Original Investigation
Therapeutic effects of Durian wood bark extract on a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis
Los efectos terapéuticos del extracto de corteza de madera durián en un modelo de rata de artritis reumatoide
Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaqa,d,
, Tenta Hartian Hendyatamab,d, Hamid Hunaif Dhofi Alluzac,d, Aulanni’am Aulanni’amd
Corresponding author
a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang, Batu, East Java, Indonesia
b Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
c Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
d Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
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(A) representative images of iNOS expression in the articular cartilage; (a) control; (b) RA model; (c–e) RA model treated with durian wood bark extract at dosages of 20, 30, and 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg, respectively. The images were taken at 1000× magnification. (B) Quantification of iNOS expression. Data are expressed as a mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation (SD). 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(a, c) Control group, healthy joint tissue, cartilage, and bone. (b, d) RA group, there is an infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrowhead), erosive cartilage, and bone destruction (arrow). (e) RA treated with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract, infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrowhead) and erosion or destruction of cartilage still present (arrow). (f) RA treated with 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract, minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrowhead) and erosion of cartilage (arrow). (g) RA treated with 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract, no infiltration of inflammatory cells and erosion of cartilage. a and b were magnified at 40×, while the rest were magnified at 1000×.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting about 2% of the world population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> RA is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation, erosive arthritis of peripheral joints, pannus formation, and subsequently induced destruction of cartilage and bone.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> The prevalence of RA in Indonesia is about 11.9–27.7%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and affecting women 2–3 times higher than men.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The cause of RA remains unclear. Interestingly, however, genetic factors such as HLA-DRB1*01 and HLA-DRB1*04 are strongly correlated with predisposition to RA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several reports have been demonstrated that over-production of nitric oxide (NO) is associated with persistent RA inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> It is confirmed that the over-production of NO linked to the over-stimulation of iNOS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Furthermore, the administration of NOS inhibitor has been proven to effectively decrease paw swelling in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,7</span></a> implying that NO plays a crucial role in modulating RA progression. Because most RA cases interfere with physical functioning and quality of life,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> early diagnosis and prompt treatment are necessary to substantially slowing the progression of joint damage. Currently, patients with RA are treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and other immunosuppressive agents, including anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-α) and anti-interleukin-6 receptor (anti-IL-6R).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,6,8</span></a> However, most of these therapeutic agents are expensive and induce several adverse effects. Thus, complementary and alternative treatment with safety and efficacy in treating RA is required.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durian (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Durio zibethinus</span> Murr.) is a tropical fruit with a unique aroma and mainly cultivated in Southeast Asian countries. Evidence supports therapeutic properties of durian as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> Moreover, it has been shown that durian contains anti-inflammatory constituents, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Although most of the available studies are mainly evaluating therapeutic activities of fruits pulp, peels, or leaves of durian, little known about the potential of durian wood bark for medical purposes. Thus, this study aims to elucidate the effects of durian wood bark extract on a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Plant material and extract preparation</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The wood barks of durian were collected from Malang, East Java, Indonesia. The species of durian was identified and confirmed by a plant taxonomist of the herbarium unit, UPT Materia Medica, Batu, East Java, Indonesia. A duplicate voucher specimen (No. 74/88/101.8) has been deposited in the herbarium unit, UPT Materia Medica, Batu, East Java, Indonesia. The extract preparation was conducted as previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,11,12</span></a> Briefly, the bark was shade dried and ground into a fine powder. Thirty grams of bark powder were then macerated in 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml absolute ethanol for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h by the soxhlet extraction apparatus. The extract was evaporated to dryness at 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C using a rotary evaporator and store at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for further use.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Animals</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rattus norvegicus</span> strain Wistar (female, weighing 120–200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g, 3–4 months of age) was purchased from Commanditaire Vennootscha (CV) Rattindo Mousi Jaya. The animals were housed in a controlled environment and provided with standard rodent chow and distilled water. All experiments were performed in accordance with the international guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. The experimental protocols were approved by the ethics committee of Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia (Reference No. 24-KE).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Induction of rheumatoid arthritis model and treatment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to the experiment, rats were randomly divided into five groups (6 rats in each group), including control, RA model, and three RA groups treated with durian wood bark extract. RA model was established by injection of 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, Sigma-Aldrich) at the base of the tail. Booster immunization was performed 14 days later by intradermal injection of 0.05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml CFA into both hind metatarsal footpads of rats. Inflammation was then observed seven days post-injection. Control group was injected with an equal volume of saline. Treatment groups were orally treated with durian wood bark extract at doses of 20, 30, or 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg/day, while control and RA model groups were orally treated with normal saline for 14 days.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Evaluation of arthritis</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Changes in the hind limb swelling were used to assess the anti-arthritic effect of durian wood bark extract in the CFA-induced RA model. The swelling was measured by means of micrometer vernier calipers placed on the right and left hind limbs.