on legalisation to take place and culminate without taking into account the impact of cannabis use on young people or considering scientific data on the subject.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355">7</a>Studies like this one have been conducted in Colombia and other countries. However, on the one hand, they are always carried out with qualitative designs to assess social perceptions and, on the other, they never compare the beliefs of those who have used the drug at least once and those who have not.In light of the above, studying beliefs is extremely important as it may indicate highly effective objectives for preventive and educational interventions targeting adolescents. The objective of this study is to describe and compare perceptions surrounding cannabis, its use and consequences among adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 who attend state secondary schools and have or have not used cannabis.ObjectivesTo compare beliefs on cannabis, its use and consequences among adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 who attend state secondary schools with and without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use.Material and methodsDesignA quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635">63</a>ParticipantsA probability sample of 156 secondary school pupils (Colombian school grades 6–11) from the city of Montería (Córdoba, Columbia) was assessed using a probability-based sample design (43.6% female). The mean age of the sample was 15.2±1.5 (range 13–18) years. The entire sample was distributed according to the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use (13.5% had used cannabis versus 86.5% non-users).The inclusion criteria comprised the submission of an informed consent form signed by the pupil's parents/guardians and being aged between 13 and 18 years.InstrumentsTo assess the different study variables, an ad-hoc instrument was used, which included: (a) socio-demographic data (age, gender, school grade, household members, number of siblings, country of origin, economic stratum, sum of money given to pupils by their parents each week, sports practice and tobacco and alcohol consumption), and (b) a questionnaire on beliefs regarding cannabis, its use and consequences. This questionnaire was produced based on a questionnaire used in a similar study on a population of Argentinian adolescents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615">59</a> The questionnaire comprised 22 items (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Each of the questions has a Likert-type response option (1, totally disagree; 2, disagree; 3, undecided or unsure; 4, agree; and 5, totally agree).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>ProcedureBefore commencing data collection, the investigators asked the school's permission to access the sample. With the school's approval, visits were carried out in each class and pupils were informed of the study's objectives, scope, procedures and potential risks. Each pupil received an informed consent form which they had to return signed by their parents or guardians within one week at the latest. Of the 750 informed consent forms issued, consent was obtained from the parents/guardians of the 156 students who ended up participating in the study.Assessments were conducted for two weeks at the school itself, with two different investigators collecting the data over several sessions lasting approximately 45min each.Data analysisOnce the data had been collected, they were tabulated and used to create a database with 156 participants.For the statistical analyses, the SPSS statistics software (v. 23.0) for Windows was used (SPSS, Inc.). The first step was to perform descriptive analyses for the entire sample and their socio-demographic, familial and social variables. Next, the total sample was divided into two groups according to their lifetime prevalence of marijuana use, comparing the socio-demographic, familial and social variables between them.The techniques used were frequency analysis, descriptive analysis, the Student's t test, Mann–Whitney U test and the χ2 test. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency method was used to estimate the reliability of the instrument used to assess their beliefs. In this case, an α value of 0.88 was obtained, which indicates adequate reliability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640">64</a>ResultsThe total sample (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) consisted of 156 pupils (88 females and 68 males), with an average age of 15.2 years.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was found to be 13.5% (n=21) versus 86.5% (n=135) who had never used the substance. There were no statistically significant differences in mean age or school grade between the groups.It can also be observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) that the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group was mainly composed of males (14 [66.7%] versus 7 [33.3%]) compared to the group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use (81 [60%] versus 54 [40%]). The mean age at which the subjects from the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group first tried the substance was 11.85±5.13 years. As regards legal substance use within the pupils’ families, no statistically significant differences were detected. Nevertheless, differences were found on evaluating illegal substance use, and the families of the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group were those with the highest consumption of this type of substance (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>)<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Statistically significant differences were found in various beliefs regarding the negative and potentially positive health consequences that might be experienced by people using the substance.Unlike the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group, the group with no lifetime prevalence felt there is a greater risk of marijuana consumption damaging the user's memory and other cognitive functions. This group was also more convinced that marijuana use could affect neurons and mental health; they also saw marijuana use as potentially dangerous and harmful to health in general, unlike those who had tried the drug.In contrast, those who had tried cannabis largely agreed with other items, with statistically significant differences compared to the pupils who had not. The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group mostly mentioned that using marijuana can have positive effects on the brain, which may even increase creativity. Moreover, these pupils mostly stated that intelligent people smoke marijuana, and that the drug is also used to cure mental illnesses.Despite there being no statistically significant differences among other items, in the scores of the group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use, greater agreement can be noted with regard to certain points, such as the effect of cannabis on the lungs, legal problems related to consumption and the possibility of becoming dependent.DiscussionThe results of the study show a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use >13.5% (11.5%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">5</a> and a strikingly lower age at onset of consumption (11.5 years) than the figure expressed in the latest Colombian National Study on Psychoactive Substance Use (17.6 years). However, while these discrepancies are significant from a clinical point of view, differences between the studies may be attributed to sample sizes. If consumption were to become regular, this decreasing age at onset implies graver consequences for future young consumers than for those who start using later on.The study compared beliefs on cannabis, its use and consequences among pupils who had tried it at least once and those who had never tried it. As explained previously, beliefs depend on personal experiences, information received from others (family, friends, the media, etc.), imagination and/or inferences. It is worth mentioning that, among the study results, we also assessed whether the families of the groups compared used legal and illegal drugs. Those from the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group indicated that their families used illegal drugs on more occasions. This is likely to cause the beliefs of this group to differ from the group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use, given that it is a way of transmitting the idea that using drugs, and illegal ones at that, is at least possible provided that someone else is using them.Furthermore, the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group consisted mainly of males. As explained by Okaneku et al. and Merril, this is probably due to the fact that males perceive a lower degree of risk, which would thus drive them to try the substance.On comparing these findings with those of other studies, differences in beliefs regarding cannabis, its use and consequences can also be found. Unlike the other group, the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group believes that cannabis use has positive effects on the brain and that it is even used to cure mental illnesses. Evidence from other studies suggests the opposite, since using the substance would imply functional and structural problems in different parts of the brain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395">15–17</a> as well as neuropsychological disorders,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500">36–38</a> and may trigger or aggravate the onset of mental disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325">1,18–24</a>The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group mostly believes that using cannabis increases creativity, much like the adolescents from the Sierra et al. study, who believe it increases artistic inspiration. This aspect remains subject to debate as there is no definitive answer.As regards intellectual performance, Manrique-Morales et al. indicated that the young people from their sample believed that using cannabis did not affect their intellectual capacities. In this study, the adolescents who reported having consumed cannabis even believe that cannabis is used by intelligent people. Although there is no evidence in the literature of intelligent people being the predominant cannabis users, it is known that use, and particularly prolonged use, affects intellectual functions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0490">34–36</a>In contrast, the pupils who have never consumed cannabis believe that use does represent a risk to mental health, cognitive functions and neurons, and that it is potentially dangerous and harmful to health.In summary, the differences between these two groups regarding beliefs on cannabis, its use and consequences may firstly stem from the fact that the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group had already had at least one experience of consumption, which might have downplayed their negative beliefs and enhanced the positive ones. Secondly, such differences may be due to the fact that this group consisted mainly of males, with it now being known that they have a lower risk perception regarding drugs. Thirdly, a relative with a history of cannabis use (past or present) might stimulate and/or reinforce positive and favourable beliefs in young people with regard to its use and consequences.With respect to the first point, there may be other directions regarding the relationship between previous cannabis use and the beliefs that subjects uphold. One of these directions is having had positive and/or negative beliefs downplayed prior to consumption and thus trying the substance; another potential direction includes the former and, after trying the substance and not having any negative reactions, positive beliefs have been reinforced.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate, on the one hand, that the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use is slightly higher than the figure resulting from national studies and that users are mainly male. On the other hand, the age at onset of consumption is considerably lower than those expressed by the aforementioned studies.Having relatives who use illegal drugs, being male and having tried cannabis at least once are associated with a change in beliefs. As such, it is not necessary to have consumed the drug recently or chronically to undergo such a change.The beliefs maintained by the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group are characterised by being less negative as regards the effects of cannabis on various health aspects (e.g. effects on organs and systems), which highlights the positive elements the substance might induce (e.g. increased creativity) as well as pain-relieving and curative effects (e.g. curing mental illnesses). Performing studies that assess the system of beliefs surrounding drug use with bigger samples in the region, which propose the design of intervention strategies and adolescent education, is both necessary and important so that state policies on public health may take these into account.LimitationsThe participation and types of responses given by some of the individuals assessed may be biased. As a minimum, non-response bias and volunteer bias were possible in this study: potential subjects who did not want to participate and were induced by their parents (who signed the informed consent) and subjects who were users but failed to state this in their responses. Likewise, it is likely that pupils using the drug did not hand over the informed consent form at home so as to avoid having to participate due to fear of their case being identified.Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.Conflicts of interestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres851714" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec846333" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres851713" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Método" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec846334" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Participants" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Instruments" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Procedure" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Data analysis" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusions" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Limitations" ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack285685" "titulo" => "Acknowledgement" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-10-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-04-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec846333" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Cannabis" 1 => "Adolescents" 2 => "Beliefs" 3 => "Perception-risk" 4 => "Cognitive" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec846334" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Cannabis" 1 => "Adolescentes" 2 => "Creencias" 3 => "Percepción-riesgo" 4 => "Cognitiva" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionThe vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug. This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug. ObjectiveTo compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use. MethodQuantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an ad-hoc questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences. ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13.5%. The prevalence group consisted mostly of males. Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found. The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory, other cognitive functions, neurons, mental health, and general health. The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis, and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis, and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain, increasing creativity and is used to cure mental diseases. ConclusionsThose who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed. In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Method" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLa visión del cannabis como una droga blanda responde a una baja percepción de riesgo que jóvenes y adultos tienen de la droga; esta percepción se funda en creencias erróneas acerca de la droga. ObjetivoComparar las creencias acerca del cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias en adolescentes con prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis y aquellos sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis. MétodoEstudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal que evaluó una muestra probabilística de 156 estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria con un instrumento ad-hoc que incluyó datos sociodemográficos y 22 preguntas acerca de las creencias que tienen los jóvenes sobre cannabis, su uso y sus consecuencias. ResultadosSe hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los diferentes grupos y las diferentes creencias. El grupo sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe mayor riesgo del daño que puede ocasionar el cannabis en la memoria, otras funciones cognitivas, las neuronas, la salud mental y la salud general. El grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe menos riesgo del uso de cannabis y piensa que la gente inteligente fuma cannabis, que el cannabis tiene efectos positivos para el cerebro, que aumenta la creatividad y que se utiliza para curar enfermedades mentales. ConclusionesQuienes consumieron cannabis alguna vez en la vida perciben el uso de la sustancia como menos nocivo o con menor potencial de peligrosidad para la salud que quienes nunca consumieron. De hecho quienes consumieron alguna vez incluso tienen creencias que sugieren efectos positivos en los seres humanos que consumen." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Método" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Galván G, Guerrero-Martelo M, Vásquez De la Hoz F. Cannabis: una ilusión cognitiva. Rev Colomb Psiquiat. 2017;46:95–102." ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Item \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mann–Whitney U test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Z \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p (two-tailed) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">1. Does using marijuana harm your memory?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">874.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">52.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">2. Does using marijuana damage cognitive functions such as attention, decision making and risk perception?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">988.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.366 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">3. Does smoking marijuana affect the lungs?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1180.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.361 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">67.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">4. Does smoking cigarettes (tobacco) affect the lungs more than smoking marijuana?