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Letter to the Editor
Network relationships of the stigma-discrimination complex and fear of COVID-19 during the second pandemic wave in Peruvian adults
Relaciones de red del complejo estigma-discriminación y el miedo a la COVID-19 durante la segunda ola pandémica en adultos peruanos
Cristian Ramos-Vera
Área de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Lima, Peru
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Throughout history&#44; multiple outbreaks of contagious diseases have created challenges for health sectors&#44; such as the bubonic plague&#44; Asian flu&#44; cholera&#44; Middle East respiratory syndrome&#44; and Ebola&#46; Such events have been associated with the resulting polarisation&#44; racism&#44; guilt&#44; and psychological distress&#44; the most stigmatising historical clinical issues&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic&#44; the number of healthcare providers involved in dealing with the health crisis is increasing due to a higher number of cases&#46; Such health professionals face challenges such as stigma and discrimination&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> which have been conceptualised and evaluated through the COVID-19 stigma-discrimination complex &#40;SDC-COVID-19&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Negative social attitudes and behaviour affect various segments of society&#44; including patients&#44; families&#44; and healthcare professionals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Stigma adds an unnecessary burden to the lives of healthcare workers and further entrenches occupational burnout&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Those people who have overcome COVID-19 infection may also be exposed to stigma even if they no longer carry the virus and are not at risk of spreading it&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stigma is considered a trait with a negative connotation that is attributable to a person&#44; given the context of the COVID-19 pandemic&#46; Healthcare professionals in Latin America are more stigmatised due to public fear that they are sources of infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> In outbreaks of infectious disease&#44; fear and misinformation are variables that account for stigma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> People who feel stigmatised tend to avoid certain behaviour that is perceived to increase stigma due to concerns about social rejection&#44; exclusion&#44; and physical avoidance&#44; such as refusing to take a COVID-19 test&#44; because a positive result may be the label they see as stigmatising&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Discrimination is an action or behaviour that is directed toward members of certain groups&#44; and refers to a person or people who behave differently &#40;most commonly&#44; unfairly and demeaningly&#41; towards others based solely on their membership in a specific social group&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Discrimination can manifest itself in various ways&#44; whether verbal or non-verbal&#46; Regardless of how it manifests itself&#44; discrimination leads those affected to feel isolated&#44; rejected and ignored&#44; and to suffer penalisation&#44; harassment and even various forms of violence&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are certain basic concepts that are closely related to discrimination&#44; namely prejudice and stereotype&#46; As these three concepts are somewhat intertwined&#44; they are often used side by side&#46; Specifically&#44; stereotypes have a cognitive character&#44; prejudices are more affective&#44; and discrimination is considered a behavioural component of reactions based on the social categorisation process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Prejudice refers to a generalised and biased attitude towards a social group&#44; a concept that is the engine that drives discrimination&#44; which can arise over and above experience in the face of an extraordinary circumstance such as the COVID-19 pandemic&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This can generate negative results related to health&#44; in view of it being considered a barrier to accessing health services<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> that are essential for the prevention and control of COVID-19&#46; For example&#44; people with greater stigmatising beliefs&#44; who may be symptomatic patients&#44; delay medical attention &#40;deterioration of prognosis&#41;&#44; since they do not want to come into contact with a health professional&#44; and in turn&#44; there is a delay in the identification of infectious people who do not attend medical centres &#40;increased viral transmission&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; it is crucial to consider that such reactions during the pandemic tend to persist over time&#44; since they are more easily consolidated than suppressed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Likewise&#44; a relationship has been found between pandemic fear and SDC-COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This may be due to inconsistent public health messaging&#44; along with the spread of misinformation on social media&#44; which reinforces further uncertainty and fear of COVID-19 infection&#46; The combined effect of misinformation and fear generates a growing distrust of healthcare workers&#44; which is reflected in greater stigmatising beliefs&#44; and fear is one of the main triggers in the SDC-COVID-19 that can lead to the development of a COVID-19 stress disorder&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After a brief review of the scientific literature&#44; we found no Latin American studies to date that include dynamic evaluation of the SDC-COVID-19 and pandemic fear through network analysis&#46; We&#44; therefore&#44; believe it is essential to explore how the elements of the two are mutually reinforcing through network analysis in Peruvian students of health sciences&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted an exploratory&#44; correlational&#44; cross-sectional study in the metropolitan city of Lima&#44; Peru&#44; during the second Peruvian pandemic wave in March and April 2021&#46; The following instruments were considered&#44; in their Spanish versions&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">the Stigma-Discrimination Scale Related to Coronavirus Disease towards Healthcare workers&#44;</span> consisting of five items that evaluate the SDC-COVID-19&#44; and the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fear of COVID-19 Scale</span> &#40;FCV-19S&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> which includes seven items to evaluate the most prevalent fear reactions to COVID-19&#59; this measure has adequate evidence of reliability in the Peruvian sample&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The internal consistency estimates in the present study were &#62;0&#46;85&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study included 645 Peruvian adults &#40;79&#46;35&#37; female&#59; mean age&#44; 28&#46;54 years&#41;&#46; Due to the social distancing and restricted mobility measures introduced by the government&#44; it became necessary to use online survey methods&#46; Participants were recruited using a snowball sampling technique through social media&#44; such as WhatsApp groups&#44; Facebook and Google groups&#44; and were encouraged to invite their family and friends to take part in the survey&#46; The survey was created and administered using Google Forms and included informed consent&#44; which was obtained from all participants enrolled in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Through the