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Histology and immunohostochemistry</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tissue collection procedures were initiated after rats have been euthanized with isoflurane overdose. The ankle joints were removed and fixed in 10% formalin, then decalcified and embedded in paraffin. The knee joints were sliced at 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E). Histopathological changes were analyzed under a light microscope (Olympus CX31).</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For immunohistochemistry, endogenous peroxidases were blocked with 3% H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> for 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min. The sections were incubated with anti-rat iNOS (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) overnight at 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. Then, the sections were incubated with secondary biotinylated antibody followed by avidin peroxidase complex acccording to the manufacturer's protocols (Universal Detection Kit). To visualize the immunostaining, the slides were stained with 3, 3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB, Dako k0411 kit) and counterstained with hematoxylin. Quantification of iNOS expression was performed in twenty different visual fields in a blindly manner by 2 independent observers using a light microscope (Olympus CX31) at 1000× magnification.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13–15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed using a StatPlus for Mac. Hind limbs swelling and expression of iNOS were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Significant differences were accepted when <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CFA injected-rat was significantly increased hind limb swelling compared to control (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A, B). However, the swollen hind limb induced by CFA was diminished by the administration of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract for 14 days. Interestingly, this result was not observed in lower doses (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B). No pathological changes in the control group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A, C). Nonetheless, multiple pathological changes were observed in the CFA-induced RA model, including the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the synovial membrane, cartilage degradation, and bone destruction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B, D). Interestingly, however, these effects were attenuated by the administration of durian wood bark extract in a dose-dependent manner (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>E–G). In line with the previous finding, the administration of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract shows marked improvement, characterized by the smooth lining of cartilage tissues (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>G).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The expression of iNOS was detected in chondrocytes of the superficial zone articular cartilage (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A). In agreement with the previous finding [6], our results revealed that the expression of iNOS was nearly a 5-folded increase in the RA group compared to control (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A (a,b), B). iNOS expression was suppressed by the administration of durian wood bark extract in a dose-dependent manner (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A (c–d), B), particularly at a dose of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A (d), B).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study investigated the effect of durian wood bark extract on a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis by evaluating morphological changes of the hind limbs, histopathology, and expression of iNOS in rat cartilage. First, morphological changes of the hind limbs were analyzed to confirm the anti-arthritic effects of durian wood bark extract. We found that the highest dose of durian wood bark extract effectively inhibiting inflammatory response in the CFA-induced RA model. In corroborate, microstructural changes of the ankle joint was attenuated by a higher dose of the extract, thereby implying that the durian word bark extract exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and possesses the potential to treat joint symptoms or RA.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In vitro study revealed that the ethanolic durian pulp extract suppressed the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators in U937 monocyte like cells-induced by hydrogen peroxide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> On the other hand, the oral administration of stem bark extracts from different species, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chloranthus serratus, Cleistopholis patens</span>, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vitellaria paradoxa</span>, in CFA-induced RA model, displayed similar findings marked by the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and improvement of joint structure and symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17–19</span></a> Moreover, it is believed that flavonoids content contains in the stem bark are responsible for the suppression of inflammatory factors, including nuclear factor-kappa B, iNOS, adhesion molecules, and cytokines.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Phytochemical screening of durian wood bark extract revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, and flavonoids.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Besides, (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid (Oleic Acid) has been identified as a significant chemical constituent contain in durian wood bark extract,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> suggesting its biological and therapeutic properties related to health. Several studies have been demonstrated that the inflammatory response observed in RA is strongly associated with increased production of NO due to the upregulation of the iNOS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Indeed, suppression of iNOS and NO production, as well as inflammatory mediators, have been demonstrated when lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells were co-incubated with Octadecenoic acid.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Furthermore, the administration of flavonoid, hesperidin, has been proven to suppress the overproduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) by inhibiting inducible isoforms of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Therefore, the anti-arthritic properties of durian wood bark extract may be associated with the action of NOS inhibitor.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Durian wood bark extract exhibits anti-arthritic properties by reducing hind limb swelling, improving microstructural changes, and suppression of iNOS expression in the articular cartilage. Altogether, these findings imply that durian wood bark extract can be an alternative treatment for RA. However, further studies are required to define appropriate dosing regimens of the extract for RA therapy.