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1373.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.242 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">76.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">5. Does smoking marijuana lead to dependency?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1248.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.901 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">70.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">6. Can smoking marijuana affect the neurons?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">981.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.437 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">7. Does smoking marijuana affect mental health?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">999.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.376 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">8. Can smoking marijuana trigger a mental disorder such as anxiety, depression or schizophrenia?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1232.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.036 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">9. Do drug traffickers enhance the potency of marijuana so that its effects are stronger and to make it harder to give up?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1107.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.665 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">10. Is the marijuana sold on the street always pure?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1240.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.964 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">11. Can using marijuana lead to legal problems?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">79.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1217.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.124 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">12. Is marijuana a dangerous drug?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">923.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.868 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">13. Does smoking marijuana harm your health?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1099.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.897 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.05<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">14. Does marijuana have positive effects on the brain?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">898.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.774 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">103.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">15. Does marijuana increase creativity?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">819.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−3.219 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top"><0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">107 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">16. Is marijuana less harmful than alcohol and tobacco?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1067.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.879 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">17. Do intelligent people smoke marijuana?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">982.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.405 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">18. Does marijuana have medicinal effects?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1065.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−1.879 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">19. Is marijuana used to cure mental illnesses?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">972.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−2.380 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">99.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">20. Can frequent marijuana use affect your academic performance?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">78.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1405.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">−0.068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">75.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">21. Can frequent marijuana use lead to problems with your family, partner or friends?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1356.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.358 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">22. Can smoking marijuana affect your ability to drive?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NLP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1350.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.366 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">LP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1437855.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "p<0.05." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "p<0.01." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Beliefs regarding cannabis, its use and consequences." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mann–Whitney U test \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Z \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p (two-tailed) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Age</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No cannabis use (n=135) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.235 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.966 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cannabis use (n=21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Economic stratum</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No cannabis use (n=135) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.269 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.863 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cannabis use (n=21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85.55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">School grade</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No cannabis use (n=135) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">81.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.063 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">−0.061 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cannabis use (n=21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">61.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1437854.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Socio-demographic data." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "The values are expressed as n (%)." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total subjects (n=156) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No cannabis use (n=135) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cannabis use (n=21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">χ2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Gender</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">88 (56.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81 (60.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 (33.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.256<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68 (43.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54 (40.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 (66.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Does anyone in your family use legal drugs?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">111 (71.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">95 (70.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (76.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">45 (28.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">40 (29.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 (76.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Does anyone in your family use illegal drugs?</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30 (19.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 (14.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 (47.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.591<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020">b</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">126 (80.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">115 (85.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 (52.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1437856.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "p<0.05." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "p<0.01." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Drug use." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:64 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0325" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "World Drug Report" ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2011" "editorial" => "United Nation Office of Drugs and Crime" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Viena" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparison of cannabinoid concentrations in oral fluid and whole blood between occasional and regular cannabis smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis joint" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. 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Original article

Cannabis: A cognitive illusion

Cannabis: una ilusión cognitiva

Gonzalo Galván

Corresponding author

galvan.patrignani@gmail.com
danielg.galvan@campussucc.edu.co

Corresponding author.