R qgraph package and the graph-fused LASSO &#40;least absolute shrinkage and selection operator&#41;&#44; the patterns of the interactive system whose connections represent partial correlations on the network graph were assessed graphically&#59; LASSO estimator allowed spurious relationships to be eliminated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The items &#40;nodes&#41; are interconnected by lines or edges that represent the partial correlations that tend to be located in the network according to the sum of connections with other nodes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> This network approach favours instrumental and transdiagnostic evaluation in the clinical setting&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> The network approach includes measures of centrality&#59; strength index is the most stable measure for determining the importance of network system components&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> which were grouped into three domains using a network clustering algorithm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the descriptive statistics of the participants&#39; responses to the measures used&#46; These data indicate a greater report in network measures one and four of the FCV-19S and component nine linked to the SDC-COVID-19&#46; Such measures reported the highest measures of network strength centrality&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the highest ratios between measures 8&#8211;11&#44; and 9&#8211;11 that reinforce the dynamics of CED-COVID-19&#46; The strongest connections in the FCV-19S were measures one and four&#44; related to symptoms of an emotional nature&#46; The association between items three and six&#44; of a somatic nature&#44; also stood out&#46; Sixteen associations were reported between the measures of the two study instruments&#46; Item 12 reported five interdomain connections&#44; while components one&#44; three and six presented three relationships of this type&#46; The following stood out for their greater magnitude&#58; item one&#8212;&#8220;When I see news and stories about the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41; on social networks&#44; I get nervous or anxious&#8221;&#8212;and item 10&#8212;&#8220;Should people who work in healthcare services avoid using public transportation to avoid infecting the population&#63;&#34;&#8212;&#44; which refers to a greater state of anxiety being reinforced by the stigmatising belief that healthcare workers should avoid using public transportation to avoid infection&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other important relationships were between measure nine&#8212;&#8220;I am afraid of being infected by the health personnel I meet on public transport&#44; on the street or at home&#8221;&#8212;and item four&#8212;&#8220;I am afraid of losing my life because of the coronavirus&#34;&#8212;and one&#8212;&#8220;I am very afraid of the coronavirus&#8221;&#8212;&#44; which implies that the emotional state of general fear and fear of dying due to COVID-19 is more prevalent than greater prejudice &#40;affective character&#41; of fear of infection by health personnel&#46; The relationship of element 12&#8212;&#8220;Should health personnel avoid going out so as not to infect the population&#63;&#8221;&#8212;with somatic symptoms six&#8212;&#8220;I can&#39;t sleep because I&#39;m worried about catching the coronavirus&#8221;&#8212;and seven&#8212;&#8220;My heart races or palpitates when I think about catching the coronavirus&#8221;&#8212;also stand out&#44; which reinforces a greater negative attitude of physical avoidance and social limitation towards medical personnel&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The network centrality measures one&#44; four and nine present higher values of connection between both domains&#44; which enables the guiding of a path of investigation of such constructs&#46; These findings allow us to understand that the emotional nature of fear reinforces stigmatising beliefs towards healthcare workers&#46; In particular&#44; the component of fear of dying shows the prevalence of awareness of death&#44; linked to the theory of terror management by Greenberg and Arndt&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> who explain that all stigmatising behaviour can be considered as an action to avoid the fear of death&#44; where people tend to have a greater prejudice of rejection and social exclusion towards those who symbolise a threat to self-esteem and the individual&#39;s world view&#46; Thus&#44; in the context of the current pandemic&#44; healthcare professionals may be stigmatised as sources of infection and a greater threat to survival&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is essential to consolidate future research that explores the development of the two concepts and their relationships with other variables with a greater negative impact due to COVID-19&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author has no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fear of COVID-19 Scale &#40;FCV-19S&#41;</span> translated into Spanish&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Moderate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Strength&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46; I am very afraid of the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46; Thinking about the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41; makes me uncomfortable&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46; My hands get clammy when I think about the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46; I am afraid of losing my life because of the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46; When I see news and stories about the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41; on social networks&#44; I get nervous or anxious&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46; I can&#39;t sleep because I&#39;m worried about catching the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46; My heart races or palpitates when I think about catching the coronavirus &#40;COVID-19&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Stigma-Discrimination Scale Related to Coronavirus Disease towards Healthcare workers</span> translated into Spanish&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46; Should people who work in healthcare services and are in contact with patients with COVID-19 be isolated from society&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46; Am I afraid of being infected by the health personnel I meet on public transport&#44; on the street or at home&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46; Should people who work in healthcare services avoid using public transportation to avoid infecting the population&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46; Should health personnel avoid going home so as not to infect their family&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46; Should health personnel avoid going out so as not to infect the population&#63;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                      "titulo" => "Addressing disease-related stigma during infectious disease outbreaks"
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                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "L&#46;S&#46; Fischer"
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                        "link" => "https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;docs&#47;default-source&#47;coronaviruse&#47;who-rights-roles-respon-hw-covid-19&#46;pdf&#63;sfvrsn&#61;bcabd401&#95;0"
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                            0 => "A&#46; Campo-Arias"
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