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1512128" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1371357" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1512127" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1371358" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Plant material and extract preparation" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Animals" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Induction of rheumatoid arthritis model and treatment" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Evaluation of arthritis" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Histology and immunohostochemistry" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-05-04" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-08-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1371357" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Rheumatoid arthritis" 1 => "Durian wood bark extract" 2 => "CFA-induced RA model" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1371358" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Artritis reumatoide" 1 => "Extracto de corteza de madera de durián" 2 => "Modelo de AR inducida por CFA" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common immune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by increased inflammation of synovial joint, and often associated with disability. Although several studies have demonstrated the medicinal properties of durian, little is known about the role of durian wood bark for medicinal purposes. Thus, this study investigated the anti-arthritic activity of durian wood bark extract in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The rats were divided into five groups, including control, RA model, and RA model treated with durian wood bark extract (20, 30, and 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg/day for 14 days). The effects of treatment were evaluated by clinical, as well as histological changes in the ankle joints, and the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced RA model in rats was successfully, characterized by the swelling of hind limbs, histopathological changes in ankle joints, and the upregulation of iNOS expression. The administration of durian wood bark extract at a dose of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg attenuated all parameters analyzed in CFA-induced RA model in rats.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Amelioration of hind limb swelling, histopathological changes, and iNOS expression in the RA model indicates that durian wood bark extract can be considered as a new treatment alternative that reduces joint symptoms, as well as a future area of research in humans.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La artritis reumatoide (AR) es una enfermedad inflamatoria común mediada por el sistema inmunológico que se caracteriza por una mayor inflamación de la articulación sinovial, y a menudo se asocia con discapacidad. Aunque en varios estudios se han demostrado las propiedades medicinales del durián, se conoce poco sobre el papel de la corteza de madera de durián con fines médicos. Así pues, en este estudio se investigó la actividad antiartrítica del extracto de corteza de madera de durián en un modelo de AR en ratas.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las ratas se dividieron en 5 grupos, incluyendo el control, el modelo de AR y el modelo de AR tratado con extracto de corteza de madera durián (20, 30 y 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg/día durante 14 días). Los efectos del tratamiento se evaluaron mediante cambios clínicos e histológicos en las articulaciones de los tobillos y el nivel de expresión de la sintasa de óxido nítrico inducible (iNOS).</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desarrollamos con éxito un modelo completo de AR inducida por adyuvantes de Freund (CFA) en ratas, caracterizado por la hinchazón de las extremidades posteriores, los cambios histopatológicos de las articulaciones del tobillo y el aumento de la expresión de la iNOS. La administración de extracto de corteza de madera de durián a una dosis de 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg atenuó todos los parámetros analizados en el modelo de AR inducida por CFA en ratas.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La mejora de la hinchazón de las extremidades traseras, los cambios histopatológicos y la expresión de iNOS en el modelo de AR indican que el extracto de corteza de madera dura puede considerarse una nueva alternativa de tratamiento para reducir los síntomas de las articulaciones, con un futuro campo de investigación en los seres humanos.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1674 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 226589 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hind limb thickness in CFA-induced RA model in rats. (A) Representative image of rat hind limb; (a) control; (b) RA model. (B) quantification of hind limb thickness. Data are expressed as a mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation (SD). (*) and (#) indicates a significant difference compared to control and between two groups indicated in the graphs (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), respectively.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1143 "Ancho" => 1750 "Tamanyo" => 494905 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A representative of histopathological images of the ankle joint of rats in the different experimental groups. (a, c) Control group, healthy joint tissue, cartilage, and bone. (b, d) RA group, there is an infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrowhead), erosive cartilage, and bone destruction (arrow). (e) RA treated with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract, infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrowhead) and erosion or destruction of cartilage still present (arrow). (f) RA treated with 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract, minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrowhead) and erosion of cartilage (arrow). (g) RA treated with 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg durian wood bark extract, no infiltration of inflammatory cells and erosion of cartilage. a and b were magnified at 40×, while the rest were magnified at 1000×.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1624 "Ancho" => 2500 "Tamanyo" => 367400 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The expression of iNOS in chondrocytes of articular cartilage. (A) representative images of iNOS expression in the articular cartilage; (a) control; (b) RA model; (c–e) RA model treated with durian wood bark extract at dosages of 20, 30, and 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg, respectively. The images were taken at 1000× magnification. (B) Quantification of iNOS expression. Data are expressed as a mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation (SD). (*) and (#) indicates a significant difference compared to control and between two groups indicated in the graphs (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05), respectively.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Saururus chinensis</span> leaves extract on type II collagen-induced arthritis mouse model" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.H. Nho" 1 => "H.J. Lee" 2 => "H.K. Jung" 3 => "J.H. Jang" 4 => "K.H. Lee" 5 => "A.H. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 30 | 2 | 32 |
| 2024 September | 65 | 3 | 68 |
| 2024 August | 50 | 8 | 58 |
| 2024 July | 56 | 5 | 61 |
| 2024 June | 47 | 1 | 48 |
| 2024 May | 54 | 2 | 56 |
| 2024 April | 46 | 5 | 51 |
| 2024 March | 58 | 7 | 65 |
| 2024 February | 36 | 2 | 38 |
| 2024 January | 44 | 3 | 47 |
| 2023 December | 43 | 3 | 46 |
| 2023 November | 41 | 6 | 47 |
| 2023 October | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2023 September | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2023 August | 24 | 1 | 25 |
| 2023 July | 31 | 4 | 35 |
| 2023 June | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2023 May | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2023 April | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2023 March | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2023 February | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2023 January | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2022 December | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2022 November | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2022 October | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2022 September | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2022 August | 13 | 8 | 21 |
| 2022 July | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| 2022 June | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2022 May | 15 | 12 | 27 |
| 2022 April | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2022 March | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2022 February | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2022 January | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| 2021 December | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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