, Manuel Guerrero-Martelo, Francisco Vásquez De la Hoz

Programa de Psicología, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Montería, Córdoba, Colombia

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    "titulo" => "Cannabis&#58; A cognitive illusion"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cannabis sativa</span>&#44; the main active component of which is &#916;-9-tetrahydrocannabinol&#44; is the world&#39;s most widely used illegal drug&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Epidemiological research carried out over the past 10 years indicates that regular cannabis use&#44; amounting to 10 or more cannabis cigarettes per month<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> during adolescence and adulthood&#44; may have adverse effects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> 30&#8211;50&#37; of substance abuse problems begin in childhood and adolescence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In Colombia&#44; 11&#46;5&#37; of the population aged between 12 and 65 years has tried marijuana&#44; and the age at onset of consumption is 17&#46;6 years&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> with some studies reporting younger ages&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fact that cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug by young people is due&#44; according to various authors&#44; to the false belief that the drug might only result in minor harm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;10</span></a> Beliefs are ideas or generalisations used to interpret reality and are based precisely on references such as personal experiences&#44; information received from others&#44; imagination and inferences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Distorted beliefs lead to a subsequent low risk perception&#44; and this plays a vital role with regard to behavioural intention&#44; as people make situational decisions &#40;such as whether to use or not&#41; based on their beliefs or ideas regarding the consequences this will have &#40;positive or negative&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The literature suggests that cannabis use can cause various disorders and alterations in multiple organs and systems&#44; as well as in different areas and functions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Cannabis use can affect the brain from both a structural and functional point of view&#44; with abnormalities evinced in the hippocampus&#44; amygdala and axonal connectivity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As regards mental health&#44; scientific evidence suggests a strong association between cannabis use and the onset or worsening of mental disorders such as schizophrenia&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18&#8211;24</span></a> bipolar disorder&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#8211;30</span></a> depression&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> anxiety attacks<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> or panic disorders<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0480"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> and dependence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;33&#8211;35</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The neuropsychological effects of cannabis use have also been widely studied over the past few years<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a> and it is understood that its use might affect &#40;at least temporarily&#41; short-term memory&#44; working memory&#44; sustained attention&#44; response inhibition capacity&#44; decision making&#44; consequence assessment and the interaction between cognitive events and emotions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0505"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37&#44;38</span></a> The inhibition of these functions might be seen in different spheres&#44; such as a poor academic performance among adolescents<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14&#44;39&#8211;42</span></a> and&#44; although not exclusive to young people&#44; poor driving performance&#44; with high accident and mortality rates recorded&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0535"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43&#8211;45</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cannabis use is also associated with respiratory-type problems such as dyspnoea&#44; pharyngitis&#44; aphonia and asthma exacerbation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a> Moreover&#44; and as a result of the substances added by cannabis traffickers &#40;such as silica sand and glass powder&#41;&#44; problems such as pneumonitis&#44; mouth ulcers&#44; throat pain and coughs are reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conversely&#44; the positive effects of using the substance generate controversy&#44; at least with regard to creativity&#46; Green et al&#46; suggested in their study that at least 50&#37; of cannabis users reported an increase in creativity while in a state of acute intoxication<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#59; however&#44; other studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> suggest that subjects intoxicated with highly potent cannabis show worse performances in the creative sphere&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As regards the medicinal use of cannabis&#44; a few medicinal products have been legalised&#59; dronabinol and nabilone &#40;USA&#41; are indicated for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and AIDS-related anorexia and weight loss&#59; nabiximols &#40;Canada&#41; is indicated for cancer-related pain and neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis&#59; and rimonabant &#40;Europe&#41; for reducing appetite in obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0570"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Beyond the approved indications&#44; according to certain studies there are cannabis derivatives that promise positive effects on glaucoma&#44; epilepsy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0580"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a> stress&#44; anxiety&#44; insomnia&#44; poor concentration&#44; depression&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0585"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a> multiple sclerosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a> Crohn&#39;s disease and inflammatory bowel diseases&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0595"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a> and which act as anti-neoplastic agents with an anti-tumour effect&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0600"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In spite of the foregoing&#44; the idea that marijuana is a soft drug with few harmful effects has persisted for some time now&#46; This is in line with the low risk perception among young people and adults&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> at least with regard to certain aspects&#44; which is supported by false beliefs and perceptions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0380"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;57&#8211;59</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the people who try cannabis&#44; many know nothing about the substance&#44; its use or consequences&#59; there is a gap between the beliefs surrounding the substance and the reality backed by scientific evidence&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In their respective studies&#44; Okaneku et al&#46; and Merryl report that&#44; among adolescents&#44; cannabis use is perceived to be less hazardous by males&#44; which might explain why they are the heaviest consumers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0620"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60&#44;61</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; Manrique-Morales et al&#46; found in their study that consumers have a higher number of positive beliefs regarding cannabis use&#44; such as that consumption is not linked to intellectual or behavioural alterations&#44; has no negative effects on health&#44; does not cause addiction and is also beneficial for certain diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another similar study found that young people have contradictory impressions of cannabis&#46; On the one hand&#44; they believe that users can go crazy &#40;although this belief changes once consumption has begun&#41; and&#44; on the other&#44; that marijuana is not bad because it does not have any visible physical consequences&#44; is linked to artistic inspiration&#44; is associated with boldness and a lack of pain and also that it is medicinal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These beliefs not only affect individuals&#44; but also collectives&#44; as they have led the majority of debates and policies on legalisation to take place and culminate without taking into account the impact of cannabis use on young people or considering scientific data on the subject&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Studies like this one have been conducted in Colombia and other countries&#46; However&#44; on the one hand&#44; they are always carried out with qualitative designs to assess social perceptions and&#44; on the other&#44; they never compare the beliefs of those who have used the drug at least once and those who have not&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In light of the above&#44; studying beliefs is extremely important as it may indicate highly effective objectives for preventive and educational interventions targeting adolescents&#46; The objective of this study is to describe and compare perceptions surrounding cannabis&#44; its use and consequences among adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 who attend state secondary schools and have or have not used cannabis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Objectives</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To compare beliefs on cannabis&#44; its use and consequences among adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 who attend state secondary schools with and without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Design</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A quantitative&#44; cross-sectional descriptive study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Participants</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A probability sample of 156 secondary school pupils &#40;Colombian school grades 6&#8211;11&#41; from the city of Monter&#237;a &#40;C&#243;rdoba&#44; Columbia&#41; was assessed using a probability-based sample design &#40;43&#46;6&#37; female&#41;&#46; The mean age of the sample was 15&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5 &#40;range 13&#8211;18&#41; years&#46; The entire sample was distributed according to the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use &#40;13&#46;5&#37; had used cannabis versus 86&#46;5&#37; non-users&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria comprised the submission of an informed consent form signed by the pupil&#39;s parents&#47;guardians and being aged between 13 and 18 years&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Instruments</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To assess the different study variables&#44; an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad-hoc</span> instrument was used&#44; which included&#58; &#40;a&#41; socio-demographic data &#40;age&#44; gender&#44; school grade&#44; household members&#44; number of siblings&#44; country of origin&#44; economic stratum&#44; sum of money given to pupils by their parents each week&#44; sports practice and tobacco and alcohol consumption&#41;&#44; and &#40;b&#41; a questionnaire on beliefs regarding cannabis&#44; its use and consequences&#46; This questionnaire was produced based on a questionnaire used in a similar study on a population of Argentinian adolescents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a> The questionnaire comprised 22 items &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Each of the questions has a Likert-type response option &#40;1&#44; totally disagree&#59; 2&#44; disagree&#59; 3&#44; undecided or unsure&#59; 4&#44; agree&#59; and 5&#44; totally agree&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Procedure</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Before commencing data collection&#44; the investigators asked the school&#39;s permission to access the sample&#46; With the school&#39;s approval&#44; visits were carried out in each class and pupils were informed of the study&#39;s objectives&#44; scope&#44; procedures and potential risks&#46; Each pupil received an informed consent form which they had to return signed by their parents or guardians within one week at the latest&#46; Of the 750 informed consent forms issued&#44; consent was obtained from the parents&#47;guardians of the 156 students who ended up participating in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Assessments were conducted for two weeks at the school itself&#44; with two different investigators collecting the data over several sessions lasting approximately 45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min each&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Data analysis</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the data had been collected&#44; they were tabulated and used to create a database with 156 participants&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the statistical analyses&#44; the SPSS statistics software &#40;v&#46; 23&#46;0&#41; for Windows was used &#40;SPSS&#44; Inc&#46;&#41;&#46; The first step was to perform descriptive analyses for the entire sample and their socio-demographic&#44; familial and social variables&#46; Next&#44; the total sample was divided into two groups according to their lifetime prevalence of marijuana use&#44; comparing the socio-demographic&#44; familial and social variables between them&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The techniques used were frequency analysis&#44; descriptive analysis&#44; the Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test&#44; Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value of &#60;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Cronbach&#39;s alpha internal consistency method was used to estimate the reliability of the instrument used to assess their beliefs&#46; In this case&#44; an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span> value of 0&#46;88 was obtained&#44; which indicates adequate reliability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0640"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Results</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total sample &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; consisted of 156 pupils &#40;88 females and 68 males&#41;&#44; with an average age of 15&#46;2 years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was found to be 13&#46;5&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#41; versus 86&#46;5&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>135&#41; who had never used the substance&#46; There were no statistically significant differences in mean age or school grade between the groups&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can also be observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; that the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group was mainly composed of males &#40;14 &#91;66&#46;7&#37;&#93; versus 7 &#91;33&#46;3&#37;&#93;&#41; compared to the group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use &#40;81 &#91;60&#37;&#93; versus 54 &#91;40&#37;&#93;&#41;&#46; The mean age at which the subjects from the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group first tried the substance was 11&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;13 years&#46; As regards legal substance use within the pupils&#8217; families&#44; no statistically significant differences were detected&#46; Nevertheless&#44; differences were found on evaluating illegal substance use&#44; and the families of the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group were those with the highest consumption of this type of substance &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistically significant differences were found in various beliefs regarding the negative and potentially positive health consequences that might be experienced by people using the substance&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group&#44; the group with no lifetime prevalence felt there is a greater risk of marijuana consumption damaging the user&#39;s memory and other cognitive functions&#46; This group was also more convinced that marijuana use could affect neurons and mental health&#59; they also saw marijuana use as potentially dangerous and harmful to health in general&#44; unlike those who had tried the drug&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast&#44; those who had tried cannabis largely agreed with other items&#44; with statistically significant differences compared to the pupils who had not&#46; The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group mostly mentioned that using marijuana can have positive effects on the brain&#44; which may even increase creativity&#46; Moreover&#44; these pupils mostly stated that intelligent people smoke marijuana&#44; and that the drug is also used to cure mental illnesses&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite there being no statistically significant differences among other items&#44; in the scores of the group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use&#44; greater agreement can be noted with regard to certain points&#44; such as the effect of cannabis on the lungs&#44; legal problems related to consumption and the possibility of becoming dependent&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the study show a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use &#62;13&#46;5&#37; &#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and a strikingly lower age at onset of consumption &#40;11&#46;5 years&#41; than the figure expressed in the latest Colombian National Study on Psychoactive Substance Use &#40;17&#46;6 years&#41;&#46; However&#44; while these discrepancies are significant from a clinical point of view&#44; differences between the studies may be attributed to sample sizes&#46; If consumption were to become regular&#44; this decreasing age at onset implies graver consequences for future young consumers than for those who start using later on&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study compared beliefs on cannabis&#44; its use and consequences among pupils who had tried it at least once and those who had never tried it&#46; As explained previously&#44; beliefs depend on personal experiences&#44; information received from others &#40;family&#44; friends&#44; the media&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; imagination and&#47;or inferences&#46; It is worth mentioning that&#44; among the study results&#44; we also assessed whether the families of the groups compared used legal and illegal drugs&#46; Those from the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group indicated that their families used illegal drugs on more occasions&#46; This is likely to cause the beliefs of this group to differ from the group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use&#44; given that it is a way of transmitting the idea that using drugs&#44; and illegal ones at that&#44; is at least possible provided that someone else is using them&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group consisted mainly of males&#46; As explained by Okaneku et al&#46; and Merril&#44; this is probably due to the fact that males perceive a lower degree of risk&#44; which would thus drive them to try the substance&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On comparing these findings with those of other studies&#44; differences in beliefs regarding cannabis&#44; its use and consequences can also be found&#46; Unlike the other group&#44; the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group believes that cannabis use has positive effects on the brain and that it is even used to cure mental illnesses&#46; Evidence from other studies suggests the opposite&#44; since using the substance would imply functional and structural problems in different parts of the brain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;17</span></a> as well as neuropsychological disorders&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#8211;38</span></a> and may trigger or aggravate the onset of mental disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18&#8211;24</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group mostly believes that using cannabis increases creativity&#44; much like the adolescents from the Sierra et al&#46; study&#44; who believe it increases artistic inspiration&#46; This aspect remains subject to debate as there is no definitive answer&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As regards intellectual performance&#44; Manrique-Morales et al&#46; indicated that the young people from their sample believed that using cannabis did not affect their intellectual capacities&#46; In this study&#44; the adolescents who reported having consumed cannabis even believe that cannabis is used by intelligent people&#46; Although there is no evidence in the literature of intelligent people being the predominant cannabis users&#44; it is known that use&#44; and particularly prolonged use&#44; affects intellectual functions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#8211;36</span></a></p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast&#44; the pupils who have never consumed cannabis believe that use does represent a risk to mental health&#44; cognitive functions and neurons&#44; and that it is potentially dangerous and harmful to health&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary&#44; the differences between these two groups regarding beliefs on cannabis&#44; its use and consequences may firstly stem from the fact that the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group had already had at least one experience of consumption&#44; which might have downplayed their negative beliefs and enhanced the positive ones&#46; Secondly&#44; such differences may be due to the fact that this group consisted mainly of males&#44; with it now being known that they have a lower risk perception regarding drugs&#46; Thirdly&#44; a relative with a history of cannabis use &#40;past or present&#41; might stimulate and&#47;or reinforce positive and favourable beliefs in young people with regard to its use and consequences&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With respect to the first point&#44; there may be other directions regarding the relationship between previous cannabis use and the beliefs that subjects uphold&#46; One of these directions is having had positive and&#47;or negative beliefs downplayed prior to consumption and thus trying the substance&#59; another potential direction includes the former and&#44; after trying the substance and not having any negative reactions&#44; positive beliefs have been reinforced&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conclusions</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study indicate&#44; on the one hand&#44; that the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use is slightly higher than the figure resulting from national studies and that users are mainly male&#46; On the other hand&#44; the age at onset of consumption is considerably lower than those expressed by the aforementioned studies&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having relatives who use illegal drugs&#44; being male and having tried cannabis at least once are associated with a change in beliefs&#46; As such&#44; it is not necessary to have consumed the drug recently or chronically to undergo such a change&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The beliefs maintained by the lifetime prevalence of cannabis use group are characterised by being less negative as regards the effects of cannabis on various health aspects &#40;e&#46;g&#46; effects on organs and systems&#41;&#44; which highlights the positive elements the substance might induce &#40;e&#46;g&#46; increased creativity&#41; as well as pain-relieving and curative effects &#40;e&#46;g&#46; curing mental illnesses&#41;&#46; Performing studies that assess the system of beliefs surrounding drug use with bigger samples in the region&#44; which propose the design of intervention strategies and adolescent education&#44; is both necessary and important so that state policies on public health may take these into account&#46;</p><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Limitations</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participation and types of responses given by some of the individuals assessed may be biased&#46; As a minimum&#44; non-response bias and volunteer bias were possible in this study&#58; potential subjects who did not want to participate and were induced by their parents &#40;who signed the informed consent&#41; and subjects who were users but failed to state this in their responses&#46; Likewise&#44; it is likely that pupils using the drug did not hand over the informed consent form at home so as to avoid having to participate due to fear of their case being identified&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Cannabis"
            1 => "Adolescentes"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The vision of cannabis as a soft drug is due to the low risk perception that young and old people have of the drug&#46; This perception is based on erroneous beliefs that people have about the drug&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To compare the beliefs of cannabis use and consequences among adolescents with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use and those without a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quantitative&#44; descriptive and cross-sectional study with a probability sample of 156 high school students who completed an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad-hoc</span> questionnaire that included sociodemographic data and 22 questions about the beliefs that young people had about cannabis use and its consequences&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The lifetime prevalence of cannabis use was 13&#46;5&#37;&#46; The prevalence group consisted mostly of males&#46; Statistically significant differences between different groups and different beliefs were found&#46; The group with no lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived higher risk as regards the damage that cannabis can cause to memory&#44; other cognitive functions&#44; neurons&#44; mental health&#44; and general health&#46; The group with a lifetime prevalence of cannabis use perceived a lower risk as regards the use of cannabis&#44; and think that intelligent people smoke cannabis&#44; and that cannabis has positive effects on the brain&#44; increasing creativity and is used to cure mental diseases&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Those who used cannabis once in their life perceive the use of the substance as less harmful or less potential danger to health compared to those who never consumed&#46; In fact those who consumed at some time even have beliefs that suggest positive effects in those people that consume it&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La visi&#243;n del cannabis como una droga blanda responde a una baja percepci&#243;n de riesgo que j&#243;venes y adultos tienen de la droga&#59; esta percepci&#243;n se funda en creencias err&#243;neas acerca de la droga&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparar las creencias acerca del cannabis&#44; su uso y sus consecuencias en adolescentes con prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis y aquellos sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio cuantitativo&#44; descriptivo y transversal que evalu&#243; una muestra probabil&#237;stica de 156&#160;estudiantes de ense&#241;anza secundaria con un instrumento <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ad-hoc</span> que incluy&#243; datos sociodemogr&#225;ficos y 22 preguntas acerca de las creencias que tienen los j&#243;venes sobre cannabis&#44; su uso y sus consecuencias&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se hallaron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas entre los diferentes grupos y las diferentes creencias&#46; El grupo sin prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe mayor riesgo del da&#241;o que puede ocasionar el cannabis en la memoria&#44; otras funciones cognitivas&#44; las neuronas&#44; la salud mental y la salud general&#46; El grupo de prevalencia de vida de uso de cannabis percibe menos riesgo del uso de cannabis y piensa que la gente inteligente fuma cannabis&#44; que el cannabis tiene efectos positivos para el cerebro&#44; que aumenta la creatividad y que se utiliza para curar enfermedades mentales&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quienes consumieron cannabis alguna vez en la vida perciben el uso de la sustancia como menos nocivo o con menor potencial de peligrosidad para la salud que quienes nunca consumieron&#46; De hecho quienes consumieron alguna vez incluso tienen creencias que sugieren efectos positivos en los seres humanos que consumen&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#46; Does using marijuana damage cognitive functions such as attention&#44; decision making and risk perception&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;366&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#46; Does smoking marijuana affect the lungs&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1180&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;361&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#46; Does smoking cigarettes &#40;tobacco&#41; affect the lungs more than smoking marijuana&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1373&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;242&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">76&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#46; Does smoking marijuana lead to dependency&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1248&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;901&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6&#46; Can smoking marijuana affect the neurons&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">981&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;437&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7&#46; Does smoking marijuana affect mental health&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">999&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;376&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8&#46; Can smoking marijuana trigger a mental disorder such as anxiety&#44; depression or schizophrenia&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1232&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9&#46; Do drug traffickers enhance the potency of marijuana so that its effects are stronger and to make it harder to give up&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1107&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;665&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10&#46; Is the marijuana sold on the street always pure&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1240&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;964&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11&#46; Can using marijuana lead to legal problems&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">79&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1217&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;124&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">12&#46; Is marijuana a dangerous drug&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">82&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">923&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;868&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13&#46; Does smoking marijuana harm your health&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1099&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;897&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;05<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&#46;36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">14&#46; Does marijuana have positive effects on the brain&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">898&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;774&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">103&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">15&#46; Does marijuana increase creativity&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">819&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;3&#46;219&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">107&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">16&#46; Is marijuana less harmful than alcohol and tobacco&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1067&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;879&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">17&#46; Do intelligent people smoke marijuana&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">982&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;405&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">18&#46; Does marijuana have medicinal effects&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1065&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;1&#46;879&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">95&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">19&#46; Is marijuana used to cure mental illnesses&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">972&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;2&#46;380&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;01<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">99&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">20&#46; Can frequent marijuana use affect your academic performance&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1405&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;068&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">75&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">21&#46; Can frequent marijuana use lead to problems with your family&#44; partner or friends&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1356&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;358&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">22&#46; Can smoking marijuana affect your ability to drive&#63;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>NLP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>LP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;235&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;966&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Economic stratum</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No cannabis use &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>135&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;863&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">School grade</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No cannabis use &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>135&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;063&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8722;0&#46;061&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Comparison of cannabinoid concentrations in oral fluid and whole blood between occasional and regular cannabis smokers prior to and after smoking a cannabis joint"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Fabritius"
                            1 => "H&#46; Chtioui"
                            2 => "G&#46; Batistella"
                            3 => "J&#46; Annoni"
                            4 => "K&#46; Dao"
                            5 => "B&#46; Favorite"
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                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00216-013-7412-1"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Anal Bioanal Chem"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "405"
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                      "titulo" => "Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use"
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                          "etal" => false
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                            0 => "W&#46; Hall"
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                    ]
                  ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61037-0"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Lancet"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837255"
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                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "Madrid"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Abordaje de las adicciones en poblaciones especiales&#46; Abordaje de las adicciones en adolescentes"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Ramos-Quiroga"
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                            2 => "A&#46; Ferrer"
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                      "titulo" => "Estudio Nacional de Sustancias Psicoactivas en Poblaci&#243;n Escolar 2011"
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                      "titulo" => "Prevalencia de uso de cannabis&#58; Perfil familiar y social de una muestra adolescente"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Galv&#225;n"
                            1 => "M&#46; Guerrero-Martelo"
                            2 => "J&#46; Torres"
                            3 => "F&#46; Torres"
                            4 => "&#193;&#46; S&#225;nchez"
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                        ]
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                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Psychologia"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "101"
                        "paginaFinal" => "112"
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                      "titulo" => "Trajectory of adolescent cannabis use on addiction vulnerability"
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                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Hurd"
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                            2 => "M&#46; Miller"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.07.028"
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                      "titulo" => "Representaciones sociales en j&#243;venes"
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                            2 => "A&#46; P&#233;rez"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "349"
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                      "titulo" => "Representaciones sociales del consumo de marihuana en estudiantes universitarios"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                            2 => "A&#46; G&#252;ich&#225; Duitama"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
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Article information

ISSN: 25303120
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2017.05.007

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	10	0	10
2024 October	60	2	62
2024 September	67	7	74
2024 August	72	2	74
2024 July	47	7	54
2024 June	51	6	57
2024 May	54	5	59
2024 April	65	8	73
2024 March	70	6	76
2024 February	62	7	69
2024 January	68	4	72
2023 December	92	6	98
2023 November	73	6	79
2023 October	86	3	89
2023 September	68	7	75
2023 August	69	3	72
2023 July	83	4	87
2023 June	65	1	66
2023 May	113	3	116
2023 April	88	0	88
2023 March	132	2	134
2023 February	83	16	99
2023 January	63	2	65
2022 December	50	12	62
2022 November	62	11	73
2022 October	42	10	52
2022 September	49	6	55
2022 August	46	13	59
2022 July	40	9	49
2022 June	28	8	36
2022 May	27	14	41
2022 April	26	14	40
2022 March	41	6	47
2022 February	42	8	50
2022 January	39	15	54
2021 December	31	14	45
2021 November	43	10	53
2021 October	43	14	57
2021 September	33	13	46
2021 August	29	5	34
2021 July	29	15	44
2021 June	29	7	36
2021 May	35	12	47
2021 April	107	17	124
2021 March	78	14	92
2021 February	51	14	65
2021 January	45	14	59
2020 December	36	7	43
2020 November	30	10	40
2020 October	22	3	25
2020 September	14	5	19
2020 August	18	3	21
2020 July	14	1	15
2020 June	8	15	23
2020 May	20	21	41
2020 April	17	6	23
2020 March	17	8	25
2020 February	16	5	21
2020 January	20	16	36
2019 December	14	9	23
2019 November	22	7	29
2019 October	19	5	24
2019 September	21	7	28
2019 August	12	4	16
2019 July	15	15	30
2019 June	39	24	63
2019 May	111	38	149
2019 April	39	14	53
2019 March	7	5	12
2019 February	9	1	10
2019 January	12	3	15
2018 December	12	1	13
2018 November	16	6	22
2018 October	8	5	13
2018 September	26	3	29
2018 August	19	1	20
2018 July	14	1	15
2018 June	8	2	10
2018 May	10	3	13
2018 April	14	1	15
2018 March	4	0	4
2018 February	7	0	7
2018 January	12	0	12
2017 December	9	1	10
2017 November	4	0	4
2017 October	11	0	11
2017 September	1	0	1

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